Human Growth and Development
Exam Answer Key
Course Introduction
Human Growth and Development is a comprehensive course that explores the physical, cognitive, emotional, and social changes that occur throughout the human lifespan, from conception to late adulthood. Students will examine major developmental theories and research, considering how hereditary and environmental factors shape development at every stage. The course also addresses the influence of culture, family, education, and society on growth and developmental milestones, providing a foundational understanding for those interested in careers in education, healthcare, psychology, and related fields.
Recommended Textbook
Infants Children and Adolescents and MyVirtualChild 7th Edition by Laura E. Berk
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17 Chapters
2126 Verified Questions
2126 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: History, Theory, and Research Strategies
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152 Verified Questions
152 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Dr. Grief studies the relationship between changes in the brain and the developing child's cognitive processing and behavior patterns. Dr. Grief would most likely consider herself to be a(n)
A) behaviorist.
B) developmental cognitive neuroscientist.
C) evolutionary developmental psychologist.
D) information-processing researcher.
Answer: B
Q2) The most widely discussed threat to the accuracy of longitudinal findings is
A) practice effects.
B) cohort effects.
C) selective attrition.
D) biased sampling.
Answer: B
Q3) Both _________ and _____________ emphasize many possible courses of development.
A) the psychoanalytic perspective; ethology
B) ethology; evolutionary developmental psychology
C) Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory; behaviorism
D) behaviorism; social learning theory
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: Genetic and Environmental Foundations
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105 Verified Questions
105 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In an extremely understimulating environment, both Bella and Alice would have low intelligence. However, in a highly stimulating environment, Alice's performance would greatly exceed Bella's performance. This is an example of A) canalization.
B) niche-picking.
C) reaction range.
D) genetic-environmental correlation.
Answer: C
Q2) The most frequently occurring form of Down syndrome results from A) an extra broken piece of a twenty-first chromosome attaching to another chromosome.
B) an error during the early stages of mitosis.
C) a failure of the twenty-first pair of chromosomes to separate during meiosis.
D) the inheritance of an extra X chromosome.
Answer: C
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Chapter 3: Prenatal Development
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100 Verified Questions
100 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In one study, more active fetuses during the third trimester became 1-year-olds who __________ than those who were less active prenatally.
A) could better handle frustration
B) less readily interacted with unfamiliar adults
C) were more fearful
D) less readily interacted with toys
Answer: A
Q2) Which of the following statements is supported by research on family size?
A) Parental quality declines as new children are born.
B) New births lead to an increase in maternal affection toward older siblings.
C) Limiting family size increases the chances of having children with high intelligence scores.
D) Parents who have many children tend to reallocate their energies.
Answer: D
Q3) The average number of children per couple in North America today is A) 3.1.
B) 2.7.
C) 2.2.
D) 1.8.
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: Birth and the Newborn Baby
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110 Verified Questions
110 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Research shows that mothers learn to discriminate their newborn baby from other infants on the basis of touch, smell, and sight after as little as __________ of contact.
A) 15 minutes
B) 30 minutes
C) one hour
D) two hours
Q2) Persistent paternal depression is linked to A) aggression in boys.
B) colic in infants.
C) anorexia in girls.
D) childhood autism.
Q3) Crying usually peaks at about
A) 6 weeks.
B) 12 weeks.
C) 6 months.
D) 18 months.
Q4) What is "kangaroo care"? When and how is it used? What are its benefits?
Q5) Discuss the use of epidural analgesia to control pain during labor, noting the pros and cons of its use.
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Chapter 5: Physical Development in Infancy and
Toddlerhood
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136 Verified Questions
136 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Research reveals that
A) plasticity declines during synaptic pruning.
B) plasticity is greatest while the brain is forming new neurons.
C) brain plasticity is restricted to early childhood.
D) the adult brain cannot produce new neurons.
Q2) _______ improves the efficiency of message transfer.
A) Stimulation
B) Synaptic pruning
C) Tomography
D) Myelination
Q3) Studies of perception demonstrate that
A) Western adults, but not infants, can detect rhythmic-pattern deviations of non-Western music.
B) Western children retain the ability to detect deviations in foreign musical rhythms throughout childhood.
C) Western babies lose their ability to detect deviations in foreign musical rhythms by 12 months of age.
D) several weeks of daily opportunities to listen to non-Western music restores Western adults' sensitivity to music rhythms.
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Cognitive Development in Infancy and
Toddlerhood
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126 Verified Questions
126 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Among social interactionists, disagreement continues over whether or not children
A) have the necessary social skills to make sense of language.
B) progress through distinct stages of language development.
C) are equipped with specialized language structures.
D) should acquire a second language before formal schooling begins.
Q2) When children are not changing much, they
A) are in a state of disequilibrium.
B) assimilate more than they accommodate.
