Human Genetics
Exam Materials
Course Introduction
Human Genetics explores the principles of heredity and variation in humans, focusing on the structure, function, and transmission of genes at both the molecular and chromosomal levels. The course examines patterns of inheritance, gene expression, and the role of genetics in human development, health, and disease. Topics include genetic disorders, population genetics, genetic counseling, and the ethical, legal, and social issues related to genetic research. Through case studies and current research, students gain an understanding of how genetic information influences individual traits and impacts modern medicine.
Recommended Textbook
Human Genetics 11th Edition by Ricki Lewis Dr
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Anthropology
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Q1) Which of the following is not one of the subfields of anthropology in the United States?
A) Cultural
B) Physical
C) Psychological
D) Archaeology
E) Linguistics
Answer: C
Q2) Today, cultural anthropologists are involved in numerous avenues of research including all of the following except
A) the study of subcultures
B) the resettlement of refugees
C) the relationship between cultural attributes and health and disease
D) the study of their own cultures
E) the study of city or urban areas that are no longer remote
Answer: E
Q3) Physical anthropologists are interested only in the study of biological systems.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 2: Heredity and Evolution
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Q1) Which statement concerning polygenic traits is not true?
A) They are governed by more than one genetic locus.
B) Their expression is often influenced by genetic/environmental interactions.
C) The alleles have an additive effect on the phenotype.
D) They are continuous traits
E) The most frequently discussed are skin, hair and eye color.
Answer: C
Q2) Polygenic traits
A) are discrete
B) have a continuous range of expression
C) are controlled by only one genetic locus
D) include the ABO blood type system and cystic fibrosis
E) are also called Mendelian traits
Answer: B
Q3) All human genetic disorders are inherited as recessive traits.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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4
Chapter 3: The Development of Evolutionary Theory
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Q1) When it came to explaining the origins of variation within species, Darwin
A) used Mendel's theory of heredity
B) agreed with Lamarck that it was caused by an animal's inner needs
C) argued it was caused by differential use of an animal's body parts
D) had no idea of the true causes
E) used his research gathered while at Cambridge
Answer: D
Q2) Which of the following concepts did NOT influence Darwin in developing his theory of evolution?
A) Population size increases more rapidly than food supplies.
B) There is competition among individuals for resources.
C) Species are unchanging types, and individual variation within a species is not important.
D) There is biological variation in all members of a species.
E) Favorable variations are passed on and accumulate in populations over time.
Answer: C
Q3) Creationism is considered a science because it has testable hypotheses.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 4: Modern Human Variation and Adaptation
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Q1) Dark skin is found in populations near the equator. Why?
A) It protects from frostbite.
B) It protects from overexposure to ultraviolet radiation.
C) It helps prevent rickets.
D) It protects from the damaging effects of UV radiation on folate.
E) It increases the skin's exposure to ultraviolet radiation.
Q2) What does it mean when one states that humans are members of the same polytypic species?
Q3) Acclimatization refers to which of the following?
A) long-term adaptations of species to certain environmental conditions
B) an individual's short-term physiological responses to the environment
C) the appearance of a new species
D) slow genetic changes in populations
E) changes in climate
Q4) Who was responsible for popularizing eugenics among 19th century Europeans?
A) Charles Darwin
B) Francis Galton
C) Georges Cuvier
D) Charles Lyell
E) Thomas Jefferson
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Macroevolution: Processes of Vertebrate and Mammalian Evolution
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Q1) When scientists assign fossil remains to genera and species, they must first assess the variation present in the fossil sample to determine its biological significance. What are the sources of morphological variation in fossil samples?
Q2) Development of a mammalian brain requires all except
A) Longer period of growth
B) More intense period of growth
C) Slower development in utero and after birth
D) Social system that ensure ample learning
E) The lack of a "bond of milk" between mother and infant
Q3) Explain the difference between generalized and specialized characteristics. What are examples of each in terms of the adaptive potential?
Q4) What does it mean to say that evolutionary processes can be both microevolution and macroevolution?
