Human Development and Aging Test
Questions
Course Introduction
This course provides a comprehensive overview of human development from conception through late adulthood, with a particular emphasis on the aging process. Students will examine the physical, cognitive, emotional, and social changes that occur across the lifespan, drawing on current theories and research in developmental psychology. Topics include prenatal development, childhood and adolescent growth, adult maturity, and the biological and psychosocial aspects of aging. The course also addresses cultural, familial, and societal influences on development and the unique challenges and opportunities faced by aging populations, preparing students to better understand and support individuals across all stages of life.
Recommended Textbook
Social Gerontology A Multidisciplinary Perspective 9th Edition by Nancy R. Hooyman
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Chapter 1: The Growth of Social Gerontology
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Q1) What is a centenarian, and what have studies found about centenarians and their lives?
Answer: Centenarians are individuals who are over 100 years old.There are a variety of studies on these individuals and they look at both genetic and social factors.Genetic factors determine how well an older person copes with disease,but environmental factors may also influence overall health and functional ability.
Q2) The rectangular survival curve:
A) is considered to be the ideal survival curve and is dependent on a fixed maximum lifespan.
B) has become more rectangular over the past century.
C) is not a good representation of changes in worldwide life expectations.
D) both A and B.
Answer: D
Q3) A major advantage of longitudinal research designs is that they:
A) allow for practice effects.
B) eliminate cohort effects.
C) allow a distinction between age and time by testing.
D) compare different groups.
Answer: B
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Aging in Other Countries and Across Cultures in
the United States
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Q1) Causes for the decline in the percentage of parents living with children in Japanese culture include:
A) industrialization.
B) urbanization.
C) increasing number of children since 1950.
D) both A and B.
Answer: D
Q2) Modernization theory has been advanced primarily by ________. Answer: Cowgill
Q3) In which country do older adults over age 70 receive free basic medical services?
A) Japan
B) the United States
C) the United Kingdom
D) China
Answer: A
Q4) A study of _________, where grandparents care for grandchildren, show that these elders have greater life satisfaction and less depression than those in single generation households.
Answer: skip-generation households
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Chapter 3: The Social Consequences of Physical Aging
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Q1) Which of the following theories of aging is also called the oxidative stress model of aging?
A) The Free Radical Theory
B) The Wear and Tear Theory
C) The Autoimmune Theory
D) The Cellular Theory of Aging
Answer: A
Q2) Regarding urinary functions, increased age results in:
A) a decrease in bladder function but relatively little change in kidney function.
B) very small percentage of elders (3 to 5 percent) with problems.
C) urinary incontinence among as many as 30 percent in the community.
D) an increase of kidney volume and weight.
Answer: C
Q3) Older adults are less able to discriminate among levels of painful stimuli than younger persons.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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5
Chapter 4: Managing Chronic Diseases and Promoting Well
Being in Old Age
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Sample Questions
Q1) Approximately what percent of newly diagnosed people with HIV are over age 50?
A) 15%
B) 25%
C) 35%
D) 48%
Q2) Risk factors for falls include all of the following except:
A) inactivity.
B) visual impairments.
C) medications that can cause postural hypotension.
D) overexertion.
Q3) Constipation is a normal part of the aging process.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of the following conditions has not been found to be higher among newer cohorts of elders compared to older cohorts?
A) edentulousness (total tooth loss)
B) diabetes
C) hiatus hernia
D) AIDS
Q5) What does the term "health status" refer to?
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Chapter 5: Cognitive Changes With Aging
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Q1) According to Small, we can improve our memory at any age using a personally meaningful encoding and retrieval system. In order, the steps are:
A) snap, connect, look.
B) connect, look, snap.
C) look, concentrate, snap.
D) look, snap, connect.
Q2) Identify the various types of memory, their function, and their potential for age -related changes.
Q3) Remembering where one saw or heard a new piece of information is called:
A) episodic memory.
B) flashbulb memory.
C) implicit memory.
D) source memory.
Q4) Researchers who have tested the pros and cons of cognitive retraining programs have found that:
A) reasoning ability can be improved more than spatial orientation
B) they are effective when combined with memory-enhancing drugs
C) booster sessions make them ideal for older people
D) verbal mediators are better than visual methods for older people
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Chapter 6: Personality and Mental Health in Old Age
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Q1) A majority of those with Alzheimer's disease are cared for in long-term care settings, such as nursing homes.