C) experience cognitive discomfort.
D) modify their schemes.
Q3) Infant pointing predicts faster vocabulary development
A) from 6 to 12 months.
B) over the first year.
C) from 12 to 18 months.
D) over the second year.
Q4) Define and describe recognition and recall. Discuss the development of recall memory.
Q5) Explain the core knowledge perspective of cognitive development.
Q6) Describe the structure of the information-processing system.
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Chapter 7: Emotional and Social Development in Infancy and
Toddlerhood
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114 Verified Questions
114 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Peer sociability is
A) not present in the first two years.
B) promoted by warm parental relationships.
C) extremely delayed in only children.
D) delayed in children who spend time in child care.
Q2) Sensitive caregiving that involves prompt, consistent, and appropriate responses to infant signals is likely to promote a(n)
A) resistant attachment.
B) avoidant attachment.
C) secure attachment.
D) difficult temperament.
Q3) Studies of adopted children who spent their first year or more in deprived Eastern European orphanages indicate that
A) late adoptees are not able to bond with their adoptive parents.
B) adoptees do not typically show social or emotional problems if adopted before the age of 6.
C) fully normal emotional development depends on establishing a close tie with a caregiver early in life.
D) adoptees' delays and impairments tend to disappear in middle childhood.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Physical Development in Early Childhood
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78 Verified Questions
78 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) During early childhood, boys ________ than girls.
A) are less muscular
B) are slightly larger
C) have more body fat
D) are much heavier
Q2) Dmitri, age 5, is very short in stature, shows decreased GH secretion, has an immature skeletal age, and has serious adjustment problems. Dmitri probably has A) a vitamin C deficiency.
B) a thyroxine deficiency.
C) psychosocial dwarfism.
D) an iron deficiency.
Q3) When young children with psychosocial dwarfism are removed from their emotionally inadequate environments,
A) their dwarfism is permanent, even with immediate treatment.
B) they rarely exhibit catch-up growth.
C) they must be given high levels of iron to prevent anemia.
D) their GH levels quickly return to normal and they grow rapidly.
Q4) Describe strategies for preventing early otitis media.
Q5) Describe the development of drawing in children in Western nations.
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Chapter 9: Cognitive Development in Early Childhood
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111 Verified Questions
111 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Of the following statements, which is supported by research on Head Start?
A) Gains for Head Start participants are similar, though not as strong as for participants of university-based programs.
B) All eligible preschool-age children in the United States and Canada receive Head Start services.
C) Head Start and other similar interventions are not very cost effective.
D) Parental involvement in Head Start has minimal impact on children's development.
Q2) After a field trip to the museum, Leslie asks her son, "What was the first thing we did? Why weren't the trains moving? I thought that the pink airplane was really big. What did you think?" Leslie is using a(n) ________ style to elicit her son's autobiographical memory.
A) deliberative
B) repetitive
C) reconstructive
D) elaborative
Q3) Explain what Piaget's famous conservation tasks reveal about preoperational children's thinking.
Q4) How are a Piagetian and Vygotskian classroom similar? How do they differ?
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Page 11
Chapter 10: Emotional and Social Development in Early Childhood
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A child who believes that all firefighters are boys
A) is a gender-aschematic child.
B) has not yet attained gender constancy.
C) has an incomplete gender identity.
D) has well-formed gender schemas.
Q2) Which of the following demonstrates how children's gender schemas are likely to affect memory?
A) When shown a picture of a female wearing a dress, children may later remember her as a male.
B) When shown a picture of a male firefighter, children may later remember him as a female.
C) When shown a picture of a female cooking, children may later remember her as a male.
D) When shown a picture of a male nurse, children may later remember him as a doctor.
Q3) Sending a child to her room for a few minutes
A) is useful when a child is out of control.
B) often generates much resentment in children.
C) is less effective than punishment in producing the desired behavior.
D) is the most effective form of discipline.
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Physical Development in Middle Childhood
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136 Verified Questions
136 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Luke, age 11, can throw a ball harder than he could at age 7. When he is jumping, he can propel himself further off the ground. This increasing ability is known as
A) flexibility.
B) agility.
C) force.
D) balance.
Q2) _________ is related to obesity.
A) Breastfeeding
B) Reduced sleep
C) A fast metabolism
D) Vegetarianism
Q3) Tanji is long and lean. She is probably from a A) cold, Arctic area.
B) region where disease is common.
C) hot, tropical region.
D) poor nation.
Q4) What is malocclusion and what causes it?
Q5) List and describe advances in four basic gross-motor capacities during middle childhood.
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Chapter 12: Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
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160 Verified Questions
160 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The phonics approach to reading
A) claims that as long as reading is kept meaningful, children will be motivated to discover the specific skills they need.
B) stresses the relationship between letters and sounds, thus enabling children to decode words.
