Human Diversity
Chapter Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Human Diversity explores the wide range of differences and similarities among humans, including cultural, biological, social, and psychological dimensions. The course examines how factors such as race, ethnicity, gender, age, socioeconomic status, religion, and ability shape individual and collective identities and influence interactions within societies. Students will also analyze the impact of historical and contemporary social structures on diverse groups, promoting a deeper understanding of inclusion, equity, and the value of diverse perspectives in a globalized world.
Recommended Textbook
Cultural Anthropology A Toolkit for a Global Age 2nd Edition by Kenneth J. Guest
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Anthropology in a Global Age
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Q1) What type of anthropologist focuses on how humans have adapted to their environments over time?
A) physical anthropologist
B) descriptive linguist
C) paleoanthropologist
D) cultural anthropologist
Answer: A
Q2) The Chinese government counts nearly 250 million internal migrants floating in China's cities. What draws these internal migrants?
A) work opportunities
B) more affordable housing
C) higher education
D) social movements
Answer: A
Q3) Cultural anthropologists employ the process of ethnology to:
A) challenge ethnocentrism.
B) challenge ethnographic authority.
C) ethnographically document other cultures.
D) compare cultures.
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: Culture
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Q1) Anthropologist Margaret Mead (1901-1979) is best known for her research on sexual freedom and experimentation by young women in Samoa. Which aspect of culture among American women did Mead so powerfully contrast?
A) personality types
B) repressed sexuality
C) biology
D) cultural patterns
Answer: B
Q2) Globalization has led to an unprecedented rate of change worldwide. Barely 100 years ago, anthropologists traveled to remote places to study other people whose lifestyles are now all but extinct. How has globalization changed the ethnographic research of anthropologists? What aspects of culture might an anthropologist study to produce meaningful, useful results?
Answer: Students should clearly identify and discuss all of the core parts of globalization mentioned in the text. This should include homogenization, diversification, migration and global flows, and cosmopolitanism. Students should be able to either develop an example of their own or draw from the examples in the book to build their argument.
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Chapter 3: Fieldwork and Ethnography
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Q1) Because she has been a community activist and an advocate for her research subjects, what kind of anthropology can we consider the work of Nancy Scheper-Hughes?
A) experimental
B) engaged
C) reflexive
D) medical
Answer: B
Q2) What did Bronislaw Malinowski (1884-1942) encourage fellow anthropologists to do in his guidelines?
A) Clearly document the kinship system of the people being studied.
B) Take time to learn the local language of the people being studied.
C) Carefully document the geographical setting of the people being studied.
D) Conduct in-depth analysis of a culture from an armchair.
Answer: B
Q3) Explain how ethnographers can explore global phenomena by conducting fieldwork at the local level.
Answer: As we extend our analysis as anthropologists, we try to see how local lives compare to others and fit into larger human patterns and global contexts (that is, multisited ethnography).
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Chapter 4: Language
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Sample Questions
Q1) What do anthropologists call a nonstandard variation of a language?
A) prestige language
B) type of displacement
C) dialect
D) morpheme
Q2) Chinese, spoken by about 1.3 million people, is the most common native language in the world. At the same time, many Chinese students are sent abroad to English-speaking countries to learn English. Why do these students learn English at all?
A) The Chinese government seeks to develop more Chinese-language universities and centers abroad.
B) English is spoken by nearly 95 percent of the world's population.
C) English is the dominant spoken language worldwide and is central in education and technology.
D) The production of global media like radio and television is extremely difficult to accomplish using written Chinese.
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6
Chapter 5: Human Origins
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Sample Questions
Q1) If the replacement theory is correct, then what should we expect to find out about early hominids?
A) Both archaic and modern humans should overlap in time in most locations.
B) Individuals within a population would have certain characteristics that would enable them to survive.
C) There would be high genetic variation farther away from Africa.
D) Archaic and modern humans should not overlap in time in any locations.
Q2) The chance discovery of the Kennewick man in 1996 opened a window to early human life in North America. This success might not have been possible, however, without researchers making comparisons of the remains to nearby plants, animals, and other parts of the remains to understand the context. This approach to dating is called
A) absolute
B) stratigraphic
C) relative
D) radiometric
Q3) Discuss the impact of Jane Goodall's work with chimpanzees on current evolutionary thinking. How do chimpanzees serve as a useful window into early hominid behavior?
Q4) How does marriage interact with human evolution and gene flow?
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Chapter 6: Race and Racism
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Q1) While health, education, decent housing, and employment are something that most of us would agree are fundamental to all people, what is a primary reason that these have historically been denied to many people in the United States?
A) white privilege
B) a culture of poverty
C) a lack of social capital
D) stratified whiteness
Q2) The right to own a gun is today considered fundamental to many people in the United States. While the Second Amendment to the Constitution is often considered the origin of this ideal, it actually was instituted by elites as one of many special "white rights" to ensure cooperation against rebellions. This is an example of ________.
