Human Disease Mechanisms
Practice Questions
Course Introduction
Human Disease Mechanisms explores the molecular, cellular, and physiological processes underlying the development and progression of human diseases. This course examines how genetic mutations, environmental factors, pathogens, and disruptions in normal biological pathways contribute to disease states. Emphasis is placed on understanding the mechanisms behind common conditions such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic disorders, and infectious diseases. By integrating current research and case studies, students gain insight into how disease mechanisms inform diagnostics, prevention strategies, and therapeutic interventions.
Recommended Textbook
Pathology Secrets 3rd Edition by Ivan Damjanov MD PhD
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23 Chapters
386 Verified Questions
386 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/study-set/1036
Page 2
Chapter 1: Cell Pathology
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10 Verified Questions
10 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/20520
Sample Questions
Q1) Liquefactive necrosis typically occurs within an infarct of the:
A) Heart
B) Brain
C) Liver
D) Kidney
E) Pancreas
Answer: B
Q2) Inhibition of ATP production by hypoxia causes all the following except:
A) Increased production of lactic acid in the cytoplasm
B) Degranulation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum
C) Dilatation of rough endoplasmic reticulum
D) Swelling of the mitochondria
E) Alkalinization of the hyaloplasm
Answer: E
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3
Chapter 2: Inflammation
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10 Verified Questions
10 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) All the following are cardinal signs of inflammation except:
A) Calor (heat)
B) Rubor (redness)
C) Tumor (swelling)
D) Dolor (pain)
E) Odor (smell)
Answer: E
Q2) The center of an abscess contains:
A) Caseous necrosis
B) Calcification
C) Pus
D) Eosinophils
E) Fibrous tissue
Answer: C
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Chapter 3: Immunopathology
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13 Verified Questions
13 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following diseases is mediated by immunoglobulin E (IgE)attached to mast cells?
A) Hay fever (allergic rhinitis)
B) Systemic lupus erythematosus
C) Sarcoidosis
D) Polyarteritis nodosa
E) Ankylosing spondylitis
Answer: A
Q2) All the following are considered autoimmune diseases except:
A) Systemic lupus erythematosus
B) Multiple sclerosis
C) Primary biliary cirrhosis
D) Pemphigus vulgaris
E) AIDS
Answer: E
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Chapter 4: Neoplasia
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14 Verified Questions
14 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The incidence of which cancer has been rising in the United States during the past 20 years?
A) Carcinoma of the lung
B) Carcinoma of the liver
C) Carcinoma of the stomach
D) Carcinoma of the thyroid
E) Malignant brain tumors
Q2) Alpha-fetoprotein is a tumor marker for malignant tumors originating in the:
A) Brain
B) Lung
C) Liver
D) Uterus
E) Thyroid
Q3) A lung tumor that has spread to the brain has metastasized via:
A) Lymphatics
B) Nerves
C) Blood vessels
D) Cerebrospinal fluid
E) Pleural fluid
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Page 6
Chapter 5: Genetic and Developmental Diseases
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13 Verified Questions
13 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Cystic fibrosis may present in newborns with signs of:
A) Dehydration
B) Meconium peritonitis
C) Malabsorption
D) Diarrhea
E) Bronchiectasis
Q2) All the following are routinely used in prenatal diagnosis except:
A) Ultrasound
B) Chorionic villus biopsy
C) Fetal skin biopsy
D) Amniotic fluid analysis
E) Maternal blood analysis
Q3) The most important complication encountered in persons affected by familial hypercholesterolemia is:
A) Xanthoma
B) Atherosclerosis
C) Fatty liver
D) Pancreatitis
E) Subluxation of the lens
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Fluid and Hemodynamic Disorders
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24 Verified Questions
24 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Arterial hemorrhage can be recognized from venous hemorrhage in that the blood is:
A) Bright red and flows in a pulsating manner
B) Dark blue and bluish-red and oozing
C) Greenish and rich in bilirubin
D) Yellow and rich in bilirubin
E) Clotting rapidly
Q2) Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome caused by endotoxemic shock is characterized by:
A) Bleeding into the adrenals and skin
B) Active hyperemia
C) Mural thrombi of the left ventricle
D) Hematoma of the brain
E) Hypertension
Q3) Which of the following organs is most affected by venous embolism?
