Human Brain and Behavior Exam Practice Tests
Course Introduction
This course explores the intricate relationship between the human brain and behavior, offering an in-depth examination of how neural mechanisms give rise to cognitive functions, emotions, and individual differences. Students will study the anatomical structures and physiological processes that underpin perception, learning, memory, language, and decision-making. The course integrates findings from neuroscience, psychology, and cognitive science to illustrate how brain dysfunction can lead to behavioral and psychological disorders. Through lectures, discussions, and scientific literature, participants will gain a foundational understanding of how brain activity translates into the complex tapestry of human behavior.
Recommended Textbook
Cognitive Neuroscience 5th Edition by Michael Gazzaniga
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14 Chapters
990 Verified Questions
990 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: A Brief History of Cognitive Neuroscience
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Sample Questions
Q1) In developing phrenology, Gall's main failure was that
A)he did not seek disconfirming evidence.
B)he was not a scientist.
C)his method was correlational.
D)All of the answer options are correct.
Answer: D
Q2) Aside from saving Anne Green's life, Thomas Willis and Christopher Wren also
A)created very accurate drawings of the brain.
B)came up with the names of a number of brain structures.
C)took the first steps that led to cognitive neuroscience.
D)All of the answer options are correct.
Answer: D
Q3) Which of the following things would have been the most difficult for the famous individual studied by Paul Broca to do, compared to before his stroke?
A)listening to a piano recital
B)appreciating a painting
C)reading a book aloud
D)playing a game of cards
Answer: C
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Structure and Function of the Nervous System
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Sample Questions
Q1) The ease with which a cell membrane will permit ions to cross is referred to as A)the concentration gradient.
B)permeability.
C)the action potential.
D)conductivity.
Answer: B
Q2) A patient reports that she is functionally blind after a focal brain injury, even though her eyes and optic nerves are completely intact. Of the structures listed here, the most probable location for the brain injury is the
A)inferior colliculus.
B)lateral geniculate nucleus.
C)superior temporal lobe.
D)postcentral gyrus.
Answer: B
Q3) The role of calcium ions (Ca² ) in synaptic transmission is to
A)bind neurotransmitter molecules to the postsynaptic membrane.
B)mediate the release of neurotransmitter molecules from the presynaptic neuron.
C)repolarize the postsynaptic cell after transmission has been completed.
D)increase the activity of the sodium-potassium pumps in the presynaptic cell.
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience
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70 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the Stroop effect? Describe a principle of cognition that the task's results reveal.
Answer: The Stroop effect is a psychological phenomenon that occurs when the brain experiences interference between processing different types of information. In the classic Stroop task, participants are asked to name the color of the ink in which words are written. The task becomes more challenging when the words themselves are color words (e.g., the word "red" written in blue ink). This creates a conflict between the automatic processing of word reading and the controlled processing of identifying the ink color.
The results of the Stroop task reveal a principle of cognition known as interference. This principle demonstrates that when conflicting information is presented, such as the color word and the actual ink color in the Stroop task, it takes the brain longer to process and respond to the task at hand. This highlights the complex nature of cognitive processing and the challenges that arise when automatic and controlled processes come into conflict. The Stroop effect has been used to study attention, cognitive flexibility, and the brain's ability to manage conflicting information.
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Chapter 4: Hemispheric Specialization
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe how the facial expressions of right- and left-hemisphere-damaged patients differ.
Q2) Which of the following people would be most likely to receive the split-brain procedure?
A)a person with amnesia
B)a person with schizophrenia
C)a person with aphasia
D)a person with epilepsy
Q3) Dr. Joseph Bogen severed the corpus callosum of patient W.J. in order to relieve which symptom(s)?
A)seizures
B)cold sweats
C)dizziness
D)memory loss
Q4) To which of the following aspects of language does the right hemisphere seem to make the smallest contribution, if any?
A)generative syntax
B)the mental lexicon
C)emotional prosody
D)spontaneous facial expressions
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Sensation and Perception
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Sample Questions
Q1) The orbitofrontal cortex is an integration area for which two senses?
A)somatosensation and vision
B)vision and audition
C)olfaction and gustation
D)somatosensation and proprioception
Q2) What would the subjective experience of color-grapheme synesthesia be like?
Describe an experiment (real or hypothetical) that would demonstrate that these associations are automatically experienced.
Q3) The two ears of the barn owl are positioned asymmetrically on the head, improving sound localization in the vertical direction.
A)True
B)False
Q4) If you have a patient with significant photoreceptor loss, what is the BEST treatment available that you can offer?
A)Eyeglasses
B)Subretinal implant
C)Epiretinal implants
D)Cochlear implants
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Chapter 6: Object Recognition
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Sample Questions
Q1) In functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies, when a stimulus is repeated, the BOLD response can be ________ for the second presentation compared to the first. This is known as the ________________.
A)lower; repetition enhancement effect
B)lower; repetition suppression effect
C)higher; repetition enhancement effect
D)higher; repetition suppression effect
Q2) A major source of evidence against the idea that faces are processed in a special neural region in humans is that the candidate region
A)is used to process a variety of perceptual stimuli in nonhuman primates.
B)is also involved in processing highly familiar places.
C)is recruited when people have to make discriminations among highly familiar stimuli.
D)varies significantly in location from person to person.
Q3) Selective damage to the primary visual cortex typically leads to visual agnosia.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Explain a category-based and property-based organization of semantic knowledge. Discuss evidence in favor of each account.
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Attention
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Sample Questions
Q1) Results of the Posner spatial cuing task (1980) showed that cuing participants to the location of an upcoming target decreased their reaction time to detect it because attention enhanced perceptual processing for the target. This finding is most consistent with ________ models of attention.