A)True
B)False
Q2) When older adults experience signs of mental disorders, they turn first to their family physician rather than a mental health professional.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Jung's theory suggests that as people get older:
A) men exaggerate their masculine characteristics to compensate for their rising age.
B) women develop somewhat more masculine characteristics.
C) both men and women become more masculine.
D) they achieve ego integrity.
Q4) An older person who tries to hide or mask their depression may be misdiagnosed as having dementia.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The last stage of Erikson's stages of development is ________.
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Chapter 7: Love Intimacy and Sexuality in Old Age
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Q1) Menopause is associated with the following:
A) sexual activity in older women helps maintain vaginal lubrication.
B) HRT cannot protect against lower urinary tract infections.
C) it impedes sexual activity from a physiological perspective.
D) sleep disturbances are rare for postmenopausal women.
Q2) Studies regarding menopause indicate that:
A) the postmenopausal period is characterized by widely fluctuating emotions.
B) most women undergoing menopause do not experience major psychological problems.
C) menopausal symptoms appear when the menstrual cycle ends.
D) only women who undergo a hysterectomy experience menopausal symptoms.
Q3) Society views sexual activity in older adults as follows:
A) normal well into the 90s.
B) healthy activity for couples.
C) inappropriate.
D) easy to achieve.
Q4) Discuss the importance of staff sensitive to older adult's sexuality if they reside in a staffed facility.
Q5) Erectile dysfunction, or ________, is the chief cause of older men's withdrawing from sexual activity.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Social Theories of Aging
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Q1) Regarding theories and concepts of aging.:
A) theories before the 1960s focus on societal forces that influence aging.
B) "age norms" have little to do with "role theory" .
C) disengagement theory has been supported by empirical research.
D) most early theories ignored environmental and lifestyle influences.
Q2) In contrast to other theories, the best method for testing empirically a concept in social phenomenology is to use:
A) standardized psychological tests.
B) qualitative or ethnographic methods.
C) observation checklists.
D) clinical assessments by geriatricians.
Q3) Early classic theories are still supported by empirical evidence.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The early social gerontological theories addressed both individual and environmental factors that affect people's adjustment to aging.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Contrast disengagement theory and activity theory.
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Chapter 9: The Importance of Social Supports-Family,
Friends, and Neighbors
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Q1) Older people who never married and are without children, and thus do not have adult children to care for them,:
A) generally are more destitute than those with children.
B) usually develop other support systems and turn to others for help.
C) are much happier because children tend to let down their parents.
D) generally experience much worse health.
Q2) Fewer people within each generation are able to provide care for family members because of:
A) an increase in fertility that necessitates more care to be aimed at children.
B) the increase of women entering the paid workforce in the past 50 years.
C) declining family dissolutions, such as through divorce.
D) a shift in age structure from a beanpole to a pyramid.
Q3) Strong social supports contribute to:
A) active aging.
B) higher mortality risk.
C) slower recovery from illness.
D) greater use of formal services.
Q4) Characterize sibling relationships in old age.
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Q5) ________ are non-family members that older adults may turn to because of their concern, interest, and understanding.
Chapter 10: Opportunities and Challenges of Informal Caregiving
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Q1) Adult daughters typically provide more direct care for their older parents than do adult sons.
A)True
B)False
Q2) An example of financial caregiver stress would be:
A) missed opportunities in one's career
B) increased morbidity
C) worry and anxiety
D) grief and loss
Q3) The "sandwich generation" refers to:
A) the young adult generation who feels sandwiched between their parents' and their own.
B) middle-aged men sandwiched between the role of caregiver and wage earner.
C) middle-aged women caring for their parents and children.
D) young women worried about young children and careers.
Q4) Discuss women as caregivers using the feminist theory perspective.
Q5) ________ includes harmful or hurtful conduct that is willfully inflicted upon an older person.
Q7) Discuss the warning signs of elder abuse and neglect. Page 12
Q6) What are the characteristics of elder abusers that reflect power inequalities?
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Chapter 11: Living Arrangements and Social Interactions
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Q1) The majority of all older adults live in urban and suburban communities.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Discuss Litwak's and Longino's three stage model of migration.
Q3) People over age 50 comprise ________ of the homeless population.
A) less than 5 percent
B) about 10 percent
C) approximately half
D) almost all
Q4) One of the first national efforts aimed at changing the nursing home culture was labeled the Pioneer Network.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Elders who reside in assisted living:
A) tend to be in the young-old range.
B) have some type of dementia.
C) are less frail than was intended by this type of housing.
D) are likely to need assistance with bathing.