A) Brain
B) Heart
C) Lungs
D) Liver
E) Kidneys
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Page 8
Chapter 7: The Cardiovascular System
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14 Verified Questions
14 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Atherosclerotic aneurysms are most often located in the:
A) Coronary arteries
B) Ascending aorta
C) Thoracic aorta
D) Abdominal aorta
E) Iliac arteries
Q2) The most common form of arterial hypertension is considered to be:
A) Essential or idiopathic
B) Caused by kidney disease
C) Caused by adrenal cortical hyperactivity
D) Secondary to adrenal medullar tumors
E) Secondary to the narrowing of the aorta
Q3) Atherosclerotic narrowing of which artery causes hypertension?
A) Middle cerebral artery
B) Anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery
C) Right coronary artery
D) Renal artery
E) Femoral artery
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9
Chapter 8: The Respiratory System
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15 Verified Questions
15 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The most common presenting symptom of lung cancer is:
A) Prolonged coughing and expectoration
B) Bleeding
C) Chest pain
D) Pleural effusion
E) Hoarseness due to nerve paralysis
Q2) Approximately 90% of all patients with lung cancer present with a history of:
A) Alcoholism
B) Hereditary cancer syndromes
C) Cigarette smoking
D) Exposure to chemical carcinogens in food and water
E) Obesity
Q3) Bronchiolitis of children is in most instances caused by:
A) Bacteria
B) Viruses
C) Fungi
D) Parasites
E) Pneumocystis carinii
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Chapter 9: The Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Systems
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19 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sickle cell hemoglobin is routinely identified in the laboratory by:
A) Polarized light microscopy
B) Electron microscopy
C) Electrophoresis
D) Immunochemistry
E) Electron spin microscopy
Q2) All of the following are hemolytic anemias caused by red blood cell abnormalities (intracorpuscular defects)except:
A) Sickle cell anemia
B) Hereditary spherocytosis
C) Thalassemia major
D) Thalassemia minor
E) Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
Q3) Overall,the most common form of leukemia is:
A) Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
B) Acute myelogenous leukemia
C) Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
D) Chronic myelogenous leukemia
E) Plasma cell leukemia
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Chapter 10: The Gastrointestinal System
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18 Verified Questions
18 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The best serologic marker of colonic carcinoma is:
A) Alpha-fetoprotein
B) Carcinoembryonic antigen
C) Chorionic gonadotropin
D) Alkaline phosphatase
E) Acid phosphatase
Q2) Diverticula of the intestine are most often located in the:
A) Jejunum
B) Ileum
C) Cecum
D) Transverse colon
E) Sigmoid colon
Q3) Obstructive ileus may be caused by all the following except:
A) Gallstones
B) Fecaliths
C) Volvulus
D) Incarceration of intestinal loops in a hernia sac
E) Spinal cord injury
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12
Chapter 11: The Liver and Biliary System
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24 Verified Questions
24 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the preantibiotic era the most common cause of pylephlebitic abscesses of the liver was:
A) Peptic ulcer
B) Crohn's disease
C) Ulcerative colitis
D) Acute appendicitis
E) Intestinal tuberculosis
Q2) In hemochromatosis the liver contains increased amounts of:
A) Copper
B) Zinc
C) Iron
D) Selenium
E) Nickel
Q3) Which immunologic finding is most typical of primary biliary cirrhosis?
A) Antinuclear antibodies
B) Antismooth muscle antibodies
C) Antimitochondrial antibodies
D) Antimicrosomal antibodies
E) Antinucleolar antibodies
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Page 13
Chapter 12: The Pancreas
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22 Verified Questions
22 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A small pancreatic benign tumor that causes hypoglycemia and syncope is most likely:
A) Insulinoma
B) Glucagonoma
C) VIPoma
D) Gastrinoma
E) Somatostatinoma
Q2) Which of the following is most typical of diabetes mellitus?
