Human Development Across the Lifespan Exam Preparation Guide
Course Introduction
Human Development Across the Lifespan explores the biological, cognitive, social, and emotional growth of individuals from conception through old age. This course examines the major theories and current research in developmental psychology, emphasizing patterns of change and stability over time. Topics include prenatal development, childhood and adolescence, adulthood, aging, and the influence of family, culture, and environment on human growth. Students will gain an understanding of how hereditary and environmental factors interact in shaping the experiences and milestones that define each stage of life.
Recommended Textbook
The Life Span Human Development for Helping Professionals 4th Edition by Patricia C. Broderick
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15 Chapters
532 Verified Questions
532 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Organizing Themes in Developme
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37 Verified Questions
37 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Keisha is a 35-year-old African-American woman who is depressed.Her presenting concerns include marital distress,the imminent possibility of losing her job,overeating,and chain-smoking.As you listen to her story,you begin to construct a picture of her developmental history.Which of these explanations would someone using an incrementalist developmental perspective be most likely to offer for how Keisha's problems have developed?
A)Keisha's difficulties most likely developed through the interaction of her family experiences and societal conditions like poverty and racism.
B)Keisha's problems are most likely related to insufficient emotional gratification during infancy when oral needs are paramount.
C)Keisha's problems are most likely related to lack of appropriate models of effective marital communication.
D)Keisha's has experienced reward from her eating and smoking habits,and so she seeks these rewards in stressful situations.
Answer: C
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3
Chapter 2: Epigenesis and the Brain: the Fundamentals of Behavioral Development
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36 Verified Questions
36 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In one animal study of the influence of genes on behavior,offspring of rats with genes for low stress reactivity were reared by unrelated mother rats with genes for high stress reactivity.This is an example of
A)a survey study.
B)a cross-fostering study.
C)a longitudinal study.
D)a comparative study.
Answer: B
Q2) Which of the following is the best example of neuroplasticity?
A)Cells from the hippocampus are instrumental in encoding memories.
B)The 3-year-old's brain is approximately three-fourths of its adult size.
C)Fetal brains grow quickly,increasing in weight over the course of pregnancy.
D)Neurons that are transplanted from the auditory cortex to the visual cortex begin to perceive light.
Answer: D
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4
Chapter 3: Cognitive Development in the Early
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35 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) General guidelines for intervention programs for children with autism spectrum disorder include
A)intensive social skills intervention beginning in the teen years.
B)early entry into intervention,use of Applied Behavior Analysis,and parent training and support.
C)infrequent assessment in order to reduce stress and negative effects of labeling.
D)maintaining separate learning environments so that autistic children do not need to interact with their typically developing peers.
Answer: C
Q2) The general consensus is that disorders of the autism spectrum
A)are not related to any detectable brain growth abnormalities.
B)are directly caused by pediatric vaccines containing thimerosal.
C)are neurobiological in nature and have high family concordance rates.
D)cannot be reliably diagnosed because there is too much variation.
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: Emotional Development in the Early Years
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34 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Juan is afraid of snakes,like many other people.Which of the following is likely to best describe how his brain responds when he first sees a snake?
A)Sensory input from the snake is processed only by the cortex.
B)The sensory input from the snake is first processed by the cortex,which makes a rational interpretation of the danger,then the information is passed on to the limbic system to produce a fear reaction.
C)Sensory input from the snake is processed only by the lower structures of the limbic system.
D)The lower limbic structures like the amygdala can process the sensory input from the snake and trigger a physical reaction to the feared stimulus before the input is processed at a more rational level by the cortex.
Q2) Izard and others have found that at birth or soon after,infants' facial expressions display which of the following emotions?
A)Shame.
B)Anger.
C)Pride.
D)Contentment.
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Page 6
Chapter 5: The Emerging Self and Socialization in the Early Years
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Sample Questions
Q1) Surya wants 8-year-old Leila to start her homework.Leila doesn't want to turn off the TV.Surya raises her voice and threatens to take away Leila's TV privileges for a week if she doesn't comply.Surya enters the room and commands Leila to obey.Leila begins to wail,saying that the homework is too hard and that she never understands it anyway.At this point the phone rings.Surya gets absorbed in the call.Thirty minutes later,Leila is still watching TV and another battle ensues.Surya,exhausted from the struggle,take her to bed.This scenario is an example of which phenomenon?
A)Patterson's coercive family process.
B)Maccoby's authoritative parenting.
C)Baumrind's authoritarian parenting.
D)James' egocentric family process.
Q2) The term ____________ refers to the description of a person's attributes,whereas the term ____________ refers to how a person feels about those attributes.
