Human Brain and Behavior
Question Bank
Course Introduction
This course explores the intricate relationship between the human brain and behavior, delving into how neural structures and processes influence cognition, emotion, and actions. Students will examine key topics such as brain anatomy, neural communication, sensory perception, learning, memory, and the neurological basis of psychological disorders. Through lectures, discussions, and analysis of current research, the course provides a foundational understanding of how biological mechanisms underlie complex behaviors and mental processes. This interdisciplinary approach integrates insights from psychology, neuroscience, and related fields to illuminate the dynamic connections between brain function and behavior.
Recommended Textbook
Cognitive Neuroscience 3rd Edition by
Michael S. Gazzaniga
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15 Chapters
949 Verified Questions
949 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: A Brief History of Cognitive Neuroscience
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55 Verified Questions
55 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) John Watson famously argued that newborn babies
A)are incapable of forming memories.
B)have an intelligence comparable to our nearest primate cousins.
C)can be raised to become anything.
D)will develop different intellectual abilities according to innate differences.
Answer: C
Q2) Generally,it has been found that different cortical regions that contain cells with different morphologies
A)cannot be distinguished using tissue stains.
B)emerge during different stages of early embryonic development.
C)lie in opposite cerebral hemispheres of the brain.
D)carry out different functions from one another.
Answer: D
Q3) Rationalism is the philosophical position that knowledge
A)originates from sensory experience.
B)must be experimentally tested.
C)must be deduced and justified through reason.
D)is globally distributed in the cortex.
Answer: C
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Cellular Mechanisms and Cognition
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65 Verified Questions
65 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Hyperpolarization makes the inside of a cell more positive and more likely to generate an action potential.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) The amplitude of an action potential is directly proportional to the size of the initial depolarization that produced it.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) If the sum of the excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs)causes a postsynaptic neuron to reach its threshold,then the postsynaptic neuron will generate an action potential.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 3: Neuroanatomy and Development
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75 Verified Questions
75 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The brainstem includes all of the following components EXCEPT the A)medulla.
B)midbrain.
C)hypothalamus.
D)pons.
Answer: C
Q2) All of the following are tools of histology EXCEPT A)tract-tracing methods.
B)microscopes.
C)staining techniques.
D)magnetoencephalography.
Answer: D
Q3) The neocortex typically contains ________ cortical layers,with ________ typically being the input layer.
A)10 / layer IV
B)10 / layer I
C)6 / layer IV
D)6 / layer I
Answer: C
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience
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64 Verified Questions
64 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Cognitive psychology is based on the assumption that thought is best studied using objective,observable behaviors.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The Sternberg experiment showed that the amount of time it takes to compare a target item with a list of items in memory increases with the number of items in the memory set.This is an example of parallel processing.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What are some strengths and limitations of computational models as a method in cognitive neuroscience?
Q4) The term tonotopic refers to the fact that the cochlea and the auditory cortex contain maps that are organized according to the sound frequencies that best stimulate the cells.
A)True B)False
Q5) What are some relative strengths and weaknesses of individual case studies as compared to group studies in neuropsychology?
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Chapter 5: Sensation and Perception
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65 Verified Questions
65 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Neurons in the olfactory bulb demonstrate an extensive amount of convergence and divergence.This means that neurons in this system
A)sometimes fire synchronously and asynchronously with respect to each other.
B)project to,and receive input from,a large number of other neurons.
C)synapse onto their own presynaptic neurons,creating feedback loops.
D)send output to regions of the brain both near and far from the olfactory epithelium.
Q2) Which of the following is the best example of cortical plasticity?
A)The processing of tactile information by blind people in cortical regions that process visual information in sighted people
B)The ability of the barn owl to localize objects in space based on auditory and not visual information
C)The integration of information about olfaction and gustation in the orbitofrontal cortex
D)The activation of the superior colliculus by visual information in patients exhibiting blindsight
Q3) How do the two nostrils provide the brain with slightly different samples of the olfactory environment? Why might this be advantageous?