A) Oliguria
B) Anuria
C) Polyuria
D) Proteinuria
E) Cylindruria
Q3) Functionally most pancreatic carcinomas are characterized by:
A) Hyperinsulinism
B) Excess of glucagon
C) Hypergastrinemia
D) Excess of amylase
E) No hormonal symptoms
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Page 14
Chapter 13: The Urinary Tract
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11 Verified Questions
11 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The most common malignant tumor of the urinary tract is:
A) Renal cell carcinoma
B) Wilms' tumor
C) Carcinoma of the renal pelvis
D) Carcinoma of the ureter
E) Carcinoma of the urinary bladder
Q2) All the following are features of acute glomerulonephritis except:
A) Proteinuria
B) Hematuria
C) Polyuria
D) Hypertension
E) Edema
Q3) Hypertension of chronic kidney disease is medicated with:
A) Erythropoietin
B) Antidiuretic hormone
C) Renin
D) Calcitonin
E) Adrenalin
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15
Chapter 14: The Male Reproductive System
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14 Verified Questions
14 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A typical manifestation of gonorrhea in males is:
A) Orchitis
B) Cystitis
C) Inflammation of seminal vesicles
D) Purulent urethritis
E) Ulceration of the glans penis
Q2) The most common cause of prostatic enlargement in 60- to 70-year-old men is:
A) Prostatitis
B) Urethral obstruction
C) Benign prostatic hyperplasia
D) Prostatic adenoma
E) Prostatic carcinoma
Q3) Invasive carcinoma of the prostate:
A) Occurs mostly in old age
B) Occurs more often in castrated men
C) Is caused by HPV
D) Is related to HIV infection
E) Is a squamous cell carcinoma
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Chapter 15: The Female Reproductive System
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24 Verified Questions
24 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The most important complication of endometriosis is:
A) Vaginal bleeding
B) Infertility
C) Pelvic inflammatory disease
D) Polycystic ovary syndrome (POS)
E) Malignant transformation
Q2) Which of the following is a protozoal cause of vaginitis?
A) Gardnerella vaginalis
B) Neisseria gonorrhoeae
C) Treponema pallidum
D) Trichomonas vaginalis
E) Candida albicans
Q3) All the following are used in the treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia except:
A) Conization of the cervix with a scalpel
B) Laser ablation
C) Cryotherapy
D) Electrocautery
E) Dilatation and curettage (D&C)
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Page 17
Chapter 16: The Breast
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10 Verified Questions
10 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The breast secretes milk in response to hormonal stimulation with:
A) Estrogen
B) Progesterone
C) Prolactin
D) Oxytocin
E) Aldosterone
Q2) If a woman has a family history of cancer (i.e. ,her mother and her sister had cancer of the breast),her chances of developing breast cancer are:
A) The same as in any other woman
B) Somewhat increased (1 to 2 times)
C) Slightly increased (2 to 3 times)
D) Significantly increased (5 to 6 times)
E) Very high and she will inevitably develop breast cancer
Q3) All the following are features of fibrocystic disease of the breast except:
A) Fibrosis
B) Cystic change
C) Epithelial cell proliferation
D) Adenosis
E) Cystosarcoma
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Page 18
Chapter 17: The Endocrine System
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29 Verified Questions
29 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) All the following are endocrine glands except:
A) Pituitary
B) Thyroid
C) Spleen
D) Adrenals
E) Parathyroids
Q2) Amenorrhea and galactorrhea are typically produced by tumors that are classified as:
A) Pituitary carcinoma
B) Somatostatinoma
C) Glucagonoma
D) Prolactinoma
E) Corticotropic adenoma
Q3) Nephrocalcinosis is a typical complication of adenoma of the:
A) Pituitary
B) Parathyroid
C) Thyroid
D) Adrenals
E) Testis
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Page 19
Chapter 18: The Skin
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following tends to present as an ulcer?