A) cultural hedging
B) intersectionality
C) white privilege
D) stratified whiteness
Q3) Explain what is meant by the concept of "white privilege."
Q4) How does the U.S. census, taken every ten years since 1790, provide a window into the changing conception of "race"?
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Chapter 7: Ethnicity and Nationalism
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Q1) Many immigrant groups-Arab, Czech, French, Irish, Italian, Greek, Jewish, and others-have contributed to what has been known as a "melting pot" in America. Now, anthropologists and others prefer the term ________, which better reflects the role of ethnicity in the United States.
A) multiculturalism
B) illegals
C) assimilation
D) immigration
Q2) In South Africa, the Bafokeng were able to eventually get much of their land back from the white settlers who had taken it through the formation of the Royal Bafokeng Nation, Inc. This effort has subsequently flourished. This a good example of ________.
A) national agency
B) black supremacy
C) an ethno-corporation
D) a multinational corporation
Q3) Define ethnic cleansing versus genocide and give an example of each to illustrate your answer.
Q4) Compare how and why ethnic-making projects in Rwanda and Bosnia have given rise to conflict.
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Chapter 8: Gender
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Q1) What happened after Captain Kristen Griest and First Lieutenant Shaye Haver became the first women to complete the U.S. Army's elite Ranger School at Fort Benning, Georgia, in 2015?
A) They were required to have their gender verified by a physician.
B) They were still not eligible to join the elite 75th Ranger Regiment.
C) They were both discharged.
D) Griest was promoted while Haver was not.
Q2) Analyze how idealized gender roles and attributes of both sexes are reflected in the sexual division of labor and jobs that adult men and women tend to pursue in the United States. Provide two examples for each gender.
Q3) According to some studies, what occurs if fathers are actively involved with children?
A) Their bodies are less able to produce testosterone.
B) They age more slowly.
C) Their brains attempt to resist change to environmental stimuli.
D) Their bodies respond in ways that help them be good dads.
Q4) Discuss ways that women's participation in the global economy, including the changes in traditional gender roles and expectations, reflects both gender role stereotypes and economic inequalities in the twenty-first century.
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Chapter 9: Sexuality
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Sample Questions
Q1) When discussing sexual behavior, biologist and zoologist Alfred Kinsey is quoted as saying, "The world is not to be divided into sheep and goats." To what would he likely have been referring when he said this?
A) Sexual activity maintains a strict dichotomy between heterosexual and homosexual sex.
B) Sexual behavior may include sex between humans and other animals.
C) Sexual behavior and activity remains fixed over the course of a lifetime.
D) Sexual behavior is best understood as a continuum.
Q2) The work of early sexologists such as Kinsey tended to reinforce the idea of heterosexuality. In spite of this, what was one of the surprising results that Kinsey and his research revealed about sexual behavior in the United States?
A) Most people who were having sex used condoms.
B) Fantasies and same-sex attraction were much more common than expected.
C) Married women cheated with a higher frequency than married men.
D) Most people did not consider marriage between a man and a woman desirable.
Q3) Define sexuality and, using a minimum of three examples from the text, describe the ways in which culture influences sexual beliefs and behaviors.
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Chapter 10: Kinship, Family, and Marriage
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Q1) How families are conceptualized and formed varies across cultural groups. Define and describe the ways in which a family of orientation and a family of procreation differ. How does the concept of a nuclear family fit into these two concepts of family? Why is the concept of a nuclear family more common in the United States and other Western industrialized cultures and societies? What are some examples of other concepts of family found in other cultures throughout the world? What may be some underlying factors that contribute to the diverse ways in which family is conceptualized and formed? How do you think the concept of family may change in the future, and why?
Q2) Anthropologist E. E. Evans-Pritchard conducted ethnographic research with Nuer people of southern Sudan in the 1930s and argued that this group of people constituted a patrilineal descent group. What does it mean to be a patrilineal descent group and how does this differ from a matrilineal descent group? How were cattle used to reflect the patrilineal nature of Nuer descent? Provide at least two examples.
Q3) What are the two types of descent groups distinguished by anthropologists?
A) lineages and clans
B) matrilineal and patrilineal
C) patrilineal and clan
D) matrilineal and clan
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12
Chapter 11: Class and Inequality
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Q1) What is significant about Hutterite society in contrast to present-day social structures?
A) It is an example of a successful effort to establish an egalitarian system of economic and social relations within highly stratified societies.
B) It is an example of a failed effort to establish an egalitarian system of economic and social relations within highly stratified societies.
C) It is an example of a successful effort to establish a highly religious society.
D) It is an example of a successful effort to establish an authoritarian system of economic and social relations within highly stratified societies.
Q2) Leith Mullings's work using intersectionality emerges out of a long history of anthropological fieldwork. What characterizes this variety of fieldwork?
A) It is holistic.
