Human Cultures
Exam Solutions
Course Introduction
This course provides an introduction to the diverse ways humans organize, experience, and interpret their lives across the globe. Students will explore the central concepts and methods of cultural anthropology, examining how values, beliefs, social structures, language, and traditions shape societies. Through comparative case studies, fieldwork, and theoretical readings, the course fosters an understanding of cultural similarities and differences, as well as the dynamic processes of cultural change in response to globalization, technology, and social innovation. Students will develop skills in cultural analysis and gain insight into the complexities of cross-cultural interactions in the modern world.
Recommended Textbook
Mirror for Humanity A Concise Introduction to Cultural Anthropology 7th Edition by Conrad Phillip
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13 Chapters
724 Verified Questions
724 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are the four main subdisciplines of anthropology?
A)Medical anthropology, ethnography, ethnology, and cultural anthropology
B)Archaeology, biological anthropology, applied linguistics, and applied anthropology
C)Biological anthropology, linguistic anthropology, cultural anthropology, and archaeology
D)Genetic anthropology, physical anthropology, psychological anthropology, linguistic anthropology
E)Primatology, ethnology, cultural anthropology, and paleopathology
Answer: C
Q2) Ethnology is
A)the study of human speech sounds.
B)the comparative, generalizing aspect of cultural anthropology.
C)the most important subfield of anthropology.
D)the study of ancient ethnic groups.
E)a synonym for ethnography.
Answer: B
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3
Chapter 2: Culture
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following traits is not shared by humans and chimpanzees?
A)Tool use
B)Meat eating
C)Stereoscopic vision
D)High intelligence
E)Estrus
Answer: E
Q2) The idea of universal, inalienable human rights that are superior to the laws and customs of particular cultures challenges the notion of cultural relativism.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Acculturation is the process by which people lose the cultures that they learned as children.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Doing Anthropology
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Sample Questions
Q1) What phenomenon does Kottak describe about his arrival in Arembepe, Brazil?
A)Culture shock
B)The ethnographic present
C)Survey techniques
D)Interview schedules
E)Bifocality of the local and the outside world
Answer: A
Q2) The style of ethnography in which the anthropologist puts his or her personal feelings and reactions to the field situation into the text is called
A)ethnographic present
B)interpretive ethnography
C)reflexive ethnography
D)classic ethnography
E)holistic anthropology
Answer: C
Q3) Ethnology is the holistic study of a single community.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Language and Communication
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Sample Questions
Q1) Studies investigating differences in the way men and women talk are examples of sociolinguistics.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The Romance languages (e.g., French, Spanish) belong to which of the following language families?
A)Mixe-Zoque
B)Indo-European
C)North Caucasian
D)Dravidian
E)Austro-Asiatic
Q3) Focal vocabularies are found only in non-Western societies.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which statement about nonhuman primate calls is not true?
A)They occur in response to environmental stimuli.
B)Calls demonstrate linguistic productivity.
C)They are automatic and cannot be combined.
D)Calls vary in intensity and duration.
E)Call systems produce a limited number of sounds.
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Making a Living
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Sample Questions
Q1) How does horticulture differ from agriculture?
A)The former involves the use of domesticated animals, while the latter does not.
B)Because they do not irrigate their fields, agriculturalists are more dependent on seasonal rains.
C)Agriculture frequently involves the use of terraces, while horticulture does not.
D)The former is labor intensive, while the latter is land intensive.
E)Horticulture's long-term yield is far greater and more dependable than that of agriculture.
Q2) Paying taxes is an example of
A)generalized reciprocity.
B)balanced reciprocity.
C)the market principle.
D)redistribution.
E)negative reciprocity.
Q3) Contrast generalized, balanced, and negative reciprocity.How does negative reciprocity differ from the market principle?
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Chapter 6: Political Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) Since bands lack formalized law, they have no means of settling disputes.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In chiefdoms, stratum endogamy ensured that only chiefs belonged to the elite social stratum.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What is the primary difference between a village head and a "big man"?
A)A big man can enforce his decisions.
B)A big man has supporters in multiple villages.
C)A village head is a band leader, while a big man is a tribal leader.
D)A big man's high status is ascribed, while a village head's high status is achieved.
E)Village head is a permanent political office, while big man is a temporary position.
Q4) In nonstate societies, relationships based on kinship, descent, and marriage are essential to sociopolitical organization.Discuss two ethnographic cases that illustrate this point.
Q5) What are some of the ways in which social order is maintained in band and tribal societies?
