Human Growth and Development
Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Human Growth and Development explores the physical, cognitive, emotional, and social changes that occur throughout the human lifespan, from conception to old age. This course examines major developmental theories and research, investigating how genetics and environment shape individual differences in development. Key milestones are discussed within the contexts of infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and aging, with special attention to issues such as identity formation, language acquisition, learning, and the impact of culture and family. Students gain an understanding of typical and atypical development, informed by current scientific findings and practical applications relevant to education, healthcare, and social services.
Recommended Textbook
The Life Span Human Development for Helping Professionals 4th Edition by Patricia C. Broderick
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Chapter 1: Organizing Themes in Developme
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Q1) Keisha is a 35-year-old African-American woman who is depressed.Her presenting concerns include marital distress,the imminent possibility of losing her job,overeating,and chain-smoking.As you listen to her story,you begin to construct a picture of her developmental history.Which of these explanations would someone using a stage theory of development be most likely to offer for Keisha's problems?
A)Keisha's difficulties most likely developed through the interaction of her family experiences and societal conditions like poverty and racism.
B)Keisha's problems are most likely related to insufficient emotional gratification during infancy when oral needs are paramount.
C)Keisha's problems are most likely related to lack of appropriate models of effective marital communication.
D)Keisha's has experienced reward from her eating and smoking habits,and so she seeks these rewards in stressful situations.
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: Epigenesis and the Brain: the Fundamentals of Behavioral Development
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Q1) Most postnatal brain growth depends upon the proliferation of A)synapses.
B)myelination.
C)neurotransmitters.
D)glial cells.
Answer: A
Q2) When she was pregnant with Joey,Joey's mother had a poor diet because food was in short supply in her war-torn country.The war ended after Joey was born,and his middle-class mother was able to provide him with adequate,nutritious food throughout his childhood.Which of the following outcomes is the most likely for Joey?
A)Joey may show few,if any,long term negative effects from his prenatal deprivation.
B)Joey will probably experience serious long-term cognitive deficits.
C)Joey will probably experience serious long-term emotional deficits,but not cognitive problems.
D)Joey is at greater risk of serious ongoing health problems than youngsters who have adequate prenatal nutrition.
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Cognitive Development in the Early
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Q1) Mrs.Harmon,the mother of 18-month-old Bryce,is concerned that Bryce has not learned to speak very well.He has a limited vocabulary and seems content to point to the things he wants.Mrs.Harmon has read several child development books which indicate that Bryce should be in the stage of language learning.Mrs.Harmon fears that Bryce is not keeping up developmentally.Based on your understanding of the timing of developmental stages,what would be your best advice?
A)Don't pay attention to developmental milestones and treat each child as an individual.
B)Since Bryce appears developmentally delayed,he should be referred immediately for a speech and language evaluation.
C)Developmental stages can be useful guidelines,but there is a range of normal development within stages.
D)Mrs.Harmon should use exercises such as flashcards with Bryce to increase his knowledge of vocabulary.
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: Emotional Development in the Early Years
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Q1) Basic emotions such as _____________ can be observed in young infants,but self-conscious emotions such as ____________ only emerge in childhood.
A)surprise and fear / embarrassment and pride
B)fear and shame /anger and empathy
C)contentment and pride / anger and shame
D)empathy and anger / surprise and fear
Q2) In Ainsworth et al.'s 1978)study of attachment formation,some mothers were less responsive to their babies' signals than others.One group of mothers seemed to be reluctant to hold their babies,showed less warmth and affection than other mothers,and were more rejecting and angry.When their babies were tested in the strange situation test,the children tended to fit which category of attachment?
A)Securely attached.
B)Anxious ambivalent.
C)Avoidant.
D)Disorganized/disoriented.
Q3) If attachment quality can change over time as caretaking quality changes,explain the significance of infant's attachments to their caregivers.,
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Chapter 5: The Emerging Self and Socialization in the Early Years
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Q1) Describe the way social referencing might explain the acquisition of certain fears in children.Page 173)
Q2) According to Crittendon's model,infants who have anxious-ambivalent attachments have experienced which pattern of learning or conditioning?
A)Predictable punishment for displays of affect.
B)Unpredictable reinforcement for expressions of need.
C)Negative reinforcement for expressions of positive emotion
D)Predictable reinforcement for displays of positive emotion.
Q3) A family comes to a counselor with the following problem.Both parents come home from work tired.Dinner is rushed because homework time for the 3<sup>rd</sup> grade twins takes hours.Bath and bedtime have become daily battles.The parents threaten the children,but the children typically get their parents to give in.This is best described as an example of
A)coercive family patterns.
B)familial aggressive patterns.
C)instrumental reinforcement patterns.
D)negative punishment cycles.
