Human Diversity
Mock Exam
Course Introduction
This course explores the concept of human diversity from biological, social, and cultural perspectives. It examines variations among individuals and groups in terms of race, ethnicity, gender, class, sexuality, ability, and more. Students will investigate how societal structures, historical processes, and cultural beliefs shape identity and experience, and consider the implications of diversity for social justice, equity, and inclusion. Through interdisciplinary readings and discussions, learners will gain a deeper understanding of the complexities of human differences and develop skills to interact respectfully and effectively in diverse communities.
Recommended Textbook
Anthropology Appreciating Human Diversity 16th Edition by Conrad Kottak
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Page 2
Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology
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Q1) Anthropologists' early interest in Native North Americans
A) is unique to European anthropology.
B) was more important than interest in the relation between biology and culture in the development of U.S. four-field anthropology.
C) proved early on that culture is a function of race.
D) is an important historical reason for the development of four-field anthropology in the U.S.
E) was replaced in the 1930s by the two-field approach.
Answer: D
Q2) In the social sciences,associations are usually probable rather than absolute.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Humans can adapt to their surroundings through both biological and cultural means.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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3
Chapter 2: Culture
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Q1) Although rap music originated in the United States,it is now popular all over the world.Which of the following mechanisms of cultural change is responsible for this?
A) acculturation
B) enculturation
C) independent invention
D) colonization
E) diffusion
Answer: E
Q2) Culture is transmitted in society.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Indigenous cultures are at the mercy of the forces of globalization,as they can do nothing to stop threats to their cultural identity,autonomy,and livelihood.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 3: Applying Anthropology
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Q1) What is an illness?
A) a nonexistent ailment (only diseases are real)
B) an artificial product of biomedicine
C) a scientifically described health threat
D) a purely linguistic problem
E) a condition of poor health perceived by an individual
Answer: E
Q2) Strictly speaking,medical anthropology is an applied field within anthropology.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) The Samoan community living in Los Angeles has successfully used the matai system to deal with modern urban problems.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) Less than half of Toronto's citizens were born outside of Canada.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Page 5
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Chapter 4: Doing Archaeology and Biological Anthropology
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Q1) Which excavation technique provides more information about the context of the artifacts,fossils,or features discovered?
A) removing the soil in consistent amounts
B) surface collection and mapping
C) excavating multiple test pits
D) screening and floating
E) digging through the strata one layer at a time
Q2) Electron spin resonance is used to date organic material from archaeological sites.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A ________ is a biological lineage defined by a specific cluster of genetic traits that occur together.
A) tribe or nation
B) mutation
C) haplogroup
D) "genetic clock"
E) duplogroup
Q4) How are fossils formed? Where are they found? How representative is the fossil record?
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Chapter 5: Evolution and Genetics
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Q1) Mendelian genetics studies the ways in which gene frequencies vary in communities from generation to generation.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The theory of creationism argues that all the species present today were created as natural selection selected the fittest individuals.
A)True
B)False
Q3) How is evolution defined by population geneticists? What are the major mechanisms of genetic evolution?
Q4) Mutations are the most important source of variety on which natural selection depends and operates.There are two forms of mutations,
A) both discovered by Mendel.
B) cancer-causing mutations and chromosomal rearrangement.
C) and both occur only during the development of an individual.
D) called base substitution mutation and chromosomal rearrangement.
E) and both always result in phenotypic change.
Q5) Give an example of how punctuated equilibrium would work.
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Chapter 6: Human Variation and Adaptation
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Q1) What is the difference between phenotypic adaptation and genetic adaptation? What role does each play in human evolution?
Q2) East Asians who have migrated recently from India and Pakistan to northern areas of the United Kingdom have a higher incidence of rickets and osteoporosis than the general British population.This illustrates that A) natural selection continues today.
B) genetic adaptation of environmental stressors can occur within one generation. C) cultural adaptation provides effective shortcuts to the genetically disadvantaged in a foreign environment.
D) because of global warming, the lack of sunlight that people are exposed to in these northern regions is made up for by the intensity of the sunlight.
E) natural selection's role in determining skin color is a thing of the past, relevant only prior to the sixteenth century when massive migrations of populations altered the geographic distribution of dark-skinned people.