Q6) According to the U.S. Census Bureau, ________ percent of the population age 65 and over occupied a nursing home.
Page 14
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Chapter 12: Productive Aging: Paid and Nonpaid Roles and Activities
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Q1) Social Security is the primary source of income in retirement.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Most major employers have restructured the workplace to encourage older adults to work longer.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The second most importance source of income received by older adults, which includes savings, investments, home equity, and personal property are called ????????___________.
Q4) Elderhostel is an example of a religious organization for older adults.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Older men are more active in voluntary associations than women.
A)True
B)False
Q6) The concept of "unretirement" refers to gender-based differences in the retirement experience.
A)True
B)False Page 15
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Page 16
Chapter 13: Death, Dying, Bereavement, and Widowhood
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Q1) Public and professional acceptance of physician-assisted suicide is increasing in general, although still opposed by the American Medical Association.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Expected death allows survivors to prepare for the death of a friend or loved one through ________.
Q3) With regard to grief and bereavement,:
A) "anticipatory grief" generally reduces the intensity of the grief process after death.
B) many people never fully cease grieving.
C) older people experience grief more easily than young people.
D) the bereaved experiences more distress if a partner dies at home.
Q4) Concerning life following the loss of one's spouse,:
A) older widowed men are more likely to remarry than older widowed women.
B) older widowed women generally move in with a daughter.
C) older widows call on an expanded circle of friends to care for them.
D) younger widows experience more long-lasting grief reactions than do older women.
Q5) Explain the six-R process of mourning.
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Page 17
Chapter 14: The Resilience of Elders of Color
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Q1) Given the diverse cultures and background of older Americans, what are implications of this diversity for social services and health care?
Q2) Studies clearly demonstrate a higher incidence of suicide among American Indians than for other ethnic minorities.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Use of health services is lower among many Hispanic American subgroups than among whites and African Americans. Which of the following variables is least likely to be a barrier to health service use?
A) language barriers.
B) illegal entry to the United States
C) distrust of the medical system
D) lack of health service need
Q4) Today, ethnic minorities comprise ________ of the population over age 65.
A) 2 percent
B) 19 percent
C) 25 percent
D) 38 percent
Q5) Discuss the barriers to older adults utilizing social services and health care.
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Chapter 15: The Resiilience of Older Women
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Q1) Regarding the use of HRT for the prevention of osteoporosis:
A) it can increase bone mass in the spine and hips by 3-5% in the first year.
B) benefits to bone mass are not seen after the second year.
C) benefits increase after age 75.
D) long-term use has been deemed safe.
Q2) Older women's health status is most affected by:
A) bad health habits during their younger years.
B) adverse effects of marriage.
C) adverse effects of poverty.
D) a lifetime of family caregiving.
Q3) One remedy for gender inequalities in life time contribution to Social Security is ________, whereby each partner in marriage is entitled to a separate Social Security account regardless of which spouse is in the paid labor force.
Q4) The primary negative consequence of widowhood is low socioeconomic status.
A)True
B)False
Q5) A ________ is a requirement that a wife must agree to her husband's waiving survivor benefits.
Q6) Why do older women have limited opportunities to remarry?
Page 19
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Chapter 16: Social Policies to Address Social Problems
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Q1) The 1960s represented the peak time for developing most of the policies and programs for older people in the United States.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following viewpoints is not advanced by supporters of the intergenerational inequity perspective?
A) Younger people will not receive fair returns for their Social Security investments.
B) Older and younger people have both been hard hit by inflation.
C) Older adults are draining the federal budget.
D) Children are poorer than older people are.
Q3) Prior to the 1930s, several programs existed which focused on the needs of older adults.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Proposals to privatize Social Security will benefit all segments of today's working population.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 17: Health and Long Term Care Policy and Programs
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Q1) Home health care has been shown to be preferred by more older people than receiving care in a long-term care facility.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following is true of Medicaid?
A) It must provide coverage for personal care services and community based services.
B) It offers basic hospital and optional supplementary insurance.
C) It is the main funder of nursing home care.
D) It covers medical care costs for all people aged 65+ years of age, and for disabled Social Security beneficiaries.
Q3) The goals of the Medicare Plus Choice Plan are cost-savings and quality of care.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Older adults qualify for Medicaid in the following ways:
A) participation in SSI.
B) designation as medically needy.
C) dual eligibility for both Medicare and Medicaid.
D) all of the above.
Q5) Explain the structural factors that underlie escalating health care costs.
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