A)self-esteem / self-efficacy
B)self-concept / self-system
C)self-efficacy / self-esteem
D)self-concept / self-esteem
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Chapter 6: Realms of Cognition in Middle Childhood
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36 Verified Questions
36 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The more you know about a particular domain of knowledge,
A)the more easily you can learn new information in that domain.
B)the more slowly you will solve problems in that domain.
C)the more difficult it is to learn new information in that domain.
D)the more difficult it is to learn information in other domains of knowledge.
Q2) Our knowledge of an event in our own lives,such as a family vacation,is a type of
A)episodic knowledge.
B)semantic knowledge.
C)nondeclarative knowledge.
D)procedural knowledge.
Q3) Which of the following therapeutic approaches is designed to help children develop their perspective taking and friendship skills?
A)Cognitive therapy.
B)The self-monitoring approach.
C)Pair therapy.
D)Immersion therapy.
Q4) Explain why perspective taking is so crucial to the development of social skills.,
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Chapter 7: Self and Moral Development: Middle Childhood
Through Early Adolescence
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35 Verified Questions
35 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The ability to restrain or redirect a strong impulse in order to perform a less-preferred response is called
A)emotional reactivity.
B)positive regulation.
C)conscience-oriented behavior.
D)effortful control
Q2) Write a response to a parent who believes that constantly comparing a child to other,perhaps more accomplished or talented,children is a good way to motivate that child to achieve more and become stronger.,
Q3) A counselor is concerned about a clients' self-esteem.Which of the following provides a research-based rationale for this concern?
A)High levels of self-esteem directly reduce the risk of mental health problems
B)Low levels of self-esteem cause people to act incompetently.
C)Low levels of self-esteem are related to negative attributions about one's self,which are related to depression.
D)High levels of self-esteem protect against oppositional behavior.
Q4) Should character education be taught in school? Identify the pros and cons of this strategy.,
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Gender and Peer Relationships: Middle
Childhood Through Early Adolescence
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37 Verified Questions
37 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Beliefs about sex differences sometimes are supported by research and sometimes are not.Which of the following gender stereotypes is not supported by research?
A)Males tend to be more physically aggressive than females.
B)Sex differences are usually small,with lots of overlap between the sexes.
C)Males tend to exhibit more dominance seeking than females.
D)Females tend to be more sociable and prosocial than males.
Q2) As a toddler,Joey loved to "dance" with his mother and his sisters,twirling around the house to music.By age 5,Joey refused to dance anymore,saying that dancing was for girls.His mother felt that he really wanted to dance but that he just wouldn't.How would a cognitivetheorist explain Joey's attitude toward dancing?
A)Joey was forced to stop dancing by the taunting of his male friends.
B)Joey is intrinsically motivated to engage in behaviors that he believes are consistent with his gender.
C)Joey now identifies with his father,and will only do things he sees his father do.
D)Joey secretly hates his mother and wishes to punish her.
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Chapter 9: Physical,cognitive,and Identity Developments in Adolescence
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34 Verified Questions
34 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of these is the best summary of developmental trends in the formation of identity?
A)Individuals progress through stages in the following sequence: diffused,foreclosed,moratorium,achieved.
B)Individuals experience recurrent cycles of foreclosed to achieved status.
C)There is a general decline in foreclosures and diffusions over time while achievements increase over time.
D)Individuals generally achieve the same level of identity formation in all identity domains,for example,career,family,religion,etc.
Q2) Brain developments in the adolescent period include which of the following?
A)Continued myelination .
B)Rapid synaptogenesis in late adolescence.
C)Rapid pruning in early adolescence.
D)Continue lateralization.
Q3) Give three examples of adolescent egocentrism that might be apparent in a counseling situation with an adolescent.,
Q4) What are the characteristics of formal operations and how does this kind of thinking differ from concrete operational thinking? ,
Page 11
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Chapter 10: The Social World of Adolescence
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35 Verified Questions
35 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In a study of American Indian families who moved out of poverty the "ex-poor"),what were the effects on children's behavior?
A)The improvement in income had no discernable effects on children's behavior.
B)There was a significant decline in conduct disorder and oppositional defiant behavior.
C)There was a significant increase in depressive symptoms.
D)There was a significant increase in conduct disorder and oppositional defiant behavior.
Q2) Mr.and Mrs.Brown have consulted you about their 13-year-old daughter,Joanne.She is not doing as well academically as she always did in elementary school.She seems to be involved with a popular crowd that is quickly moving into sexual experimentation and drug use.Describe the options that Mr.and Mrs.Brown have for helping their daughter navigate her early adolescence,based on available research.,
Q3) What percentage of adolescents typically are part of a "popular" crowd in American high schools?