Q3) Support or refute this statement: By rejecting the race concept,anthropologists are ignoring obvious human biological variations.
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Chapter 7: The Primates
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Q1) How is inclusive fitness measured?
A) with techniques developed for anthropometry
B) by the number of direct descendants an individual has
C) by maximum lung capacity
D) by the amount of genetic diversity in a breeding population
E) by the gene an individual shares with relatives
Q2) When scientists use the word hominid today,they mean pretty much the same thing as when they used this word twenty years ago.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Review this chapter and answer the following questions: What are the parts of the skeleton that seem to be more commonly found as fossils? What are the anatomical clues that these fossils provide to help scientists address questions about hominin origins?
Q4) Primates are among the most endangered of Earth's creatures,and anthropologists who study them have played key roles in efforts to save them.What threats do primates face? In terms of expanding anthropological knowledge,why is it important to conserve our nearest relatives?
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Chapter 8: Early Hominins
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Q1) Although the first hominins appeared late in the Miocene,most hominin fossils have been dated to
A) 20 to 15 m.y.a.
B) the Holocene.
C) the Pliocene and Pleistocene epochs.
D) the early Miocene.
E) 400,000 to 300,000 years ago.
Q2) The teeth and skulls of australopithecines suggest that they had a vegetarian diet.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In trying to determine whether a fossil is a human ancestor,we should always look for traits that make us human today.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Compared to the australopithecines,early Homo had larger cheek teeth and a larger cranial capacity.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: Archaic Homo
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Q1) What have researchers learned by looking at the molars and other cranial features of H.erectus,such as a superorbital torus and an occipital bun?
A) H. erectus was more dependent on tubers than earlier hominins.
B) H. erectus was more dependent on hunting-and the lifestyle it demanded-than were earlier hominins.
C) The chewing apparatus of H. erectus was essentially the same as that of H. habilis.
D) The paucity of dental remains of H. erectus has made it difficult for researchers to say anything significant.
E) H. erectus had yet to make the shift to hunting seen later on with Neandertals.
Q2) In this chapter we learn how the Acheulean hand ax represents a predetermined shape based on a template in the mind of the toolmaker.How might have scientists analyzing these tools made that assessment? What are the implications of such a finding?
Q3) How do biological changes in H.erectus reflect new cultural adaptive strategies? How do these relate to H.erectus's capacity to extend the hominin range beyond Africa to Asia and Europe?
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11
Chapter 10: The Origin and Spread of Modern Humans
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Q1) According to mtDNA analyses,when did the first modern humans leave Africa?
A) 2 m.y.a.
B) 1 m.y.a.
C) over 735,000 years ago
D) 535,000 years ago
E) no more than 135,000 years ago
Q2) All of the following characterized the changeover from the Mousterian to the Upper Paleolithic EXCEPT
A) growth in Homo's total population and geographic range.
B) an increase in the number of distinct tool types, reflecting functional specialization.
C) marked social and economic stratification among members of society.
D) increasing local cultural diversity as people specialized in particular economic activities.
E) increasing standardization in tool manufacture.
Q3) With an estimated date of 195,000 B.P., the Omo Kibish remains appear to be the earliest anatomically modern human fossils yet found in Asia.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: The First Farmers
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Q1) What is the name of the wild ancestor of maize?
A) corn
B) guajalote
C) cavia
D) teosinte
E) elote
Q2) Which of the following was a consequence of domestication?
A) Humans had to work less than before to acquire food.
B) There was a decline in disease.
C) Sedentary life became more widespread.
D) There was an increase in dietary diversity.
E) There was a gradual decrease in population size.
Q3) What is the name given to the cultural period in which the first signs of domestication were present?
A) Upper Paleolithic
B) Mesolithic
C) Microlithic
D) Chalcolithic
E) Neolithic
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Page 13
Chapter 12: The First Cities and States
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Q1) China's first state,the Shang dynasty,had bronze metallurgy and writing.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Summarize the evidence for and against the following theories of state formation: hydraulic systems,long-distance trade routes,and population circumscription.
Q3) Which of the following attributes distinguishes states from chiefdoms?
