Human Culture and Society Exam Preparation Guide
Course Introduction
Human Culture and Society explores the complex tapestry of human social life, emphasizing how cultural beliefs, practices, and values shape individuals and communities. This course examines the foundations of culture, socialization, language, identity, and social institutions, as well as how people interact within diverse social groups. Students will analyze case studies from different societies to understand cultural diversity, social change, globalization, and the impact of social norms on behavior. Through interdisciplinary perspectives, the course fosters a deeper appreciation of the dynamic relationship between culture and society in the contemporary world.
Recommended Textbook
Cultural Anthropology 9th Edition by Raymond Scupin
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18 Chapters
1080 Verified Questions
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Anthropology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Most academic anthropologists work in departments of anthropology. What are the other university departments that might have anthropologists on their faculties, and why?
Answer: In addition to departments of anthropology, academic anthropologists may also work in departments such as sociology, history, geography, and cultural studies. This is because anthropology is a multidisciplinary field that intersects with these other disciplines. For example, sociologists and anthropologists both study human behavior and society, while historians and anthropologists both examine cultures and societies from a historical perspective. Geographers and anthropologists both study human-environment interactions and cultural studies often incorporates anthropological perspectives on culture and society. Therefore, it is common for anthropologists to collaborate and contribute to these other departments within a university setting.
Q2) Interconnected hypotheses that offer general explanations for natural or social phenomena are called __________.
A) paradigms
B) theories
C) deductive methods
D) inductive facts
Answer: B
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Human Evolution
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Q1) During the Upper Paleolithic period, modern Homo sapiens migrated throughout the world, including North and South America and Australia.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Upper Paleolithic artisans made stone tools in distinctive styles that vary from region to region.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Which of the following is related to the evolution of skin pigmentation in human populations?
A) the amount of ultraviolet radiation and the need for vitamin D
B) the amount of carbohydrates versus proteins that are in the diet
C) the need for natural camouflage from predators
D) iron and zinc compounds in the soil
Answer: A
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Culture
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Q1) In order for an item to be cultural, it must be __________.
A) unchanging, fixed, or static
B) learned and commonly shared among individuals
C) independent of environmental influences
D) dependent upon the environment of the society
Answer: B
Q2) It would be fair to say that, in a multicultural society such as that in the United States, __________.
A) there is one common idea about social norms
B) there are conflicting systems of norms and values
C) mores are well-defined and reflected by all
D) the strict enforcement of cultural mores is a government goal
Answer: B
Q3) To the Rastafarians, their appearance symbolizes __________.
A) power and liberation
B) membership in Jamaican society
C) the importance of tradition
D) acceptance of Jamaican values and norms
Answer: A
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Psychological and Cognitive Anthropology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Value judgments concerning homosexuality are based on __________.
A) genetics
B) behavior
C) anatomy
D) culture
Q2) The Oedipus complex proposed by Sigmund Freud suggested that __________.
A) dreams reveal unconscious sexual desires
B) children who have grown up in the same household share sexual attractions
C) male children have an unconscious desire to have a sexual relationship with their mother
D) all human personalities are composed of an id, ego, and superego
Q3) Catherine Lutz would advise researchers to do which of the following?
A) disregard emotion when conducting cultural research because it varies so much individually
B) translate Western emotional concepts into other languages
C) accept that all human emotions are universally equivalent
D) consider the cultural context when trying to understand emotions
Q4) Franz Boas had a guiding influence on Margaret Mead.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Language
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Q1) What is African-American Vernacular English? How did it emerge? How is it related to pidgin and creole languages? Discuss the controversies surrounding AAVE.
Q2) Nonverbal communication consisting of body motions and gestures is called kinesics.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Sociolinguists have found that societies that maintain social inequalities and hierarchies often have different forms of the same language that are used for addressing higher or lower status individuals, kin versus nonkin, and males versus females.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The word "lower" contains __________.
A) two bound morphemes
B) two bound phonemes
C) two free morphemes
D) one bound morpheme and one free morpheme
Q5) Would it be possible to have a culture without a language? Discuss two theories about how language and culture evolved along with the human species.
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Chapter 6: Anthropological Explanations
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Q1) Nineteenth-century theories of "unilineal evolution" proposed which of the following?
A) Modern humans are descended from ape-like creatures.
B) Human existence is characterized by continuous progress toward civilization.
C) Ancient Egypt is the source of all civilizations.
D) The Bible is the best reference on the human past.
Q2) Cultural relativism is the notion that each society should be viewed in terms of its own unique cultural practices and values.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The British and German schools of cultural diffusion are considered to be obsolete as a means of understanding societal development because of their ethnocentric perspectives.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Unilineal evolution is the view that all societies evolve in a single direction called "progress" toward complexity and civilization.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: Analyzing Sociocultural Systems
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Q1) Anthropologists use the Human Relations Area Files to __________.
