Human Development
Textbook Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Human Development explores the physical, cognitive, social, and emotional growth of individuals from conception through old age. This course examines key theories and research findings in developmental psychology, considering factors such as genetics, environment, culture, and life experiences that shape human growth. Topics include prenatal development, childhood milestones, adolescent changes, adulthood transitions, and aging, as well as the challenges and opportunities present at each stage of life. Through lectures, discussions, and case studies, students gain a comprehensive understanding of the processes that influence human development across the lifespan.
Recommended Textbook
Essentials of Human Development A Life Span View 1st Edition by Robert V. Kail
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Chapter 1: The Study of Human Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Peter is doing a study where psychology students are asked how confident they are that they will do well on an exam immediately before taking that test. Peter seems to be assessing the ___________ of the students.
A) life-cycle forces
B) exosystems
C) internal maturational plans
D) self-efficacy
Answer: D
Q2) The ________ of a measure refers to whether it actually measures what researchers think it measures.
Answer: validity
Q3) Which of the following is NOT one of the stages of development, according to the theory of Jean Piaget?
A) sensorimotor
B) diffused operational thought
C) formal operational thought
D) concrete operational thought
Answer: B
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3
Chapter 2: Biological Foundations: Heredity, Prenatal
Development, and Birth
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Q1) When a child is conceived, the parents pass along 46 genes, two of which decide whether the baby will be a boy or a girl.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Of the following countries, which has the highest rate of infant mortality?
A) The United States of America
B) Turkey
C) Japan
D) The Netherlands
Answer: B
Q3) The process of deliberately seeking environments that are consistent with one's heredity is called ________.
Answer: niche-picking
Q4) Although in-vitro fertilization is successful approximately 75% of the time, it is very expensive and is rarely covered by health insurance.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Page 4
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Chapter 3: Tools for Exploring the World: Physical,
Perceptual, and Motor Development
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Q1) Barbara is preparing a cup of coffee in her kitchen, when she hears her newborn daughter crying from the other room. The cry is marked by a sudden long burst of noise, followed by a long pause and gasping. Barbara's daughter is making the ________ cry.
A) basic
B) hunger
C) pain
D) mad
Answer: C
Q2) Studies of infant stepping behavior on a treadmill demonstrated that
A) the pattern of alternating of steps on each leg precedes the ability to walk.
B) even very young infants can walk without assistance.
C) infants cannot judge the speed of movement of a moving object (e.g., the treadmill).
D) infants will refuse to attempt to walk if held upright.
Answer: A
Q3) Most one-year-old children have already developed a theory of mind.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 4: The Emergence of Thought and Language:
Cognitive Development in Infancy and Early Childhood
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Q1) "Daddy, can you help me get dressed?" Boris asked his father. "Nope, you can do it by yourself," his father said. From Vygotsky's theory, Borris's father is using ________ when he does not give his son help on skills that his son has already mastered.
A) concrete schemes
B) the zone of proximal development
C) scaffolding
D) the principle of cardinality
Q2) Macintosh is trying to get his grandson to learn the word "apple." His attempt involves looking at an apple on a tree, making sure that his grandson is also looking, and then saying "apple." Macintosh's effort to teach his grandson is clearly based on
A) infant-directed speech.
B) the innate orienting response.
C) fast-mapping.
D) joint attention.
Q3) A child who counts numbers in a mixed up sequence, such as "4, 2, 1, 5, 8, 6," is demonstrating a failure to understand the ________ principle.
Q4) A(n) _____ is an early infant vowel-like sound.
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Chapter 5: Entering the Social World: Socioemotional
Development in Infancy and
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Q1) As early as ________ month(s) of age, infants begin to distinguish facial expressions associated with different emotions.
A) one
B) three
C) four
D) six
Q2) Jessminder is a two-year-old girl who is exploring her world. She can walk very well, and frequently tries to walk away from her parents to go look around. According to Erikson, Jessminder is attempting to develop a sense of ________.
A) initiative
B) industry
C) basic trust
D) autonomy
Q3) Which of the following represents the correct order of the first three stages of psychosocial development?
A) basic trust vs. mistrust, initiative vs. guilt, autonomy vs. shame and doubt
B) autonomy vs. shame and doubt, basic trust vs. mistrust, initiative vs. guilt
C) initiative vs. guilt, autonomy vs. shame and doubt, basic trust vs. mistrust
D) basic trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame and doubt, initiative vs. guilt
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Off to School: Cognitive and Physical Development in Middle Childhood
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Sample Questions
Q1) A key finding from research on reading disabilities was that A) some biologically based disabilities are very difficult to treat. B) some children must hear more of a word before they are able to recognize it. C) in some cases, correlational studies can determine the cause of a behavior. D) in some cases, reading difficulties are the result of visual problems.