A) large residences
B) a paramount ruler
C) sharp class distinctions
D) a subsistence economy based on domesticated species
E) armed conflict between competing communities
Q4) Ranked societies have hereditary inequality,but they lack stratification.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Cuneiform is the term for the early writing in what part of the world?
A) China
B) Mesoamerica
C) Indus Valley
D) Mesopotamia
E) Andes
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Chapter 13: Method and Theory in Cultural Anthropology
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Q1) Which of the following terms refers to the theoretical paradigm that holds that customs (social practices)function to preserve the social structure?
A) the Manchester school
B) synchronic functionalism
C) configurationalism, as illustrated in the works of Benedict and Mead
D) Panglossian structuralism
E) structural functionalism, as illustrated in the work of Radcliffe-Brown and Evans-Pritchard
Q2) The work of which of the following anthropologists illustrated a renewed interest in cultural change and even evolution (although of a very different sort than Tylor and Morgan had in mind)?
A) Ruth Benedict
B) Max Gluckman
C) Victor Turner
D) Julian Steward
E) Margaret Mead
Q3) What advantages do you see in ethnographic research techniques? What are the advantages for survey techniques? Which one would you choose,and what would that choice depend upon?
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Chapter 14: Language and Communication
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Q1) Words that clearly descend from the same ancestral word are known as A) synonyms.
B) subgroups.
C) homonyms.
D) cognates.
E) daughters.
Q2) In all languages,the same honorifics have the same meaning,regardless of context.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The origins of AAVE are found mostly in West Africa,rather than in the dialects of the southern part of the United States.
A)True
B)False
Q4) All human nonverbal communication is instinctive,not influenced by cultural factors.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Discuss factors that increase linguistic diversity among speakers of the same language.
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Chapter 15: Ethnicity and Race
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Q1) What term refers to an independent,centrally organized political unit,or a government?
A) state
B) tribe
C) nationality
D) bureaucracy
E) culture
Q2) Which of the following statements about ethnicity is true?
A) Ethnicity is one's identification with a group that shares a common set of beliefs, values, customs, and norms.
B) Americans maintain a clear distinction between ethnicity and race.
C) Ethnicity is based on common biological features.
D) Ethnicity is the politically correct term for race.
E) Ethnicity and race are synonyms.
Q3) Only dominant or majority groups can have prejudiced views; minority groups are not capable of being prejudiced.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 16: Making a Living
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Q1) List the first four of Cohen's adaptive strategies and summarize the key features of each.What are the correlated variables for each strategy?
Q2) Because nonindustrial economies can have features of both horticulture and agriculture,it is useful to discuss cultivators as being arranged along a cultivation continuum.Which of the following generally occurs in moving toward the more intensive end of the cultivating continuum?
A) increased leisure time
B) improved overall health status of the population
C) increased egalitarianism
D) increasing economic specialization
E) longer fallow periods
Q3) In which food production system does part of the group's population accompany the herds to distant pastures and the remaining population maintain year-round villages and grow crops?
A) pastoral nomadic
B) transhumance
C) mixed specialization
D) intensive agriculturalist
E) modified foraging
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Page 18
Chapter 17: Political Systems
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Q1) In chiefdoms,individuals are ranked according to seniority,but everyone is believed to be descended from a common set of ancestors.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Population control in states refers to the police and military.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A fiscal system includes the judges,laws,and courts that resolve conflicts.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Modern hunter-gatherers should not be seen as representative of Stone Age peoples,all of whom were also foragers.Why?
Q5) The sociopolitical organization of foragers tends to be bands.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Stratum endogamy is restricted to chiefdoms,wherein chiefs occupied a formal elite stratum in society.
A)True
B)False
Page 19
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Chapter 18: Gender
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Q1) This chapter's discussion on recurrent gender patterns stresses that
A) it is the role of industrialized nations to correct patterns that are immoral.
B) the United Nations should become more involved in reversing these patterns.
C) exceptions to cross-cultural generalizations may involve societies or individuals.
D) these patterns are universals rather than generalities.
E) these generalities are based on bad data, because the studies did not use randomized sampling.
Q2) Gender roles are the instinctual behaviors that are the exclusive domain of each sex. A)True
B)False
Q3) What is meant by the term feminization of poverty?