A) extract census data about a field site
B) look up standard definitions of universal human behaviors
C) compare cultural phenomena across societies
D) locate other anthropologists working on similar research topics
Q2) What theories have scholars offered for why different types of sociocultural complexity evolved in different regions of the world? Support your answer with specific examples.
Q3) Morton Fried has criticized the use of the term "tribe" on the basis that __________.
A) it represents a fixed evolutionary stage of social organization
B) it should only be used in reference to Native American political entities
C) the word is derived from an ethnocentric Roman word
D) it is an ethnic term from the South Pacific that has been inappropriately applied to other regions
Q4) What are the advantages and disadvantages of using sociocultural evolutionary models and categories? How do contemporary sociocultural evolutionary models differ from those of the nineteenth century? Why do anthropologists continue to use categories such as bands, tribes, chiefdoms, and states?
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Chapter 8: Environment, Subsistence, and Demography
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Q1) Ju/'hoansi San women were often able to gather enough food from wild sources in one or two days to feed their children for an entire week.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The infant mortality rate of a society equals the number of babies per thousand births per year that die before reaching the age of five.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The Semang of Malaysia, who hunt with blowguns, get most of their meat from __________.
A) elephants and buffalo
B) kangaroos and the ostrich-like emu
C) fish and other small game
D) monkeys and crocodiles
Q4) Since hunter-gatherer societies are mobile, the environment does not influence demographic characteristics such as population growth, fertility, and mortality.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: Technology and Economies
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Q1) What is the most likely reason why hunter-gatherer technology is limited to simple tools made of stone, wood, and bone?
A) Foragers lack the basic intelligence necessary to make anything more complex.
B) Foragers are too busy looking for food to spend time on more advanced tools.
C) Foragers have not acquired knowledge of more sophisticated technologies.
D) Foragers rely on knowledge of their environment rather than complex tools.
Q2) Formalists maintain that the best method for studying any economy is to view it as being embedded in the sociocultural system, including the values, beliefs, and norms of the society.
A)True
B)False
Q3) How do property rights differ in agricultural states from those in horticulturalist societies? Support your answer with specific examples.
Q4) Most tribal societies that practiced monetary exchange used what is called limited-purpose money, which can be used to purchase any item or service that is desired.
A)True
B)False
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Page 11
Chapter 10: Social Structure, The Family, Gender, and Age
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Q1) What is the relationship between postmarital residence rules and the form of descent found in a society? How did patrilocal and matrilocal residence patterns arise? What is the possible relationship between warfare and residence rules?
Q2) Since social class in the United States is an achieved status, factors such as family background, the economy, and ethnic background do not have any influence on social mobility.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Discuss the social organization of chiefdoms. You should include such things as rank and status, family and kinship, and marriage and residence rules. Explain how these aspects of culture are interrelated.
Q4) Most cultures with matrilineal social organizations are found in matriarchal states where females have political and economic power. A)True
B)False
Q5) What is the difference between a closed society and an open society? Describe an example of each.
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Politics, Warfare, and Law
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Q1) According to anthropologist Robert Carneiro, the objective of many chiefs was to do which of the following?
A) increase the extent of their territory in order to control the surplus production of surrounding communities
B) maintain the peace with their neighbors in order to avoid armed conflict
C) become full-time religious leaders and use impressive rites and rituals to prove that they were gods
D) disencumber themselves of material possessions and incur debts of personal obligations from their followers through potlatch-like ceremonies
Q2) The first codified laws originated in the Near Eastern civilization of Babylon.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following is a form of tribal political organization that is based on multiple descent groups that are interrelated and serve certain political functions?
A) a segmentary lineage system
B) a fragmented descent pattern
C) a maximal moiety system
D) a divided descent group configuration
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Chapter 12: Religion and Aesthetics
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Q1) Explain the difference between ecclesiastical and universalistic religions. Give an example of each and describe how it is connected to agricultural subsistence strategies and statedom.
Q2) A major goal of most anthropological studies of religion is to determine the "truth" or "falsity" of particular religious beliefs so that the truth about the supernatural can be discovered.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following is associated with the way art forms found among foragers reflect the spiritual aspects of their culture?
A) The most common subjects of artistic expression are plants and animals.
B) Most of their art is abstract in nature.
C) Their artwork never involves living creatures, only ghosts and spirit beings.
D) Their only artists are shamans.
Q4) Religion appears to be a cultural universal, although specific practices and beliefs vary significantly from culture to culture.
A)True
B)False
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14
Chapter 13: Globalization, Culture, and Indigenous Societies
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Q1) Compare and contrast two revitalization movements discussed in your text. In what ways were they similar and different? How did the particular historical, social, economic, political, and religious circumstances factor into each? Were the outcomes similar or different? Explain why you think this was the case.