Q2) The first legitimate test of intelligence was devised in _________ around 1904 by Binet and Simon.
A) France
B) Germany
C) the United States
D) Ireland
Q3) Lewis Terman, of ________ University, revised Binet and Simon's test and re-released it in the United States in 1916.
A) Stanford
B) Harvard
C) Yale
D) Tulane
Q4) An adolescent's increased sophistication in their thinking is shown in their ability to draw conclusions from a collection of facts, a skill known as ________ reasoning.
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Expanding Social Horizons: Socioemotional Development in Middle Childhood
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Q1) A voluntary, mutual relationship that involves liking is called a(n) ________.
Q2) All but which of the following have been found to be associated with watching television?
A) An increase in aggressive behavior after watching violence.
B) The learning of gender stereotypes.
C) An increased likelihood of volunteering in one's community.
D) An increase in generosity, cooperativeness, and self-control.
Q3) Which of the following is NOT one of the benefits of using role-playing to help teach effective parenting strategies?
A) It helps communicate the benefits of an authoritative parenting style.
B) It helps demonstrate the effective use of feedback with children.
C) It helps show how modeling can be used to regulate children's behaviors.
D) It helps illustrate the benefits of a "parent time-out" in the home.
Q4) Which of the following children is MOST likely to have older siblings?
A) Joe, who is very popular with his peers and who is very innovative.
B) Steve, who conforms easily to his parents' and other adults' requests.
C) Martin, who has known from his middle-school years that he is "destined" to go to college.
D) Herb, who earned a very high score on a recent administration of an intelligence test.
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Chapter 8: Rites of Passage: Physical and Cognitive
Development in Adolescence
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Q1) The off-time hypothesis suggests that early or late entry into puberty are both stressful for girls, most of whom prefer to be "on time" in their physical development.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In some cultures, it is tradition to celebrate the onset of menstruation, or ________, in a young female, with a party or other ceremonial event.
Q3) In his attempt to formulate a comprehensive theory of how morality develops, Kohlberg created a hypothetical scenario with several areas of moral ambiguity. The main character of this made-up story was ________.
A) Little Albert
B) Heinz
C) Clever Hans
D) Rasputin
Q4) Many years ago, people believed that the Earth was flat. Nobody knew that this was false, and thus the belief was accepted for many generations. This is an example of an ad ________ argument.
Q5) The _____ level is Kohlberg's highest level of moral reasoning.
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Chapter 9: Moving Into the Adult Social World:
Socioemotional Development in Adolescence
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Q1) A teenager who drives down the road at 90 miles an hour while texting on her cell phone, smoking a cigarette, and blasting her music, all the while failing to wear a seatbelt is probably suffering from an illusion of invulnerability.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Seventeen-year-old Linda has been having several arguments with her parents in recent months, more so than just a few years ago. Over which of the following issues are these arguments MOST LIKELY to occur?
A) educational failures in high school
B) personal choices, such as clothing and hairstyle
C) Linda's plans for her future, including her college preferences
D) Linda's choices in people to date
Q3) By high school, roughly ________ of US adolescents have had a romantic relationship within the previous 18 months.
A) three-quarters
B) two-thirds
C) one-half
D) one-quarter
Q4) Adolescent females tend to describe their first sexual partner as ________.
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Becoming an Adult: Physical, Cognitive, and Personality Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) More than 90% of those who successfully stop smoking cigarettes do so
A) by taking prescription medications designed to assist with smoking cessation.
B) on their own.
C) by using nicotine replacement patches.
D) by chewing nicotine gum.
Q2) Dr. Dumais is examining the P-FIT model of human intelligence by enlisting young adults to undergo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). He is most likely to find support for the P-FIT model in all but which of the following types of intelligence?
A) fluid
B) analytic
C) crystallized
D) spatial
Q3) According to the National Institute of Health and the American Heart Association, a healthy weight is defined as having a body mass index (BMI) at or below ________.
A) 25
B) 22
C) 20
D) 16
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Chapter 11: Being With Others: Forming Relationships in Young and Middle Adulthood
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Q1) How many of the following individuals would likely have the tendency to separate love and sex from each other?
(a) Richard, who is gay;
(b) Dominic, who is heterosexual;
(c) Marlene, who is heterosexual; and
(d) Bertina, who is a lesbian.
