Human Development Across the Lifespan Practice Exam
Course Introduction
Human Development Across the Lifespan explores the physical, cognitive, emotional, and social changes that occur from conception through old age. This course examines key developmental theories, milestones, and influences at each life stage including childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and late adulthood while considering the impact of biological, psychological, cultural, and environmental factors. Students will analyze case studies and current research to understand how individual differences and societal contexts shape development, ultimately gaining a comprehensive perspective on the dynamic process of human growth and change across the lifespan.
Recommended Textbook
The Journey of Adulthood 7th Edition by Barbara R. Bjorklund
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Adult Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) The large-scale research project known as the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) National Survey included questions pertaining to personal health that was sent out to 7000 participants between the ages of 25 and 74. This type of study in which data is gathered at one time from groups of participants who represent different age groups is an example of what general type of research design?
A) cross-sectional
B) longitudinal
C) sequential
D) panel
Answer: A
Q2) If I want to know whether successive cohorts show the same pattern of decline in frequency of close friendships in their 30s, which research design should I use?
A) time-lag
B) sequential
C) longitudinal
D) cross-sectional
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: Physical Changes
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to research on normal adult men, which of the following is NOT a major change in the reproductive system with age?
A) a major decline in testosterone levels
B) a diminished production of sperm
C) a longer time required to achieve erection
D) shrinkage of the testes
Answer: A
Q2) When some body change is linked to age but appears to be the product of environmental influences or health habits, it is an example of _______.
A) maturation
B) the impact of free radicals
C) primary aging
D) secondary aging
Answer: D
Q3) Primary aging is affected by many individual differences. Illustrate how certain genetic predispositions might affect your aging process, use at least one member of your family as a comparative example.
Answer: Not Answer
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4
Chapter 3: Health and Health Disorders
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is the most common cause of death in adults between ages 24 and 44 in the U.S.?
A) AIDS
B) cancer
C) accidents
D) heart disease
Answer: C
Q2) Which of the following forms of emotionally disturbed behavior is NOT more common in adult women than adult men?
A) mood disorders
B) anxiety disorders
C) substance abuse
D) schizophrenia
Answer: C
Q3) One major sex difference in health experiences over adulthood is that _______.
A) women have higher rates of nearly all chronic diseases
B) men have higher rates of nearly all chronic diseases
C) when women contract a fatal disease, they die more quickly
D) men report higher rates of daily health problems at all ages
Answer: A
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Chapter 4: Cognitive Abilities
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Sample Questions
Q1) If you were going to give advice to a friend about what lifestyle or habits to follow in order to maximize the likelihood of maintaining intellectual skill well into old age, what specific items would you list? For which of these pieces of advice do you have the best support?
Q2) Researchers often find that older adults do not spontaneously use good memory strategies, but that they can use such strategies if they are reminded or taught. These strategies are an example of _______.
A) list making
B) an external memory aid
C) an IQ aid
D) an internal memory aid
Q3) Your 7year-old grandfather recently attended his 60th high school reunion, and although he could describe the old gym where he and his teammates won the basketball championship, he had difficulty recalling his teammates' names. This is an example of age-related changes in ________.
A) procedural memory
B) working memory
C) semantic memory
D) none of the above
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Page 6
Chapter 5: Social Roles
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Sample Questions
Q1) What do we know about the adult lives of never-married adults? What kind of research would we need to do to add to our fund of information?
Q2) The role of grandparent _______.
A) is central to the life satisfaction of most elderly adults
B) is clearly defined and well understood
C) is better defined for men than for women
D) is not clear, with many possible patterns
Q3) During which age period is the highest density of shifts in social roles found?
A) young adulthood
B) at the age-30 transition
C) in middle adulthood
D) in late adulthood
Q4) Which of the following is the most commonly acquired new role in the postparental period?
A) regular care of aging parent
B) community volunteer
C) grandparent
D) mentor
Q5) List and describe three sources of gender stereotyping.
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Chapter 6: Social Relationships
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Sample Questions
Q1) The key feature of unsuccessful marriages (those most likely to end in divorce), according to Gottman's research, is _______.
A) a high level of squabbles or disagreements
B) a low level of laughter
C) an inability to resolve conflicts by discussion or argument
D) a high ratio of displeasing to pleasing interactions
Q2) In his relationship with his wife, Clarence is often jealous, anxious about whether she returns his feelings, and generally unsure of himself. Such a pattern is characteristic of individuals with what kind of internal model of attachment?
A) secure/autonomous
B) dismissing/detached
C) preoccupied/enmeshed
D) anxious/distressed
Q3) College-aged grandchildren rank (from highest to lowest) their investment with their grandparents in what order?