Q4) Discuss the relationship between child temperament and parent disciplinary style.,
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Realms of Cognition in Middle Childhood
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Q1) Metacognition is reflected in A)questions such as "How well am I thinking?"
B)response enactment.
C)copying times tables in math.
D)repeating the spelling of words over and over.
Chapter 6 Essay Questions
See answer key for potential essay answers)
Q2) Memory is to some degree reconstructed.This accounts for the phenomenon of A)production deficiencies.
B)theory of mind.
C)preoperational egocentrism.
D)false memories.
Q3) Imagine that you are working with a 10-year-old who is having trouble making friends.His parents and teachers indicate that the boy is "generous to a fault," often giving up what he wants in order to please others.Based on Selman's ideas about friendship development,explain whether this child is more or less mature than the boys who bully him,and describe an approach to helping the boy with his friendship skills.,
Q4) Explain why perspective taking is so crucial to the development of social skills.,
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Chapter 7: Self and Moral Development: Middle Childhood
Through Early Adolescence
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Q1) Tim is doing poorly in math.Although he knows he's not a very good math student,it does not concern him greatly.He spends most of his time after school playing hockey,a sport at which he excels.Tim's 5th grade math teacher tries to motivate him to stay after school for tutoring,but Tim doesn't want to miss hockey practice.Furthermore,he reasons,two of his teammates have even lower marks in math than he does.Which of the following statements about Tim's self-esteem is most accurate?
A)Tim's global self-esteem is likely to be high because he excels in an area of importance to him.
B)Tim's global self-esteem is likely to be low because he is failing in an important academic area.
C)Tim's global self-esteem is higher in the academic than in the nonacademic area.
D)Tim's global self-esteem is higher in the non-academic than in the academic area.
Q2) Critics of Gilligan's perspective on moral reasoning say that she has
A)overemphasized the importance of concern for others.
B)overemphasized the importance of gender differences in moral reasoning.
C)overemphasized the importance of rewards in moral reasoning.
D)overemphasized the importance of autonomy in moral reasoning.
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Chapter 8: Gender and Peer Relationships: Middle
Childhood Through Early Adolescence
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Q1) In middle childhood and early adolescence,cliques serve the purpose of
A)helping to establish one's identity and meet needs for acceptance.
B)providing social comparison and autonomy.
C)meeting achievement and socialization needs.
D)providing influence and allowing selection.
Q2) Recent research indicates that children who spend more time in same-gender groups show greater increases in gender-related behaviors over time than children who spend less time in same-gender groups.This process is referred to as the
A)social competence process.
B)degrouping effect.
C)social impact process.
D)social dosage effect.
Q3) Which of the following traits best characterizes popular children across a wide variety of cultures?
A)Self-effacing and shy.
B)Cautious and self-restrained.
C)Sociable and helpful.
D)Aggressive and sociable.
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Chapter 9: Physical,cognitive,and Identity Developments in Adolescence
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Q1) Which of the following is the best example of a characteristic form of adolescent egocentrism?
A)Fourteen-year-old Breanna believes that her pastor is hypocritical because he lives in a nice house.She thinks it should be sold to feed the poor.
B)Fourteen-year-old Erika buys gifts for other members of her family based on what she likes to receive.She doesn't worry about what her family members' preferences are.
C)Fourteen-year-old Derek can not understand the concept of probability when his math teacher introduces statistics.
D)Fourteen-year-old Jordan believes he is a superior student despite having a learning disability.
Q2) Which of the following most accurately reflects Erikson's view of identity?
A)Identity begins to develop in adolescence and must be fully resolved before the next stage of psychosocial development can begin.
B)People must go through a traumatic crisis in order to have a solid identity.
C)One's identity provides the answer to the question "Who am I?"
D)Identity provides a foundation for making mature commitments to adult roles and belief systems.
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Chapter 10: The Social World of Adolescence
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Q1) For an adolescent engaging in risky behavior
A)provide factual lectures on the risks of alcohol use.
B)interview the teen about his or her own current beliefs and expectations.
C)establish a reward system for good behavior.
D)determine the extent of deviant behavior the adolescent has engaged in.
E)g.,alcohol use),one strategy that counselors can use is to introduce dissonance into the discussion.Before a counselor can do so effectively,she must
Q2) Counselors need to be aware of social and cultural trends in adolescent behavior.For example,surveys of 8<sup>th</sup> to 12<sup>th</sup> graders in 2009-2011 showed that
A)teens' use of alcohol increased slightly.
B)teens' awareness of the risks of alcohol use has increased dramatically.
C)teens' use of alcohol has decreased dramatically.
D)alcohol and tobacco use by teens have both decreased.