A)gating
B)bottleneck
C)early-selection
D)late-selection
Q2) The observation that participants are actually slower to detect targets that appear at recent previously attended locations is called
A)attentional fatigue.
B)exogenous cuing.
C)inhibition of return.
D)pop-out search.
Q3) In visual search tasks, the amount of time it takes to find a target among distracters is independent of the number of distracters if the target can be identified by a single feature.
A)True
B)False
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Action
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Sample Questions
Q1) Studies of deafferentation and its effect on movement control in humans and other species demonstrate that
A)movement depends on internal mental representations of the consequences of motor commands.
B)movement depends on the availability of intact sensory feedback from effectors.
C)movement is controlled by information from sensory receptors rather than muscles.
D)movement is controlled differently in humans than in other primate species.
Q2) When a voluntary movement such as contracting one's right biceps is generated, what other signals, if any, must accompany this command?
A)A signal to antagonist muscles, such as the right triceps, to relax.
B)A signal to antagonist muscles, such as the right triceps, to flex simultaneously.
C)A signal to antagonist muscles, such as the left biceps, to relax.
D)No other signal is necessary.
Q3) Single axons of the corticospinal tract can extend for more than one meter.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) Hebbian learning occurs when
A)a synapse is strengthened by the synchronous activity of the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons.
B)a synapse is weakened by the synchronous activity of the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons.
C)short-term memories represented in the hippocampus are consolidated to the cortex. D)short-term memories represented in the cortex are consolidated to the hippocampus.
Q2) Under the standard consolidation theory, the involvement of the hippocampus in accessing memories is best described as A)temporary.
B)permanent.
C)flexible.
D)rigid.
Q3) Your textbook describes several different proposed distinctions in memory, including short-term and long-term, declarative and nondeclarative, and episodic and semantic. How do these different terms interrelate? What evidence supports these distinctions?
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11
Chapter 10: Emotion
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which statement best characterizes the insula's role in emotional processing?
A)The insula processes interoception and bodily states, and plays a role in connecting the physiology of emotion with emotional state.
B)The insula receives information about emotional state and feeds it back to the body, which produces interoception.
C)The insula is primarily involved with decision making and the perception of emotions in other people, and thus is most associated with social cognition.
D)The insula is primarily involved with the same domains of emotional processing as the amygdala.
Q2) A double dissociation has been demonstrated between people with damage to the ________, who show impairment in the explicit or declarative aspects of fear conditioning, and people with damage to the ________, who show impairment in the implicit or nondeclarative aspects of fear conditioning.
A)frontal lobe; hippocampus
B)hippocampus; amygdala
C)amygdala; basal ganglia
D)basal ganglia; frontal lobe
Q3) Describe the role of the insula in emotion.
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Language
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Sample Questions
Q1) Recent studies have shown that the lesion associated with persistent severe Wernicke's aphasia may have to include not only Wernicke's area itself, but also
A)Broca's area.
B)the analogous region of cortex in the right hemisphere.
C)the white matter tracts below Wernicke's area.
D)the arcuate fasciculus.
Q2) What are the three stages of processing after a word is perceptually analyzed? Does this differ for visual and auditory processing? Why or why not?
Q3) Semantic priming effects are due to spreading activation in many models of lexical processing.
A)True
B)False
Q4) People with Broca's aphasia may have subtle deficits in their ability to comprehend language based on its grammatical structure. This symptom is called
A)aphemia.
B)alexia.
C)agrammatism.
D)semantic dementia.
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Chapter 12: Cognitive Control
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Sample Questions
Q1) The lateral prefrontal cortex is important for working memory tasks.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The human analog of the delayed-response task that is used as a test of cognitive development in human infants is the ________ task.
A)delayed-reward
B)object permanence
C)sensorimotor development
D)conservation of quantity
Q3) At any given time, many different schema control units may be activated. However, we can rarely carry out more than one unit at a time and must select the most appropriate one to translate into action. The units are mutually inhibitory, and only the most activated one wins the competition for expression. This type of selection mechanism is called
A)the supervisory attentional system.
B)contention scheduling.
C)the somatic marker hypothesis.
D)utilization behavior.
Q4) Is there more than one decision system? Provide evidence to support your view.
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Chapter 13: Social Cognition
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Sample Questions
Q1) Information processed in relation to the self is better remembered than that which is processed in relation to others.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The Sally-Anne task is used to test whether someone can understand how others' thoughts differ from our own. Describe two populations that have difficulty with this task. What is similar or different about these populations?
Q3) What were the circumstances under which Phineas Gage sustained his brain injury?
A)a 20-foot fall during construction of the Eiffel Tower that resulted in coup-contrecoup injury
B)a gunshot wound during the Battle of Gettysburg that penetrated his skull
C)an explosion while laying a Vermont railway that sent a tamping iron through his head
D)a shipwreck off the coast of Australia that deprived his brain of oxygen for 10 minutes
Q4) People with orbitofrontal damage show difficulty with which types of tasks? Describe their symptoms. How are they different from children with autism?
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Chapter 14: The Consciousness Problem
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following abilities do chimpanzees NOT possess?
A)gaze-following
B)sharing intentionality
C)deceiving others
D)learning from others
Q2) Regarding layered architecture, "abstraction" refers to the phenomenon that the processing of each layer is hidden from the following layer.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which system processes novel task demands under the scaffolding to storage framework?
A)scaffolding
B)storage
C)both scaffolding and storage
D)neither scaffolding nor storage
Q4) Typically, split-brain patients are initially very distressed when unable to verbally communicate what they are seeing in their left visual field.
A)True
B)False
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