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Chapter 6: Object Recognition
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65 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) ________ is to ________ as face recognition is to object recognition.
A)Agnosia / prosopagnosia
B)Prosopagnosia / agnosia
C)Alexia / agnosia
D)Agnosia / alexia
Q2) Describe the visual system's dorsal and ventral pathways.In your answer,describe the kinds of information that are processed in each pathway and the lobes of the brain that are involved.Give an example of an experiment discussed in class or your text that supports this distinction in the visual system.
Q3) The term gnostic unit refers to
A)a network of neurons that collectively encode a region in space.
B)a network of neurons that collectively recognize a complex object.
C)a single neuron that can encode a region in space.
D)a single neuron that can recognize a complex object.
Q4) You,a neurologist,have just met a patient who suffered a stroke last year and is having trouble identifying objects.Could this person be experiencing visual agnosia? What tasks could you ask the patient to perform to help you determine the source of the problem?
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Page 8
Chapter 7: The Control of Action
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Sample Questions
Q1) Lesions to this region of the cerebellum lead to postural instability and difficulty in keeping one's eyes fixed on a visual object despite head or body movements.
A)The spinocerebellum
B)The vestibulocerebellum
C)The neocerebellum
D)The dentate nucleus
Q2) Hemiplegia is the
A)paralysis of the side of the body that is contralateral to the injured brain region.
B)paralysis of the side of the body that is ipsilateral to the injured brain region.
C)loss of sensory feedback from the side of the body that is contralateral to the injured brain region.
D)loss of sensory feedback from the side of the body that is ipsilateral to the injured brain region.
Q3) With time,people who experience a hemiplegia typically experience a full recovery.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: Learning and Memory
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64 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) ________ refers to the processing of incoming information to be stored.
A)Retrieval
B)Recall
C)Encoding
D)Explicit memory
Q2) According to the modal model of memory,information that is currently held within short-term memory originates from A)sensory memory.
B)working memory.
C)both sensory and working memory.
D)neither sensory nor working memory.
Q3) The term ________ refers to a limited-capacity store that not only retains information over the short term (maintenance)but also permits the performance of mental operations with the contents of this store (manipulation).
A)working memory
B)short-term memory
C)sensory memory
D)long-term memory
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10
Chapter 9: Emotion
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45 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT considered one of the six basic facial expressions representing emotional states?
A)Disgust
B)Jealousy
C)Surprise
D)Fear
Q2) You conduct an experiment in which you expose a rat repeatedly to a 440 Hz tone and an electric shock.After a few trials,the rat begins to show signs of fear in response to the tone.In this paradigm,the electric shock is the ________ while the tone is the
A)conditioned stimulus / unconditioned stimulus
B)unconditioned stimulus / conditioned stimulus
C)conditioned response / unconditioned response
D)unconditioned response / conditioned response
Q3) Klüver-Bucy syndrome is associated with damage to which brain structure or region?
A)The hippocampus
B)The perirhinal cortex
C)The amygdala
D)The parahippocampal cortex
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Chapter 10: Language
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63 Verified Questions
63 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) When you are shown the written word "neuroscience" and you read it aloud,you are translating ________ information into ________ information about this word.
A)syntactic / semantic
B)semantic / orthographic
C)orthographic / phonological
D)phonological / syntactic
Q2) Disruptions of language that occur as a consequence of brain injury that are side effects of primary problems in other cognitive domains such as attention,memory,or perception are called
A)aphemia.
B)acquired alexias.
C)secondary aphasias.
D)paraphasias.
Q3) A normal adult speaker has passive knowledge of about 50,000 words.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Phonemes are the smallest units of sound that make a difference to meaning.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: Hemispheric Specialization
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64 Verified Questions
64 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Why might the left hemisphere be more important for the production of facial expressions while the right is more important for perception of the same expressions? In your answer,consider the computational requirements of producing and perceiving expressions.
Q2) One difficulty in interpreting the correlation between asymmetry in the planum temporale and language function that has recently arisen is that
A)the extent of the anatomical differences between the left and right hemispheres may have been overestimated by the techniques used to identify this region.
