Human Growth and Development
Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Human Growth and Development explores the physical, cognitive, emotional, and social changes that occur throughout the human lifespan, from conception to late adulthood. The course examines major theories and research findings that inform our understanding of developmental processes and milestones at various life stages. Students will analyze the roles of genetics, environment, culture, and individual differences in shaping development, and apply this knowledge to real-world contexts such as education, healthcare, and counseling. Through case studies and critical discussion, learners will gain insights into the challenges and opportunities associated with human growth and development across diverse populations.
Recommended Textbook
Development Through the Lifespan 7th Edition by Laura E. Berk
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19 Chapters
2482 Verified Questions
2482 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: History, theory, and Research Strategies
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Dr.Torrez believes that how conflicts between biological drives and social expectations are resolved determines the person's ability to learn,to get along with others,and to cope with anxiety.Dr.Torrez accepts the __________.
A) psychoanalytic perspective
B) psychosocial theory
C) cognitive-developmental theory
D) social learning theory
Answer: A
Q2) To overcome some of the limitations of traditional developmental designs,investigators sometimes use __________ designs,in which they conduct several similar cross-sectional or longitudinal studies.
A) sequential
B) experimental
C) correlational
D) quasi-experimental
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: Genetic and Environmental Foundations
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Autosomes are chromosomes that are __________.
A) sex cells
B) zygotes
C) not matching
D) not sex cells
Answer: D
Q2) The child has no control over __________ correlation.
A) passive
B) evocative
C) active
D) gene environment
Answer: A
Q3) Senior citizens in the United States today are __________.
A) less likely than seniors in other Western nations to be poverty stricken
B) more likely than other age groups to be among the "near poor"
C) less likely than children to attract the support of politicians
D) less likely to be healthy and independent than in the past
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Prenatal Development, birth, and the Newborn Baby
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) During her labor,Renee asks for a mild dose of painkillers to help her relax.Renee will probably be given __________.
A) an anesthetic
B) an analgesic
C) folic acid
D) an anti-inflammatory medication
Answer: B
Q2) During the second month of pregnancy,__________.
A) the umbilical cord first appears as a primitive body stalk
B) touch sensitivity extends to most of the body
C) the heart develops separate chambers
D) the heartbeat can be heard through a stethoscope
Answer: C
Q3) Andrew received a combined Apgar score of 5.This means that Andrew __________.
A) is in good physical condition
B) needs assistance in establishing breathing and other vital signs
C) is in serious danger and should receive emergency medical attention
D) was in danger at birth, but quickly recovered and is now in good physical condition
Answer: B
Page 5
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Chapter 4: Physical Development in Infancy and
Toddlerhood
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which image would newborn Alex most likely prefer to look at?
A) pastel pink square
B) black-and-white checkerboard with a few large squares
C) multicolored checkerboard with hundreds of squares
D) black oval
Q2) What influence does heredity have on physical growth?
Q3) Habituation refers to __________.
A) removing a desirable stimulus to decrease the occurrence of a response
B) a gradual reduction in the strength of a response due to repetitive stimulation
C) presenting an unpleasant stimulus to decrease the occurrence of a response
D) presenting a pleasant stimulus to increase the occurrence of a response
Q4) Breastfeeding for just a few weeks __________.
A) is a reliable method of birth control
B) can lead to later obesity
C) is not helpful because, in the beginning, breastfeeding causes constipation
D) offers some protection against respiratory and intestinal infections
Q5) Discuss the two growth patterns that describe the changes in body proportions as a child grows.
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Q6) Explain intermodal perception and its importance to perceptual development.
Chapter 5: Cognitive Development in Infancy and
Toddlerhood
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Derrick speaks to his son using short sentences with high-pitched,exaggerated expression and clear gestures to support verbal meaning.Derrick uses __________.
A) a referential style
B) an expressive style
C) infant-directed speech
D) telegraphic speech
Q2) A group of 2-year-olds watches through a window while a live adult hides an object in an adjoining room.Another group watches the same event on a video screen.Which of the following is likely to occur?
A) Children in the direct viewing condition will retrieve the toy easily, while those in the video condition will have difficulty.
B) Children in the video condition will retrieve the toy easily, while those in the direct viewing condition will have difficulty.