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Families, Kinship, and Marriage
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Sample Questions
Q1) With patrilineal descent, a person takes her or his father's last name but recognizes descent through both parents.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What term refers to a gift made by the husband and his kin to the bride and her kin?
A)Bride theft
B)Elopement
C)Dowry
D)Bridewealth
E)Cross-cousin marriage
Q3) How does divorce vary cross-culturally? What factors affect the ease (or difficulty) and frequency of divorce?
Q4) Divorce is more common in matrilineal/matrilocal societies than it is in patrilineal/patrilocal societies.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Why does bridewealth stabilize marriages?
Q6) What are the six things that Leach argued marriage can accomplish?
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Chapter 8: Gender
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Sample Questions
Q1) Kottak argues that the relatively high level of gender inequality found among horticultural societies is most likely the ancestral pattern of human society.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What social, political, and economic conditions influence gender stratification and violence against women?
Q3) Are certain sexual preferences more natural than others? Use cross-cultural evidence to substantiate your argument.
Q4) Homosexual practices among the Etoro demonstrate that homosexuality is more pronounced in matrifocal societies.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Gender stratification refers to an unequal distribution of socially valued resources, power, prestige, and personal freedom between men and women.
A)True
B)False
Q6) What effects did the advent of agriculture have on the roles and status of women?
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Religion
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Sample Questions
Q1) The cargo cults of Melanesia paved the way for the unified political action of indigenous communities.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Sequences of words and actions that are used during rituals are known as A)ritual scripts.
B)rites of passage.
C)taboos.
D)liturgical orders.
E)communitas.
Q3) Witchcraft accusations are often aimed at A)powerful politicians.
B)individuals who are widely respected in a community.
C)socially marginal people.
D)upstanding citizens.
E)prominent religious leaders.
Q4) Discuss two cases in which religion played an important role in social change.
Q5) Is religion becoming more or less important in contemporary American society? Why? If you believe that religion is becoming less important, what is replacing it?
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Chapter 10: Ethnicity and Race
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Sample Questions
Q1) What were some of the major differences between British and French colonial policies?
Q2) Which is not generally true of core nations?
A)They represent the dominant structural position in the world system.
B)They consist of the strongest and most powerful states.
C)They have advanced systems of production.
D)They have complex economies.
E)They have less control over world finance than do semiperiphery nations.
Q3) What term refers to a former colony with large numbers of European colonists and sparser native populations?
A)Settler country
B)Nonsettler country
C)Mixed country
D)Postimperial country
E)Emergent country
Q4) With the spread of industrialization, indigenous economies, ecologies, and populations have become threatened all over the world.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: Applying Anthropology
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Sample Questions
Q1) The hypodescent rule is found in most Western industrialized nations.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What is the term for identification with, and feeling part of, a cultural group, and exclusion from other cultural groups?
A)Culture shock
B)Ethnicity
C)Cultural relativism
D)Assimilation
E)Ethnocentrism
Q3) The assimilationist approach to cultural diversity encourages minority ethnic groups to retain their unique identities.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Explain the notion of "imagined community."
Q5) What is a "plural society"? According to Barth, what conditions contribute to the stability and endurance of ethnic boundaries?
Q6) What are the major differences between Brazilian and American systems of racial classification?
Page 13
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Chapter 12: The World System and Colonialism
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Sample Questions
Q1) Businesses are no longer interested in hiring applied anthropologists now that the majority of goods are bought and sold over the Internet.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following statements about the early application of anthropology is not true?
A)Malinowski proposed that "practical anthropology" should focus on the diffusion of European culture into tribal societies.
B)Malinowski was not opposed to aiding colonial regimes by studying land tenure and land use in order to recommend how much land local people should keep and what Europeans should get.
C)The British empire saw no use for anthropologists, and British colonials purposefully distanced themselves from anthropologists in the field.
D)A historical association existed between early anthropology, especially in Europe, and colonialism.
E)During World War II, American anthropologists studied Japanese and German culture to predict the behavior of the wartime enemies of the United States.
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14
Chapter 13: Anthropologys Role in a Globalizing World
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Sample Questions
Q1) The Earth's climate has always remained constant, so any changes must be human driven.
A)True B)False
Q2) Mass media can play an important role in constructing and maintaining national and ethnic identities.
A)True B)False
Q3) The deliberate physical extinction of a group is known as A)ethnocide. B)genocide.
C)indigenocide.
D)cultural imperialism. E)acculturation.
Q4) Discuss the evidence for climate change and the specific evidence that climate change is at least partially human driven.What human factors influence climate change?
Q5) Global warming could be slowed through more efficient use of energy. A)True B)False
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