C) stresses an appreciation for word concepts in a story context.
D) allows children to decipher meanings of words by reading the words around them.
Q2) Which of the following is true about magnet schools?
A) The less-segregated education provided in a magnet school enhances minority student achievement.
B) Magnet schools are usually located in high-SES areas and bus in those from low-income, minority areas.
C) Magnet schools are voluntarily segregated.
D) Magnet schools typically serve a homogeneous student population.
Q3) Define cognitive self-regulation. Why does it develop gradually? How can parents help foster it?
Q4) Describe Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence.
Q5) Define emotional intelligence. How is it assessed? How can teachers promote it?
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Chapter 13: Emotional and Social Development in Middle Childhood
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172 Verified Questions
172 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements is true about gender differences in self-esteem?
A) Only a slight difference exists between boys and girls in overall self-esteem.
B) Boys' overall sense of self-worth is much higher than girls'.
C) Girls' overall sense of self-worth is much higher than boys'.
D) By the end of middle childhood, girls are more confident than boys about their physical appearance.
Q2) Samantha has recently divorced. She and her 2-year-old are likely to experience which of the following in the initial period after the divorce?
A) remaining in the family home
B) an increase in income due to child support payments
C) a sharp drop in income
D) a stronger relationship
Q3) Outcomes for sons are better when the
A) mother is the sole custodian.
B) parents equally split parenting time.
C) father has no visitation.
D) father is the custodial parent.
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Physical Development in Adolescence
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150 Verified Questions
150 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) _________ viewed adolescence as a period so turbulent that it resembled the era in which humans evolved from savages into civilized beings.
A) G. Stanley Hall
B) Sigmund Freud
C) Jean-Jacques Rousseau
D) Anna Freud
Q2) ___________ increase(s) during middle childhood and adolescence.
A) Gray matter
B) Sleep time
C) White matter
D) Neurons in the prefrontal cortex
Q3) The combination of a sleep "phase delay" and evening activities, phones, and computers has resulted in
A) today's teenagers getting much less sleep than those of previous generations.
B) teenagers who are better able to cope with sleep loss than previous generations.
C) teenagers who are less likely to rely on sleep rebound on weekends.
D) teenagers who get a better night's rest than those in previous generations.
Q4) Describe the secular trend in pubertal timing in industrialized nations.
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Page 16
Chapter 15: Cognitive Development in Adolescence
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150 Verified Questions
150 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Teenagers who perceive their school learning environments to be ________ have more successful school transitions.
A) more rigid and strict than their middle school environments
B) competitive
C) easy and unstructured
D) sensitive and flexible
Q2) Which of the following explains the level of school involvement for many low-income parents?
A) They tend to be unconcerned with academic matters.
B) They face daily stresses that reduce the energy they have for school involvement.
C) They purposely avoid school involvement so as not to increase the strain on their relationships with their teenagers.
D) They already have strained relationships with school personnel and try to avoid further conflict.
Q3) Tija has noticed that her adolescent daughter is very self-conscious. Explain why this is so, and be sure to use the terms imaginary audience and personal fable in your explanation.
Q4) Explain why teenagers have difficulty with decision making.
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Chapter 16: Emotional and Social Development in Adolescence
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161 Verified Questions
161 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) During adolescence, teenagers deidealize their parents. This contributes to A) warmer sibling ties.
B) a rise in parent-child conflict.
C) a shift from authoritative to authoritarian child rearing.
D) a decline in academic achievement.
Q2) As Milee transitions from childhood to adolescence, she will likely add several new dimensions of self-evaluations-
A) athletic skill, academic competence, and moral understanding.
B) identity, autonomy, and initiative.
C) close friendship, romantic appeal, and job competence.
D) popularity, future aspirations, and spirituality.
Q3) Schools that have ________ promote a sense of civic responsibility.
A) a democratic climate
B) a diverse range of mentors
C) vocational courses
D) a range of extracurricular opportunities
Q4) You have been asked to give a talk on preventing adolescent suicide at a local high school. Using research from the text as a guide, what will you say in your lecture?
Page 18
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Chapter 17: Emerging Adulthood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is true?
A) More U.S. young people today vote than in previous generations.
B) More U.S. young people today engage in political party activities than in previous generations.
C) During emerging adulthood, attendance at religious services drops to its lowest level throughout the lifespan.
D) Emerging adults who view religion as important in their lives engage in less community service.
Q2) Research suggests that emerging adulthood
A) greatly speeds up identity development.
B) is a cultural construction.
C) is a time of financial independence.
D) primarily occurs in low-SES ethnic minority groups.
Q3) Identity achievement in the vocational realm
A) is more challenging for women than for men.
B) usually occurs by age 21.
C) is easier for women in male-dominated careers.
D) is more challenging for men than for women.
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