C) Both groups of children will have difficulty retrieving the toy.
D) Children in both groups will be able to retrieve the toy easily.
Q3) Describe the social-interactionist view of language development.
Q4) Describe the signs of developmentally appropriate infant and toddler child care.
Q5) Discuss the development of recall memory.
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Emotional and Social Development in Infancy and
Toddlerhood
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Two-year-old Annmarie tells her mom,"I a good girl." This statement demonstrates that Annmarie is beginning to develop __________.
A) a categorical self
B) empathy
C) self-conscious emotions
D) scale errors
Q2) In the Strange Situation,Philip seeks closeness to his mother and often fails to explore.When his mother leaves,Philip is distressed,and on her return he alternately clings to her and hits her.Philip is displaying characteristics of __________ attachment.
A) secure
B) insecure avoidant
C) insecure resistant
D) disorganized/disoriented
Q3) In much of China today,__________.
A) shy children enjoy high social status
B) shyness is positively correlated with peer acceptance
C) sociability is negatively correlated with academic achievement
D) adults' attitudes toward shy children mirror Western attitudes
Q4) Describe separation anxiety.When does it occur?
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Chapter 7: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) When asked to tell what happens in a restaurant,3-year-old Alexander says,"You go in,sit down,get food,eat,and pay." Alexander is using __________.
A) scripts
B) semantic memory
C) autobiographical memory
D) memory strategies
Q2) Piaget believed that through __________,young children practice and strengthen newly acquired representational schemes.
A) chance encounters
B) pretending
C) artistic expression
D) talking with others
Q3) Describe a Vygotskian early childhood classroom.How does it differ from a Piagetian classroom?
Q4) By age 4 to 5,__________.
A) the brain increases from 40 percent to 60 percent of its adult weight
B) many parts of the cerebral cortex have overproduced synapses
C) growth in the prefrontal-cortical area slows to near-adult levels
D) synaptic pruning slows or ends
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Chapter 8: Emotional and Social Development in Early Childhood
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Discuss some ways to reduce gender stereotyping in young children.
Q2) Research on environmental influences on gender typing suggests that beginning at birth,parents __________.
A) actively reinforce dependence in boys
B) have different expectations of sons than of daughters
C) have similar expectations of sons and daughters
D) give their sons toys that emphasize cooperation
Q3) Louise would like to improve her children's "media diet." She should __________.
A) use screen media as a reward
B) limit mobile device use during family interactions
C) withhold screen media as a punishment
D) place the children's computers in their bedrooms
Q4) Longitudinal evidence on peer sociability indicates that __________.
A) later-appearing play forms replace early ones
B) all four types of play coexist in early childhood
C) functional play is especially common among older preschoolers
D) preschoolers who spend a lot time playing alone tend to be socially anxious
Q5) Discuss the emergence of self-esteem in early childhood.How can adults promote high self-esteem?
Q6) Discuss factors within the family that heighten the risk of child maltreatment. Page 10
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Chapter 9: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences,__________.
A) all intelligences have a common expert, or end-state, performance
B) cultural values and learning opportunities affect the extent to which a child's intellectual strengths are realized
C) education often interferes with the transformation of raw potential into a mature social role
D) intelligence tests are a reliable measure of mental ability
Q2) Some investigators have concluded that the forms of logic required by Piagetian tasks do not emerge spontaneously but,rather,are __________.
A) heavily influenced by training, context, and cultural conditions
B) primarily developed through interaction with more expert peers
C) part of a slow but steady stagewise transition to logical thought
D) influenced by biological age and mastered all at once
Q3) School-age children master concrete operational tasks __________.
A) all at once
B) gradually, in a continuum of acquisition
C) much later than Piaget believed
D) after they master abstract thinking
Q4) Discuss the consequences of childhood obesity.
Page 12
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Chapter 10: Emotional and Social Development in Middle Childhood
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Elementary school teachers tend to stereotype boys who display "masculine" behavior as __________.
A) lazy and troublesome
B) diligent and compliant
C) smart and competent
D) hardworking and compliant
Q2) __________ children are likely to develop a learned-helpless approach to peer difficulties-concluding,after repeated rebuffs,that they will never be liked.