A) mother's father, father's mother, father's father, mother's mother
B) father's mother, father's father, mother's father, mother's mother
C) mother's mother, mother's father, father's mother, father's father
D) mother's mother, father's father, mother's father, father's mother
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Work and Retirement
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Sample Questions
Q1) What single change in the last several decades has had the largest positive effect on the average income of current elderly persons in the United States?
A) More women have worked, and so earn retirement income.
B) Men are living longer, so there are more couples earning the higher male retirement incomes.
C) Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs) were created.
D) Social Security benefits have significantly increased.
Q2) Which pattern of work and non-work is associated with greatest work success or highest income among women?
A) Work continuously.
B) Work continuously except when children are infants.
C) Begin work after all children are in school and then work continuously.
D) Begin childbearing after a career is established, then pause for children, and then return to a career.
Q3) Which statement would NOT represent occupational gender segregation?
A) "You are so good with children; you would make a great teacher."
B) "It would be very hard to combine a career as a doctor with motherhood."
C) "Women are forbidden to engage in certain combat roles in the armed forces."
D) "Your family's health insurance will be covered by your husband's policy."
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) Vaillant recently published an article in the well-respected American Psychology Association journal suggesting that his levels of defense mechanisms are a way to measure psychological maturity and well-being. Which of the following is an argument he probably offered in support of this assertion?
A) All individuals consistently demonstrate the same defense mechanisms in identical situations.
B) The association between mature defenses and mental health is present across a number of indicators (occupational success, maturity, happiness).
C) Individuals under severe stress do not revert to less mature mechanisms.
D) The levels of defense mechanisms are sequential and stage-like.
Q2) List several strengths and several weaknesses of stage theories of adulthood.
Q3) Erikson's theory of psychosocial development states that personality development takes place in ______________ that represents a conflict the individual must try to resolve.
A) regular cyclical periods of approximately 7 years throughout life
B) spurts that correspond to physical growth periods
C) distinct stages over the life span
D) distinct stages until adolescence
Q4) List and describe the "big five" personality dimensions.
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Chapter 9: The Quest for Meaning
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Q1) The most appropriate form of study to test Kohlberg's theory of the development of moral reasoning is _______.
A) longitudinal
B) cross-sectional
C) cross-lag
D) correlational
Q2) Which of the following groups in the U.S. is likely to have the lowest level of religious involvement?
A) African-American women
B) African-American men
C) white women
D) white men
Q3) What stage in Kohlberg's system of moral development appears to correspond most closely to what Maslow calls "peak experiences"?
A) Stage 7
B) Stage 6
C) Stage 5
D) Stage 4
Q4) Briefly describe the effects of religiosity on life expectancy.
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Chapter 10: Stress, Coping, and Resilience
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Sample Questions
Q1) 10-42. Cite one piece of evidence in support of the argument that stress can sometimes have beneficial effects on adult development.
Q2) 10-33. Resilience is defined as _______.
A) the maintenance of healthy functioning following exposure to potential trauma
B) the same as recovery
C) chronic and delayed stress reactions
D) none of the above
Q3) 10-29. Juan, who has just lost his job, feels as if he has no control at all over his life; bad things seem to happen to him, and he can't do anything about them. What label would psychologists apply to this view?
A) external locus of control
B) pessimistic
C) helpless
D) any of the above
Q4) 10-50. What do we mean by the buffering effect of social support? Give several examples.
Q5) 10-43. List and describe the three types of definitions of stress.
Q6) 10-54. Evaluate the idea that stress may sometimes have beneficial effects.
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Chapter 11: Death and Bereavement
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following age groups of adults is likely to have the greatest fear of death?
A) 20-30
B) 40-50
C) 60-70
D) 80-90
Q2) The classic response of an individual when told that she has a terminal disease is to say "Why me?" Which stage of response to dying is this thought to represent?
A) denial
B) anger
C) depression
D) bargaining
Q3) What aspect of caring for dying patients is NOT reflected in Kübler-Ross's research?
A) unfinished needs
B) Caregivers need to listen actively.
C) We need to learn from the dying.
D) the importance of farewells
Q4) Among middle-aged adults, which ones are likely to show the MOST fear of death?
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Page 13
Chapter 12: The Successful Journey
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Sample Questions
Q1) In a normative adult life pattern, the stage of the family life cycle that is most likely to correspond to peak job satisfaction is _______.
A) unmarried
B) married, no children
C) married, children are adolescents
D) postparental
Q2) Among older adults, high life satisfaction is associated with ________.
A) structured reminiscence
B) high openness to self
C) high achievement motivation
D) success in a career
Q3) Which of the following sequences of changes observed over the adult years appears to be the least maturational or "developmental"?
A) changes in the physical body
B) changes in mental ability or performance
C) changes in family roles
D) changes in personality
Q4) Why do researchers look at "successful aging"?
Q5) Describe the three elements of Balte's selective optimization with compensation.
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