B) It is interpretive.
C) It is class based.
D) It is global.
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13
Chapter 12: The Global Economy
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Q1) In 2016, reports appeared in the media detailing the struggles of nail salon workers, who are often immigrants. Many work long hours under difficult conditions in order to meet the demand in the United States for the perfect pedicure. This example closely resembles accounts in your text by showing us what side of the complex global economy?
A) modern-day slavery
B) friction
C) commodity chains
D) migration
Q2) Did you get a tax refund last year? If you did, you have experienced redistribution. What would an anthropologist consider this to be?
A) reallocation
B) balanced reciprocity
C) a leveling mechanism
D) market exchange
Q3) In the United States, what form of economic system is taxation?
A) redistribution
B) balanced reciprocity
C) negative reciprocity
D) market exchange
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Chapter 13: Migration
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Q1) What is the difference between transnational and yo-yo migrants?
A) Yo-yo migrants travel back and forth between destination and origin countries, whereas transnational migrants simply participate in social and political activities across those same borders and do not actively relocate.
B) Yo-yo migrants leave the country they migrated to and relocate to their country of origin, whereas transnational migrants move back and forth between the two countries.
C) Yo-yo migrants move between two countries to develop skills such as language, education, or social networks, whereas transnational migrants do the same without actually moving.
D) Yo-yo migrants move constantly within the borders of their home country, whereas transnational migrants actually move from one country to the other.
Q2) According to the textbook, what has been one important factor driving internal migration in China since the 1980s?
A) the creation of special tourist zones
B) the creation of export processing zones
C) a decline in infrastructure projects
D) new guest worker programs
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Chapter 14: Politics and Power
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Q1) The debate continues over whether human beings are naturally peaceful or violent. Discuss the possible foundations of human violence and the evidence presented, and evaluate the author's conclusion.
Q2) In Bangladesh, over 1,000 youth marched over 100 miles to protest the construction of coal mines. What does this demonstrate?
A) people taking political action to resist climate change
B) electoral politics in action
C) the persistence of egalitarianism
D) the reign of hierarchy
Q3) In a brief essay, describe three elements of a social movement. Provide examples to illustrate your description.
Q4) Describe the concept of agency and how it works, and give an example that illustrates this concept.
Q5) Compare and contrast the concepts of the band, the tribe, and the chiefdom. What are the advantages of each?
Q6) In a brief essay, compare and contrast the concept of power, in general, with state power, and give an example of each.
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Chapter 15: Religion
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Q1) In order to examine the role of religion in community life in Niger, West Africa, anthropologist Paul Stoller apprenticed with which of the following religious specialists?
A) a priest
B) a witch doctor
C) a sorcerer
D) a witch
Q2) French sociologist Emile Durkheim argued that religion, particularly religious ritual, serves a crucial role in combating one's sense of anomie and in addressing larger social dynamics of alienation and dislocation. How did Durkheim define anomie, and what is a specific example of it in the world today? How does religious ritual help combat anomie? How does religious ritual address larger social dynamics of alienation and dislocation? How did these notions argued by Durkheim influence the anthropological approach to the study of religion?
Q3) What did German political philosopher Karl Marx mean when he called religion "the opiate of the masses"? According to Marx, what purpose or purposes does religion serve in society? How is religion related to the economic reality and class struggle found within a society? Do you agree with Marx's arguments and ideas regarding the purpose of religion in society? Why or why not?
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Chapter 16: Health, Illness, and the Body
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Q1) Which anthropological perspective is most likely to be used to study and improve health conditions in football players?
A) medical ecology
B) ethnomedicine
C) interpretive anthropology
D) medical anthropology
Q2) Anthropologists believe that culture plays an underlying role in ways that health is perceived, experienced, and treated. Using the example of the Maya of Yucatán, identify two specific aspects of the birth process and explain how these reflect local cultural values and community conditions.
Q3) Dolly, a stay-at-home mother, makes her children breakfast every morning. However, when she came down with the flu, her kids stepped in to make breakfast for her. For Dolly, staying in bed is an example of what?
A) illness
B) emotional labor
C) disease
D) sick role
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Chapter 17: Art and Media
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Q1) What form of technology emerged in the twentieth century as a dominant form of global communication, impacting art and art production?
A) telephones
B) the Internet
C) television
D) computers
Q2) Côte d'Ivoire's art traders actively engage in the construction of:
A) political protest.
B) meaning.
C) identity.
D) authenticity.
Q3) What does the complexity of cave art suggest?
A) The paintings may have been used in storytelling or for record keeping.
B) Early humans did not yet have advanced cognitive skills needed to create true art.
C) Early humans had limited knowledge of the technology required to create art.
D) The type of paint used for painting was simple watercolors.
Q4) Consider the global trade of West African "wood" and "mud" artwork. Are these objects "authentic"? Refer to examples from Steiner and Stoller's ethnographies in your answer.
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