A) Controversial
B) Rejected-withdrawn
C) Rejected-aggressive
D) Popular-antisocial
Q3) Children who develop __________ attribute their failures,not their successes,to ability.
A) learned helplessness
B) mastery-oriented attributions
C) a realistically oriented view of ability
D) an ideal self
Q4) What factors foster resilience in middle childhood?
Page 13
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Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which statement about the spread of STIs,including HIV,is true?
A) It is nearly impossible to transmit any STI, including HIV, through oral sex.
B) It is at least twice as easy for a female to infect a male, as for a male to infect a female.
C) It is just as easy for a female to infect a male, as for a male to infect a female.
D) It is at least twice as easy for a male to infect a female, as for a female to infect a male.
Q2) The imaginary audience is most likely responsible for adolescents' __________.
A) increased argumentativeness with their parents
B) greater willingness to engage in risky behavior
C) self-consciousness and sensitivity to public criticism
D) ability to solve problems with many variables
Q3) School and community programs that reduce drug experimentation __________.
A) are aimed at students and teachers, not parents and families
B) teach skills for resisting peer pressure
C) increase the social acceptability of drug taking
D) have surprisingly low relapse rates
Q4) Discuss the effects of part-time work during high school.
Q5) Discuss effective interventions for adolescent parents.
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Chapter 12: Emotional and Social Development in Adolescence
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132 Verified Questions
132 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Adolescents who __________ are advanced in moral reasoning.
A) have parents who permit them to make all of their own decisions
B) more often participate in conversations with their friends
C) have more homogeneous friendships and school communities
D) have parents who ask fewer clarifying questions
Q2) Which individual is the most likely to describe herself as "shy," "outgoing," and "a smart airhead?"
A) 10-year-old Demarcus
B) 13-year-old Evangelina
C) 16-year-old Lashawn
D) 19-year-old Cris
Q3) At times,Drucilla is anxious and depressed about finding commitments,but she uses an active,information-gathering cognitive style to make personal decisions and solve problems: She seeks out relevant information,evaluates it carefully,and critically reflects on her views.Drucilla is experiencing identity __________.
A) achievement
B) moratorium
C) foreclosure
D) diffusion
Page 15
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Chapter 13: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early
Adulthood
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The immune response is the combined work of specialized cells that neutralize or destroy __________ in the body.
A) T cells
B) B cells
C) telomeres
D) antigens
Q2) Dr.Castillo focuses her research on postformal thought.She studies how __________ in adulthood.
A) personal effort takes precedence over social experiences
B) ways of thinking make it harder to accept uncertainties
C) thinking becomes increasingly rational and flexible
D) thinking is restructured and becomes less practical
Q3) Since the 1970s,__________.
A) the time U.S. college students spend socializing has declined by half
B) institutions redefined college students as consumers
C) grade inflation at U.S. colleges decreased dramatically
D) academic demands and the time U.S. college students spend studying increased
Q4) List and describe the three periods of vocational development.
Q6) Briefly describe the psychological impact of attending college. Page 16
Q5) How does psychological stress affect health in early adulthood?
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Page 17
Chapter 14: Emotional and Social Development in Early
Adulthood
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130 Verified Questions
130 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Childlessness seems to interfere with adjustment and life satisfaction __________.
A) in low-SES but not high-SES couples
B) only when it is beyond a person's control
C) among the highly educated
D) in women but not men
Q2) Most well-educated,career-oriented women expect a(n)__________ marriage.
A) matriarchal
B) traditional
C) egalitarian
D) patriarchal
Q3) Raymond is a single,African-American,30-year-old man.Statistically,what is the most likely reason for his singlehood?
A) religion
B) education
C) divorce
D) unemployment
Q4) Describe the gender differences in same-sex adult friendships.
Q5) Discuss factors that contribute to the widespread,persistent gender pay gap in the United States.
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Chapter 15: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle
Adulthood
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130 Verified Questions
130 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Mounting evidence indicates that in healthy older adults,__________ predict(s)decrements in reaction time and other cognitive abilities.
A) faster information processing
B) extent of myelin breakdown
C) faster working-memory
D) increases in perceptual speed
Q2) People often rate middle-aged women as __________ than middle-aged men.