B)it has been found that the planum temporale is an area of great plasticity that changes in size throughout development.
C)newer studies indicate that the planum temporale is involved not in language function but rather in vision.
D)current studies suggest that fewer people than previously thought have left-hemisphere language dominance.
Q3) There appear to be two mental lexicons,one in each hemisphere.
A)True
B)False
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Attention and Consciousness
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64 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to research by Wolfe and colleagues (2000),visual search is most rapid when
A)the focus of attention is driven by voluntary,controlled search.
B)the focus of attention is driven by the sensory information.
C)the number of distracters in the display is large.
D)the number of features in the display is large.
Q2) Hillyard and colleagues (1973)recorded event-related potentials (ERP)from participants while they performed a dichotic listening task.When comparing the ERPs collected when participants attended to a given signal to when they ignored this signal,the researchers found that auditory ERPs
A)began later for attended versus unattended signals.
B)began earlier for attended versus unattended signals.
C)were larger for attended versus unattended signals.
D)were smaller for attended versus unattended signals.
Q3) The P1 ERP is associated most closely with the
A)direction of attention to the spatial location of a visually presented object.
B)pop-out of feature-based visual targets in visual search.
C)direction of attention to the specific ear through which a particular signal is presented.
D)increased activity of cells in the primary and secondary auditory cortex.
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Cognitive Control
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Sample Questions
Q1) The hypothesis that different regions of the brain process visuospatial and verbal information is an example of a ________ account of brain specialization.
A)domain-general
B)process-general
C)content-based
D)process-based
Q2) Which aspects of memory are compromised following damage to the frontal lobe? Which aspects are relatively unimpaired?
Q3) People with frontal lobe damage will likely have trouble with A)learning a fact like "the body of water between Russian and Iran is the Caspian Sea." B)remembering the context in which a new fact was learned.
C)both a and
D)neither a nor b.
Q4) Three main subdivisions of the prefrontal cortex are the
A)primary motor cortex,lateral prefrontal cortex,and frontal pole.
B)lateral prefrontal cortex,frontal pole,and medial frontal cortex.
C)frontal pole,medial frontal cortex,and anterior cingulate.
D)medial frontal cortex,anterior cingulate,and primary motor cortex.
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Social Cognition
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65 Verified Questions
65 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the somatic marker hypothesis,people with damage to the orbitofrontal cortex may fail to inhibit socially inappropriate behavior because
A)they are easily distracted and unable to select responses effectively.
B)information about the emotional consequences of their actions has been lost.
C)they have a working memory deficit that makes it difficult for them to consider all of their response options.
D)their injuries produce a general impairment of intellect that makes rational thought difficult.
Q2) False-belief tasks require participants to direct their attention away from invalid information to answer questions about another person's mental states.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Phineas Gage was a famous neurological patient who suffered damage to the orbitofrontal cortex.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What evidence supports the notion that autistic people are "mindblind"? What are some alternative hypotheses?
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Chapter 15: Evolutionary Perspectives
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Sample Questions
Q1) The relationship between which of the following pairs of traits is homoplasic?
A)Human hands and bat wings
B)Human MT and gorilla MT
C)Human eyes and reptilian eyes
D)Human music and birdsong
Q2) Which of the following LEAST exemplifies a topic in the field of ethology?
A)The ability of an insect to find its way home after foraging
B)The ability of a pigeon to learn a delayed-response task in the laboratory
C)The ability of birds to learn the position of the celestial pole in the night sky
D)The ability of a chimpanzee to recognize the aggressive facial expression of another chimpanzee
Q3) As a general rule,traits that can be found across a large number of species
A)tend to be adaptations.
B)tend to be exaptations.
C)tend to be older evolutionarily.
D)tend to be younger evolutionarily.
Q4) What is the difference between an adaptation and an exaptation?
Q5) How might you evaluate the claim that human language was shaped directly by natural selection? Could language be an exaptation?
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