Q3) Many large scale interventions have been designed to reduce problem behaviors in adolescence such as drinking,drug use,smoking,etc.)or to increase positive behaviors.Discuss some of the typical characteristics of the least effective and the most effective of these programs to date,based on available research.Use examples where possible.,
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Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Developments in Young Adults
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Q1) One traditional role of counselors is to help people make decisions.Young adult clients who are still dualistic thinkers may have which of the following problems in this process?
A)They may believe there are too many solutions to consider.
B)They may believe that problems have no solution.
C)They may become anxious if there seems to be uncertainty about the best solution.
D)They may come to a foreclosed decision before exploring options.
Q2) Doug,Diana,Tyrone,Nidia and Louis all have different viewpoints on the evolution versus creationism debate.Nidia is at Position 4 late multiplicity).Which of the following statements would be most illustrative of Nidia's viewpoint?
A)Life was created through evolution.There is no other possible answer.
B)I believe that God created the world,but others don't agree with me.
C)I believe you should choose to make a commitment to what you believe in.
D)It doesn't matter which idea you believe in because nobody knows anything for sure.
Q3) Using Perry's theory,describe what processes help individuals move from dualistic to authentically relativistic thinking.,
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Chapter 12: Socioemotional and Vocational Developments in Young Adulthood
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Q1) When someone's performance is affected by stereotype threat,this means that A)they belong to a group for whom there are some negative stereotypes.
B)they are angry at other people for holding a negative stereotype about them.
C)they have been directly threatened by others for challenging stereotypes. D)they either believe a negative stereotype about themselves or they fear that others will judge them based on the stereotype.
Q2) Research on job satisfaction indicates which of the following?
A)Job satisfaction is more closely related to monetary compensation than to any other variable.
B)Job satisfaction is most closely related to sociability,with sociable individuals more likely to be satisfied with any job.
C)How well personality characteristics match the demands of a job is an important ingredient in job satisfaction.
D)Job satisfaction actually has nothing to do with how well personality characteristics match the demands of the job.
Q3) Explain Erikson's concept of generativity.Which aspects of generativity seem to emerge in early adulthood and which aspects emerge in middle adulthood? What evidence is there for this developmental change? Page 438)
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Chapter 13: Middle Adulthood: Cognitive, personality, and Social Development
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Q1) In Gottman's 1999)research,which of the following "four horsemen of the apocalypse" behaviors is most predictive of relationship failure?
A)Criticism.
B)Defensiveness.
C)Contempt.
D)Stonewalling.
Q2) Research indicates a history-graded effect for cohorts of children and adolescents growing up in the United States today.Which of these is the best description of this effect?
A)Children and adolescents develop an identity sooner than individuals in previous generations.
B)Children and adolescents experience higher levels of anxiety than individuals in previous generations.
C)Children and adolescents progress through the stages of the family life cycle more quickly than individuals in previous generations.
D)Children and adolescents experience more economic uncertainty than individuals in previous generations.
Q3) Compare and contrast Erikson's view of midlife with that of Vaillant.,
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Chapter 14: Living Well: Stress, coping, and Life Satisfaction in Adulthood
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Q1) Kindling-behavioral sensitization describes
A)a process of shaping behavior to desired outcomes.
B)a process of increasing sensitivity to stressful triggers.
C)a process that explains how neurobiological factors interact with chemicals in the brain.
D)the measure of total life stresses.
Q2) Jason experienced the death of a close relative due to an act of violence.He comes to counseling to get help dealing with the grief and pain of this experience.After some time,Jason adjusts,and he demonstrates improvements in psychological functioning that exceed his level of adjustment prior to this traumatic event.This is an example of A)posttraumatic stress disorder .
B)recovered wellness.
C)posttraumatic growth.
D)posttraumatic reversal of function.
Q3) Discuss the role that religiosity plays in well-being based on research findings.Consider the following issues: What kind of well-being is affected by religiosity and why? What aspects of religiosity seem most helpful to well-being,and what aspects seem least helpful? ,
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Chapter 15: Gains and Losses in Late Adulthood
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Q1) The period of time that is now considered "normal" for the experience of grieving and depressive symptoms after the death of a loved one is
A)2 months.
B)6 months.
C)2 years.
D)something that helping professionals have not achieved consensus on.
Q2) When Jeanine,a successful surgeon,began to suffer from arthritis in her hands,she stopped doing surgery,continuing only the consulting portion of her medical practice,and accepted a position as Dean of the medical school at the university hospital where she had her practice.Shifting her attention to administration and teaching in her position as Dean after the onset of arthritis represents an example of A)selection.
B)reduction.
C)compensation.
D)giving up.
Q3) What is a dual-process model of the grief process? Explain why the available research indicates that a complex model of this sort is needed.Page 588)
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