Q2) The Yanomamö have become one of the wealthiest Native American tribes since gold was discovered on their traditional lands.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Describe the five stages by which a traditional society undergoes modernization to reach a level of high economic growth.
Q4) Given a choice between modernization theory and dependency theory, which model do you prefer to explain the existence of vast inequities between countries of the First World and the Third World? What are the strengths of the model you prefer? What are its weaknesses?
Q5) What are the principal elements of Immanuel Wallerstein's "world-systems theory"? How has it been used in anthropology?
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Chapter 14: Globalization in Latin America,Africa, and the Caribbean
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Q1) The most significant factor in Latin American demographic change after the arrival of Europeans was a dramatic increase in __________.
A) fertility
B) mortality
C) employment
D) life expectancy
Q2) Traditional forms of slavery in Africa are called "open" slavery, which means that
A) slaves could be bought and sold on the open market
B) certain villages were "open" to the taking of slaves
C) slaves were never incorporated into the owner's family
D) slaves were permitted to own property and marry
Q3) What are some of the ways in which agricultural production administrated by the United Fruit Company in Latin America resembled the hacienda system? What are some of the ways in which it differed?
Q4) Latin America had relatively little cultural diversity prior to the arrival of the Spanish.
A)True
B)False
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Globalization in the Middle East and Asia
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Q1) Currently, the Indian caste system has become __________.
A) obsolete in traditional communities
B) extinct in all but large urban communities
C) a factor in India's national politics
D) a source of national pride
Q2) Traditionally, a Muslim woman has the same rights to divorce as a man.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The caste system is supported by Hindu doctrines of karma and reincarnation.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The wearing of the veil and traditional dress is often a political statement for Muslim women.
A)True
B)False
Q5) To what does "Zionism" refer?
A) the movement to establish a Jewish homeland in Palestine
B) the concept of a Sunni Muslim "holy war"
C) Islamic fundamentalism as practiced in Egypt and Ethiopia
D) the movement to liberate the Middle East from European control
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Chapter 16: Ethnicity
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Q1) The model of ethnicity in which boundary markers such as language, clothing, or other traits are fluid and vary over time is called the __________.
A) ethnogenesis model
B) biological assimilation model
C) circumstantialist model
D) primordialist model
Q2) Select an ethnic group with which you are familiar and describe the objective and subjective aspects of its ethnic identity. How does distinguishing between subjective and objective aspects help in understanding ethnicity? Be sure to define each concept in your response.
Q3) The descendants of German immigrants outnumber all other ethnic groups in the United States.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Compare and contrast folk categories of race in the United States and Mexico. What criteria are used in each society? What effects have concepts of race had on how people are treated? How have advances in scientific technology been used to challenge or support popular concepts of race?
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Chapter 17: Contemporary Global Trends
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Q1) Since Mao Zedong's death, China's leaders have done which of the following?
A) outlawed students from gaining degrees in the United States
B) abolished the commune system
C) relied on Communist Party cadres to instill egalitarian ideals
D) endorsed and attained political reforms
Q2) What does the term "global village" refer to?
A) the United Nations
B) the world's interconnectedness through media and economic networks
C) a colonization strategy for other planets, to be implemented in the distant future
D) a traditional settlement strategy found especially in West Africa
Q3) The collapse of the former Soviet Union was characterized by which of the following?
A) a declaration of independence by non-Russian republics
B) "federalism" and increased solidarity of the states that had been joined to create the Union
C) the spread of communism throughout Eastern Europe
D) the disappearance of perestroika and glasnost
Q4) What is the demographic-transition theory? Do you think that this model applies to all cultures in the world? Why or why not?
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Page 19
Chapter 18: Applied Anthropology
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Q1) The word "metaculture" refers to a __________.
A) culture within a culture, such as the culture of African-Americans
B) culture that has become extinct, but about which enough is known to revive it
C) culture that seeks to dominate others, such as the culture of Nazi Germany
D) culture that is worldwide and pluralistic, sharing universal values
Q2) Sometimes applied anthropologists become engaged in the development of policy. This type of applied anthropology occurred when Allan Holmberg of Cornell University became the new patron to a group of Peruvian Indians who lived on a hacienda. This undertaking was called the __________.
A) Peruvian Project
B) Vicos Project
C) Hacienda Project
D) Applied Patron Project
Q3) Anthropologists John Van Willigen and V. C. Channa found that the increase in dowry deaths was partially the result of which of the following?
A) economic inflation
B) a decrease in the average age of the bride
C) an increase in the practice of bridewealth among rural families
D) the repeal of national laws that made the institution of dowry illegal
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Page 20