A) less emotional
B) more confident
C) more versatile
D) less attractive
Q3) Women age 65 and older taking HRT __________.
A) have a decreased risk of heart attack and stroke
B) have a decreased risk of breast cancer
C) have an elevated risk of Alzheimer's disease
D) receive estrogen without progesterone
Q4) What is hardiness? How do hardy individuals cope with stress?
Q5) Discuss the changes that the skin undergoes during the aging process.
Q6) Describe the Type A behavior pattern.How does it affect health?
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Chapter 16: Emotional and Social Development in Middle
Adulthood
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129 Verified Questions
129 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Less is known about long-term adjustment following divorce among middle-aged men,perhaps because __________.
A) so few men divorce in middle adulthood
B) they often die within 5 to 10 years after divorce
C) they are less likely to participate in research studies
D) most enter new relationships and remarry within a short time
Q2) The greatest source of stress for middle-aged adults who share a household with an aging parent is __________.
A) problem behavior
B) the daily routine
C) financial strain
D) differences in lifestyle
Q3) Individuals who are low in conscientiousness are __________.
A) worrying, temperamental, self-conscious, and emotional
B) negligent, lazy, disorganized, late, aimless, and nonpersistent
C) ruthless, suspicious, antagonistic, critical, and irritable
D) reserved, quiet, passive, sober, and emotionally unreactive
Q4) What is the feminization of poverty and how does divorce contribute to it?
Q5) Describe the sandwich generation.
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Chapter 17: Physical and Cognitive Development in Late
Adulthood
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130 Verified Questions
130 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Low-SES older adults are __________ likely than higher-SES older adults to seek medical care because __________.
A) less; they are more likely to rely on holistic medicine
B) less; they are less optimistic that treatment will work
C) more; their medical care is paid for by the government
D) more; they are more trusting of the medical profession in general
Q2) In trying to remember a future activity,younger adults rely more on __________,older adults on __________.
A) elaboration; rehearsal
B) rehearsal; remote memory
C) memory aids; elaboration
D) rehearsal; memory aids
Q3) __________ affect(s)25 percent of people in their seventies and 50 percent of those in their eighties.
A) Blindness
B) Cataracts
C) Retina detachments
D) Macular degeneration
Q4) Define and describe terminal decline.
Q5) What are primary and secondary aging? How do they differ?
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Chapter 18: Emotional and Social Development in Late
Adulthood
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Suicide rates are elevated when a sick older person __________.
A) has minimal caregiver support
B) lives with family members
C) uses emotion-centered coping
D) has personal control over daily life
Q2) Harriet can handle dressing,shopping,and food preparation by herself.However,Harriet allows her daughter Ada to assist with these activities,leaving Harriet more stamina for gardening.Harriet is managing her aging by __________.
A) becoming overly dependent on Ada
B) readily accepting formal support from Ada
C) giving up personal control of her social support
D) freeing up energy for endeavors that are personally satisfying
Q3) Bridge employment seems to have a favorable impact on psychological well-being only when people __________.
A) shift to less cognitively demanding jobs
B) engage in work related to their former career
C) shift to less physically demanding jobs
D) engage in work totally unrelated to their former job
Q4) Describe George Vaillant's findings regarding successful aging.
Page 22
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Chapter 19: Death, dying, and Bereavement
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128 Verified Questions
128 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is an essential ingredient of a "good death"?
A) offering the dying person care, affection, companionship, and esteem
B) hiding the truth about the terminal aspect of the diagnosis from the dying person
C) avoiding discussions about the past and the future, focusing on the present
D) making sure that the medical staff uses all possible life-saving measures
Q2) __________ are the most challenging death subconcepts for most young children.
A) Universality and finality
B) Nonfunctionality and applicability
C) Applicability and causation
D) Finality and causation
Q3) Which of the following is true about how we die?
A) The greatest dignity in death is in the integrity of the life that precedes it.
B) Societies do not need a definition of death because it happens at a single point in time.
C) The brain death standard always solves the problem of when to halt treatment.
D) Today, medical science can guarantee the idealized, easy end most people want.
Q4) What is bereavement overload? Who is at risk for it?
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