A) the view that conditions of poverty are emasculating
B) the increasing number of women among the poorest people
C) the popularity of feminist ideals among poor people
D) the recent campaign by feminists to work with the poor
E) the view that only women care about issues of poverty
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20
Chapter 19: Families, Kinship, and Descent
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Q1) What postmarital residence rule is most often found in societies with lineal kinship terminologies?
A) ambilocal
B) neolocal
C) patrilocal
D) matrilocal
E) bilocal
Q2) Kinship terminology is a classification system,a taxonomy or typology.More generally,a taxonomic system
A) is based on how people perceive similarities and differences in the things being classified.
B) is accurate only when based on Western science.
C) is based on categories given by nature.
D) usually changes with every generation.
E) applies best to nonliving things.
Q3) "Anthropologists spend much of their time studying trivia like kinship." Do you agree with this statement? If so,why? If not,why not?
Q4) In what kinds of situations would you expect to find ambilineal descent? Unilineal descent? Why?
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Chapter 20: Marriage
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Q1) Dowries are most common in societies in which women occupy an elevated status position.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Does the practice of paying a dowry necessarily imply gender inequality?
Q3) All cultures have taboos against ________,sexual relations with someone considered to be a close relative,although precisely what constitutes a close relative varies across cultures.
A) levirate
B) sororate
C) fraternal
D) incest
E) exogamy
Q4) Native American berdaches were permitted to marry men.
A)True
B)False
Q5) If Hannah marries her deceased husband's brother,the arrangement is considered a levirate marriage.
A)True
B)False
Page 22
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Chapter 21: Religion
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Q1) Max Weber argued that the spread of capitalism was closely linked to the ethics and values of Catholicism.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following kinds of religion involves part-time religious specialists in foraging societies?
A) communal religion
B) shamanistic religion
C) Olympian religion
D) individualistic cults
E) idiosyncratic belief systems
Q3) Shamans are full-time religious practitioners generally found in state-level societies.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Religious fundamentalism is as old as religion itself.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Discuss two cases illustrating religion's role in social change.
Q6) How do you explain the universality of religion?
Page 23
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Chapter 22: Arts, Media, and Sports
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Q1) Where is art found? Is art found in the same contexts in all kinds of societies?
Q2) In states,how is art typically defined?
A) If something is mass produced, it cannot be art.
B) State societies rely heavily on critics, judges, and experts to make these decisions.
C) Only things intentionally created as art can be called art.
D) Only artists create art.
E) If it is expensive, it is art.
Q3) Brazilians' inherent sociability helps account for the explosive growth of online social network use in their country.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The media offer a rich web of external connections-through cable,satellite,the Internet,television,movies,radio,telephones,print,and other sources-that can provide contact,information,entertainment,and potential social validation.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Discuss why it is so difficult to come up with a universally applicable definition for art.
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Page 24
Chapter 23: The World System and Colonialism
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Q1) Neoliberalism refers to a revival of Adam Smith's classic economic liberalism,which suggests that governments should not regulate private enterprise and that free market forces should rule.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What term refers to wealth or resources invested in business with the intent of producing a profit?
A) the modern world system
B) industrialization
C) an open class system
D) socioeconomic stratification
E) capital
Q3) The domestic system is the economic system in which an organizer-entrepreneur supplies the raw materials to workers in their homes and collects the finished products from them.
A)True
B)False
Q4) How did the views of Marx and Weber on stratification differ? Relate their views to the modern global stratification system.
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Chapter 24: Anthropologys Role in a Globalizing World
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Q1) Cultural meaning is
A) imposed by a text.
B) locally created.
C) inherent in a text.
D) produced by a text, not from it.
E) determined only by the author.
Q2) Social movements worldwide have adopted which term as a self-identifying and political label based on past oppression but now legitimizing a search for social,cultural,and political rights?
A) indio
B) indigenous people
C) mestizo
D) autochthon
E) freedom fighter
Q3) How have recent movements regarding the politics of identity with regard to indigenous peoples varied around the world?
Q4) Diseases that spread from animals to humans are known as zoonotic diseases.
A)True
B)False
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