Q5) Speciation can occur as a result of all of the following except
A) geographic isolation
B) natural selection acting on populations
C) ecological separation
D) lack of differences in habitats
E) limited gene exchange
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Chapter 6: An Overview of the Primates
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Q1) Define three major forms of primate locomotion. Name at least one species associated with each.
Q2) Traditionally, Old World monkeys are separated from apes and humans at the level of the
A) infraorder
B) genus
C) superfamily
D) family
E) suborder
Q3) Chimpanzees live in groups composed of
A) one adult male, several females, and their young
B) large communities of bonded males and females, plus young of all ages
C) one adult male plus one adult female and their young
D) several adult females, one adult male, and any dependent young
E) other primate species
Q4) In major cities throughout Europe and the U.S., illegal bushmeat is readily available.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What traits distinguish Old World monkeys from apes and humans?
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Chapter 7: Primate Behavior
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Q1) Scientists who use the behavioral ecology approach believe that primate behaviors have evolved through the operation of natural selection.
A)True
B)False
Q2) R-selected species include which of the following?
A) mice
B) chimpanzees
C) gorillas
D) wolves
E) dogs
Q3) ______ dispersal is the most common pattern in mammals, including primates.
A) female
B) male
C) elders
D) children
E) elderly
Q4) Do you think apes have language? Discuss some of the questions that have been raised and what research has demonstrated.
Q5) Discuss the evolutionary explanation of infanticide in Hanuman langurs.
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Chapter 8: Understanding the Past: Archaeological and Paleoanthropological Methods
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Q1) Which of the following statements about tool use by the earliest protohominins is correct?
A) Stone tools were regularly manufactured.
B) They formed a central part of trade strategies.
C) They likely used tools in a manner similar to modern chimpanzees and bonobos.
D) They are identified as tools by archaeologists.
E) They were stones that were sharpened.
Q2) Many unmodified rocks of types that are not present in the geology of the immediate vicinity are just rocks and have nothing to do with behavior of early hominins.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following would NOT be an example of a feature?
A) a human burial with grave goods
B) a circular arrangement of stones around wood charcoal
C) a pyramid
D) the foundation stones of a hut
E) plant and animal remains
Q4) What is the importance of experimental archaeology? Provide an example.
Q5) What is paleoanthropology?
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Chapter 9: Hominin Origins
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Q1) What general conclusions can be drawn regarding the Miocene hominoids?
Q2) What is the law of superposition, and how is it related to the dating methods discussed in the text?
Q3) The first Homo habilis fossils were found during the 1960's in
A) Olduvai Gorge
B) Tugen Hills
C) Toros Menalla
D) Sterkfontein
E) South Africa
Q4) Where have Miocene hominoid fossils been found?
A) North America
B) Australia
C) Mexico
D) South America
E) Africa, Europe, and Asia
Q5) The A. afarensis hand, wrist, and foot bones are indistinguishable from those of modern humans.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Contrast obligate bipedalism with habitual bipedalism.
Page 11
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Chapter 10: The First Dispersal of the Genus Homo: Homo
Erectus and Contemporaries
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Q1) The term Homo ergaster
A) was suggested to be used to refer to African Homo erectus specimens
B) was suggested to be used to refer to Asian Homo erectus specimens
C) is fully accepted by all paleoanthropologists
D) was initially proposed by Eugene Dubois
E) refers to later H. erectus specimens
Q2) Which of the following sites is in China?
A) Yunxian
B) Atapuerca
C) Nariokotome
D) Gran Dolina
E) Olduvai Gorge
Q3) Thus far, what do the postcranial remains of the Dmanisi hominins indicate?
A) They are indistinguishable from Homo sapiens.
B) They are significantly more robust than other Homo erectus.
C) They are much more similar to modern humans than to Homo erectus.
D) The first hominins to leave Africa were possibly a very early form of H. erectus.
E) They are not bipeds.
Q4) List the characteristics of Homo erectus discoveries in Java and China.
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Premodern Humans
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Q1) Why is it difficult to get a clear evolutionary picture of Middle Pleistocene hominins?
Q2) Kabwe, Bodo, Florisbad, Elandsfontein and Laetoli are sites that evidence premodern Homo sapiens and are located in
A) Europe
B) Africa
C) Central Asia
D) China
E) Iraq
Q3) Recent genetic evidence confirms that some interbreeding took place between Neandertals and H. sapiens sometime between 80,000 and 50,000.