A) Psoriasis
B) Eczema
C) Syphilitic chancre
D) Ichthyosis
E) Albinism
Q2) Preinvasive carcinoma of the sun-exposed skin is called:
A) Seborrheic keratosis
B) Seborrheic dermatitis
C) Actinic keratosis
D) Basal cell carcinoma
E) Mycosis fungoides
Q3) Malignant melanoma may originate from:
A) Seborrheic keratosis
B) Basal cell carcinoma
C) Lentigo
D) Urticaria pigmentosa
E) Mycosis fungoides
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Chapter 19: Bones and Joints
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25 Verified Questions
25 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Rheumatoid arthritis is best classified as:
A) Infectious disease
B) Degenerative disease
C) Inborn error of metabolism
D) Autoimmune disease
E) Neoplastic disease
Q2) Benign bone tumor composed of cartilage cells is called:
A) Osteoma
B) Chondroma
C) Fibroma
D) Paget's disease
E) Ewing's disease
Q3) Osteogenesis imperfecta is an inborn error in the synthesis of:
A) Collagen type I
B) Collagen type II
C) Collagen type III
D) Phosphate crystals
E) Basement membranes
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Chapter 20: Muscles
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22 Verified Questions
22 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Peripheral motor neurons are extensions of nerve cells that are typically located in the:
A) Cortex of the brain
B) Basal ganglia
C) Pons
D) Medulla oblongata
E) Anterior horn of the spinal cord
Q2) All the following are autoimmune diseases affecting the muscles except:
A) Myasthenia gravis
B) Rheumatoid arthritis
C) Systemic lupus erythematosus
D) Duchenne-type muscular dystrophy
E) Dermatomyositis
Q3) A patient with myasthenia gravis was found to have an anterior mediastinal mass.This mass proved to be a tumor.Most likely it is a:
A) Thyroid adenoma
B) Parathyroid adenoma
C) Neuroblastoma
D) Smooth muscle cell tumor
E) Thymoma
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Chapter 21: The Nervous System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Multiple plaques of demyelination visible by CT scanning are typical of:
A) Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
B) Huntington's disease
C) Viral encephalitis
D) Multiple sclerosis
E) Brain abscess
Q2) Which of the following tumors occurs only in peripheral nerves?
A) Meningioma
B) Oligodendroglioma
C) Schwannoma
D) Medulloblastoma
E) Ependymoma
Q3) In myelomeningocele the protrusion of the defective spinal canal contains:
A) Skin only
B) Meninges only
C) Meninges and portion of the spinal cord
D) Meninges and vertebral bodies
E) Meninges and displaced parts of the cerebellum
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23
Chapter 22: The Eye
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13 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A primary malignant tumor of the eye in a 3-month-old child is most likely a:
A) Melanoma
B) Basal cell carcinoma
C) Squamous cell carcinoma
D) Retinoblastoma
E) Glioblastoma
Q2) The most common cause of cataracts in the United States is:
A) Old age
B) Trauma
C) Endophthalmitis
D) Trachoma
E) Radiation
Q3) Which part of the eye is usually affected by chemical injury with exogenous caustic substances?
A) Cornea
B) Iris
C) Posterior chamber
D) Optic nerve
E) Retina
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Page 24
Chapter 23: The Ear
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10 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Earwax is secreted by:
A) Lacrimal glands
B) Ceruminous glands
C) Auditory ossicles
D) Cochlea
E) Eustachian tube
Q2) Which of the following tumors may cause vertigo?
A) Squamous cell carcinoma of the auricle
B) Basal cell carcinoma of the external ear
C) Schwannoma of the VIII nerve
D) Neurilemoma of the VII nerve
E) Pituitary adenoma
Q3) Tympanic cavity is part of the:
A) Auricle
B) External ear
C) Auditory meatus
D) Middle ear
E) Internal ear
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