A)20 percent.
B)40 percent.
C)60 percent.
D)Less than 5 percent.
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Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Developments in Young Adults
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36 Verified Questions
36 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Despite the disagreements among theorists about the existence of a fifth stage of cognitive development,nearly all agree that A)solving real-life problems is easier if a person uses formal operational thinking skills.
B)thinking about adult real-life problems tends to become increasingly relativistic.
C)as people enter adulthood,they apply concrete operational skills to the concrete problems of daily life.
D)memory ability declines as people enter the fifth stage.
Q2) List three pitfalls counselors need to avoid in their decision-making.Give examples of each.,
Q3) Arnett proposes that the stage of life from age 18 to approximately 25 be called A)youth.
B)emerging adulthood.
C)early adulthood.
D)young adulthood.
Q4) Using Perry's theory,describe what processes help individuals move from dualistic to authentically relativistic thinking.,
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Chapter 12: Socioemotional and Vocational Developments in Young Adulthood
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34 Verified Questions
34 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Karina,a college student,has a strong mastery orientation.We can expect that Karina therefore holds which of the following theories of intelligence?
A)Entity theory.
B)Generativity theory.
C)Information processing theory.
D)Incremental theory.
Q2) Andrea is an adult with an anxious-ambivalent attachment style.Consistent with her attachment style,what is most likely to be true of Andrea's romantic relationship?
A)She is likely to report a lack of trust in her relationship.
B)Her relationships are likely to be less stable than those of women with other kinds of attachment styles.
C)She is likely to feel less dependent on her relationship than women with other kinds of attachment styles.
D)She is likely to report greater trust in her partner than women with other kinds of attachment styles.
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14
Chapter 13: Middle Adulthood: Cognitive, personality, and Social Development
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36 Verified Questions
36 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Fluid intelligence is to ____________ as crystallized intelligence is to ____________.
A)working memory / metacognition.
B)pragmatics / mechanics.
C)metacognition / working memory.
D)mechanics / pragmatics.
Q2) In his approach to couples therapy,Gottman encourages couples to recognize relationship problems that are the result of differences in temperament and attitudes
A)growth
B)maintenance or resilience
C)regulation of loss
D)the steady-state model
E)g.,different approaches to money)as chronic and inevitable,much like chronic physical ailments that come on as we get older.This approach is similar to ____________,one of the adaptive mechanisms described by life span developmental theorists.
Q3) Describe the factors that promote stability in adult life and those that promote change.,
Q4) Compare and contrast Erikson's view of midlife with that of Vaillant.,
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Living Well: Stress, coping, and Life Satisfaction in Adulthood
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35 Verified Questions
35 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following has not been proposed as a reason why people seek meaning in their lives?
A)Establishing meaning helps people feel like they have control.
B)Establishing meaning helps people define their values,morals,and ethics.
C)Establishing meaning helps people feel self-worth.
D)Establishing meaning helps people feel like they are better than other people.
Q2) Tyrone is a 35-year-old advertising executive.Lately,he has been experiencing some physical symptoms,like shortness of breath and difficulty sleeping.He explains to a counselor that he has been having more difficulty dealing with his work and family responsibilities.A comprehensive intake interview reveals that Tyrone's mother suffered from a diagnosed affective disorder.This piece of information might indicate the presence of
A)a diathesis.
B)a low allostatic load.
C)a protective factor.
D)a recessive allele.
Q3) Discuss the role that religiosity plays in well-being based on research findings.Consider the following issues: What kind of well-being is affected by religiosity and why? What aspects of religiosity seem most helpful to well-being,and what aspects seem least helpful? ,
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Gains and Losses in Late Adulthood
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35 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) In self-determination theory,which of the following is considered one of the basic psychological needs that motivates our adaptation or coping efforts at any age?
A)Autonomy.
B)Optimization.
C)Avoidance.
D)Generativity.
Q2) Which of the following is part of a consensus view of a "good death" among all or most seriously ill patients?
A)The desire to die at home.
B)The desire to be free of life-sustaining treatments.
C)The desire to be touched and kept clean.
D)The desire to protect loved ones from knowing the extent of their illness.
Q3) At 80,Steve has been struggling with emphysema for several years,which means that he experiences significant breathing problems.He is now unable to take more than a few steps without resting,and he needs assistance in basic daily routines,like bathing and eating.According to self-determination theory,one of the three basic psychological needs is for autonomy.Explain this concept of autonomy,and explain how you would counsel Steve and his family to help him fulfill this need.,
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