A)True
B)False
Q4) African sites evidencing Neandertal fossils include
A) Olduvai Gorge
B) Broken Hill
C) Laetoli
D) Tabun
E) Shanidar Cave
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Page 13
Chapter 12: The Origin and Dispersal of Modern Humans
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Q1) The Upper Paleolithic culture period is divided into categories based on stone tool technologies. These include all of the following except
A) Solutrean
B) Magdalenian
C) Aurignacian
D) Chatelperroonian
E) Grottevian
Q2) Discuss the Upper Paleolithic cultural period, including innovations in technology, art and burials.
Q3) The Upper Paleolithic was a period during which there were rapid shifts in climatic conditions.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The bow and arrow seems to have first appeared during the Magdalenian.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Review the evidence relative to the human occupation of Australia.
Q6) Summarize the importance of the discovery of the child's skeleton from the Abrigo do Lagar Velho relative to the debate on modern human origins.
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Early Holocene Hunters and Gatherers
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Q1) If people traveled along the pacific coast beginning about 17,000-15,000 ya, when New World inhabitants were suspected as having come from Asia, climatic conditions would have been different than those in the interior. How?
Q2) During the early and middle Holocene, many groups adopt an intensive hunting, fishing, and gathering lifestyle.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Compared with foragers, food collectors rely much more on a few seasonally abundant resources, and their camps often show evidence of specialized processing and storage technologies.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Who was the Kennewick man? Why are the remains important for understanding the settlement of the New World?
Q5) What evidence indicates that the Bering Land Bridge model cannot explain the entirety of the peopling of the New World?
Q6) Discuss the physical evidence for the initial occupation of the New World.
Q7) What is the Paleo-Indian period? What cultural features define this time period?
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Food Production
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Q1) What factor would not have likely influenced or predisposed wild grass seeds to unconscious modification by gatherers?
A) seeds tend to exhibit a great deal of genetic variability
B) seeds occur in dense stands
C) seeds exhibit quick reproductive rates
D) rachis normally becomes dry and brittle, enabling the seed to break away easily
E) seeds from genetic variants end up in the gathering basket less often
Q2) Which of the following statements does not describe the development of plant domestication in the Near East?
A) It was preceded by a hunting and gathering economy based on small-grain grass and cereal seeds.
B) It coincides with a cooler and dryer climate.
C) It is associated with the human dispersal of cereal grasses to the stream valleys.
D) Epipaleolithic foraging cultures, such as Kebaran and Natufian, took the first steps toward agriculture.
E) Small- grained grass and wild cereal seeds were not important in earlier hunter gathered diets
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Page 16
Chapter 15: The First Civilizations
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Q1) What role did marine resource exploitation have in the emergence of political complexity in South America?
Q2) Which of the following explanations may account for the urbanization of the Indus Valley?
A) period of drought years
B) increased warfare
C) increased threat of flooding
D) the development of increasingly productive agricultural practices
E) unification under a single ruler
Q3) The development of formal, non-kin, organization means that:
A) the appropriation of the right by the state to decide which acts will be punished as crimes
B) the end of kin relations as an important factor in society
C) political succession based on a family system
D) the transition from a ranked to an egalitarian structure
E) the end of an institutional religion
Q4) Military conflict played little role in the formation of the Mesopotamian cities.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 16: Conclusion
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Q1) Measles became prevalent only with the emergence of larger urban centers, making it the "disease of civilization."
A)True
B)False
Q2) The archaeological record indicates Paleolithic individuals were capable of expanding into new habitats,
A) but their population density remained low.
B) but they did not adapt culturally.
C) but they did not adapt biologically.
D) but they had a measurable environmental impact.
E) but they did not spread out of Africa.
Q3) Our digestive systems are well adapted to processed food and sedentary behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Discuss the effects of the earliest farmers and cities that arose with the so-called Neolithic revolution.
Q5) Define the concept, Anthropocene, and what it implies
Q6) How have humans become a threat to themselves, to other living things and the earth itself?
Page 18
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