A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four
Q2) Pauline has a negative mental model of herself and a positive mental model of her husband, James. According to the research conducted by Schmidt and colleagues (2004), Pauline would be described as having a ________ romantic attachment with James.
A) secure
B) dismissing
C) fearful
D) preoccupied
Q3) Marital ________ is a subjective evaluation of a couple's relationship on a number of different dimensions.
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Work: Occupational and Lifestyle Issues in Young and Middle Adulthood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Noel is sitting on his sofa one night, looking absolutely miserable. His wife asks if he is okay, and he says, "I am just so physically and mentally exhausted from work that I don't know what to do anymore. It has taken such an emotional toll on me that I don't even want to go in tomorrow." Noel is suffering from ________.
A) marginalization
B) disillusionment
C) alienation
D) burnout
Q2) Of women caring for parents or parents-in-law, more than 80% of them provide an average of 23 hours of care each week.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Twenty-five-year-old Claire and her uncle, 50-year-old Dane, are both about to lose their jobs. How will the impact on their lives and sense of self be similar? In what ways will their reactions likely differ? What should Claire and Dane each do to move on with their employment paths?
Q4) According to Kahlil Gibran, "________ is love made visible."
Q5) Around ____ percent of mothers of children under the age of thirty work for pay.
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Chapter 13: Making it in Midlife: The Biopsychosocial
Challenges of Middle Adulthood
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Q1) In the cultural ________ style of grandparenting, Native American grandparents might request that their grandchildren be allowed to live with them to ensure that the grandchildren are taught their native ways.
Q2) Minerva is a 52-year-old mother of three. She has not worked in some years, and now has started volunteering at her church to assist with Sunday school classes. The children love her, she enjoys helping them find their spiritual path, and tells her husband that she wants to apply for a job at the church. Erikson would say that Minerva is working on achieving a sense of ________.
A) conscientiousness
B) integrity
C) egocentrism
D) generativity
Q3) ____ of older adults who receive help with daily activities feel negatively about the help they receive.
A) One-fourth
B) Three-fourths
C) One-half
D) Two-thirds
Q4) Individuals with Type _____ behavior pattern tend to be hostile and impatient.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: The Personal Context of Later Life: Physical, Cognitive, and Mental Health Issues
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Sample Questions
Q1) Dr. Nebinger is discussion population trends and their changes with her students. "As you can see looking at these graphics," she says, "in _____ the population of the United States looked most like a pyramid."
A) 1910
B) 1950
C) 1980
D) 2010
Q2) Arguably, the most serious age-related mental health condition is depression.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which statement about depression is true?
A) Physical symptoms may include loss of appetite, insomnia, and trouble breathing.
B) In older people, trouble breathing is a very good predictor of depression.
C) It is easy to diagnose as the symptoms are unlike any other disorder.
D) It does not involve any significant impairment in daily life activities.
Q4) If you are remembering the first time you tasted chocolate marshmallow ice cream, you are having a(n) ________ memory.
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Chapter 15: Social Aspects of Later Life: Psychosocial,
Retirement, Relationship,
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Q1) In the last few decades, the number of community organizations designed to involve older adults has
A) increased significantly.
B) increased slightly.
C) remained stable.
D) decreased slightly.
Q2) The effort that we undertake to make sense of our lives as we enter late life is called ________ in the theory of Erik Erikson.
A) generativity versus stagnation
B) integrity versus despair
C) intimacy versus isolation
D) identity versus role confusion
Q3) If you were to look at the prototypical resident of a long-term care facility in the United States of America, which of the following would NOT be one of the characteristics you'd see?
A) This person would be female.
B) This person would be African-American.
C) This person would be financially disadvantaged.
D) This person would have lived in this facility for more than a year.
Page 17
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Chapter 16: The Final Passage: Dying and Bereavement
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Q1) Doreen has signed up for a graduate course in thanatology. What will be the focus of this class?
A) different elements of death and dying and social attitudes toward these events
B) the elements of retirement that are related to post-career satisfaction
C) components of senior sexuality
D) the predictors of mid-life career satisfaction and mid-life career changes
Q2) Of the following, which would be the BEST example of active euthanasia?
A) disconnecting a patient's ventilator
B) opting not to perform CPR on a person in cardiac arrest
C) administering a shot of a medication designed to stop someone's heart
D) withholding food from a patient in a persistent vegetative state
Q3) Surveys indicate that it is not uncommon for one to experience the death of someone close to them during their college years.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Compare and contrast the four-component and dual-process models of coping with bereavement. How are they different from the grief work as rumination hypothesis?
Q5) Hospice is best thought of as an approach and not a physical place. Explain.
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