Human Biomechanics
Mock Exam
Course Introduction
Human Biomechanics explores the mechanical principles that govern human movement, analyzing how forces interact with the body to produce motion and maintain stability. This course covers foundational concepts such as kinematics, kinetics, levers, and the study of musculoskeletal structure as they relate to functional activities like walking, running, and jumping. Emphasis is placed on understanding the physiological and anatomical factors influencing movement, injury prevention, and rehabilitation. Students will gain practical skills in measuring and evaluating biomechanical data, providing a critical basis for applications in physical therapy, sports science, ergonomics, and related health professions.
Recommended Textbook
Joint Structure and Function 5th Edition by Pamela K. Levangie
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12 Chapters
299 Verified Questions
299 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Biomechanical Applications to Joint Structure and Function
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24 Verified Questions
24 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following best describes torque?
A) The force a muscle generates
B) A force times the perpendicular distance from the line of force to the axis of rotation
C) A force times the distance measured along the lever from the line of force to the axis of rotation
D) The distance a muscle can move
Answer: B
Q2) Which of the following describes the phenomenon that causes a body moving at a constant speed to remain at that speed,unless it is acted upon by another body or force?
A) Impulse
B) Energy level
C) Law of Reaction
D) Law of Inertia
Answer: D
Q3) Is naming the plane of motion considered part of kinetics or kinematics? Why?
Answer: Kinematics.It is purely a description of motion without regard to the forces causing it.
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Chapter 2: Joint Structure and Function
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29 Verified Questions
29 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Increasing the rate of application of a force causes a ligament to ____________________.
A) store less energy to failure
B) require more force to rupture
C) decrease stiffness
D) elongate more
Answer: B
Q2) Describe the arrangement of fibers in hyaline cartilage.Why is this arrangement suited to its function?
Answer: The outer layer (zone I)has parallel fibers suited to the function of reducing friction between contacting surfaces.The middle layer (zone II)is a lattice-work arrangement,allowing this layer to change shape to absorb shock and squeeze fluid in and out.The inner layer (zone III)contains fibers that are also aligned perpendicular to the bone surface to secure the tissue into the calcified layer of cartilage (zone IV).
Q3) The plastic portion of the stress-strain curve pictured above lies between:
A) Point A and point B
B) Point A and point D
C) Point B and point D
Answer: C
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Muscle Structure and Function
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24 Verified Questions
24 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Maintaining a posture for a prolonged period of time requires muscles that are slow to fatigue and able to make small adjustments in muscle tension.Therefore,muscles with a high percentage of ________________muscle fibers would be very active during a maintained posture.
A) Type I
B) Type IIB
C) Type IIA
Answer: A
Q2) Your patient attempts to strengthen his triceps by positioning his shoulder at the end of range of shoulder and elbow extension.He reports weakness and inability to extend his shoulder more in this position.His report may best be explained by which of the following?
A) Active insufficiency of the biceps
B) Active insufficiency of the triceps
C) Passive insufficiency of the biceps
D) Passive insufficiency of the triceps
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: The Vertebral Column
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36 Verified Questions
36 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe how maintaining the head in normal vertical alignment (head/optical righting)causes the pelvis,spine,and joints of the lower extremities to behave as part of a closed kinematic chain.
Q2) The orientation of the facet joints in the thoracic spine causes the facets to function best in which of the following functions?
A) Limiting lateral flexion
B) Limiting rotation
C) Limiting extension
D) Limiting lateral translation
Q3) The orientation of the uncinate processes in the cervical spine function to limit which of the following motions?
A) Vertebral body anterior shear
B) Vertebral body lateral translation
C) Vertebral body superior translation
D) Vertebral body posterior shear
Q4) Identify and describe the three articulations of the atlantoaxial joint.
Q5) Compare the mobility-stability of the cervical (C2 to C7)and thoracic regions,including the structures implicated.
Q6) What is the function of lumbopelvic rhythm? To what is this analogous?
Page 6
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Chapter 5: The Thorax and Chest Wall
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15 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) During respiration,motion occurs at both the costovertebral and costotransverse joints.Which of the following statements is true regarding the axis of motion and the type of motion that occurs at these joints?
A) The axis of motion of the upper ribs is close to the sagittal plane.
B) The axis of motion of the lower ribs is close to the frontal plane.
C) Motion of the upper ribs increases in the transverse (medial/lateral)diameter of the thorax.
D) The lateral end of the lower ribs is displaced laterally.
Q2) What makes up the interchondral joints?
Q3) Which of the following statements is true regarding the ribs?
A) Ribs 11 and 12 are considered false ribs,because they attach indirectly to the sternum through the cartilages of the eighth and 10th ribs.
B) The lateral portion of the tubercle of the rib articulates with the transverse process to form the costotransverse joint.
C) The crest of the head of a typical rib articulates with the intervertebral disc above.
D) The subclavian vessels and a portion of the brachial plexus create a groove on the inferior surface of the first rib.
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Chapter 6: The Temporomandibular Joint
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18 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following muscles is considered to be a prime mover for mandibular lateral deviation to the right?
A) Right masseter
B) Right medial and lateral pterygoid
C) Left medial and lateral pterygoid
D) Left temporalis
Q2) What is the significance of a "reciprocal click"?
Q3) Upon examination of your patient's temporomandibular joint (TMJs),you observe the following amount of active range of motion (AROM): opening 55 mm; (L)lateral deviation 8 mm; (R)lateral deviation 8 mm; and protrusion 12 mm.Based on your knowledge of normal values of AROM of the TMJ,you would conclude that there is:
A) Less than expected opening and protrusion
B) Less than expected lateral deviation bilaterally
C) Greater than expected opening and protrusion
D) Excessive motion in all directions
Q4) Describe the attachments of the articular disc of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ).
Q5) What is the relationship of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)with the cervical spine?
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Chapter 7: The Shoulder Complex
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25 Verified Questions
25 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following best describes the structure of the glenohumeral (GH)joint?
A) The joint surfaces of the GH joint are naturally congruent and stable.
B) The glenoid labrum enhances the depth of the glenoid fossa.
C) The glenoid fossa,by itself,is three times larger than the humeral with which it articulates.
D) The glenoid labrum is a thin hyaline cartilage structure.
Q2) What accounts for the static stability of the glenohumeral (GH)joint when the arm is at the side? What happens if you excessively load the hanging (dependent)limb?
Q3) The external rotation that occurs at the glenohumeral joint after 80° to 90° of abduction produces a(n)________________roll and a(n)________________glide of the humeral head on the glenoid fossa.
A) posterior,posterior
B) anterior,anterior
C) anterior,posterior
D) posterior,anterior
Q4) How would range and strength of abduction of the upper extremity be affected if there were paralysis of the deltoid muscle?
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Chapter 8: The Elbow Complex
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which muscles are the first recruited in forearm supination and pronation?
Q2) What is the causative mechanism and the structure(s)involved in "Nursemaid's elbow"?
Q3) Where would you position the elbow joint to optimize the biomechanical effects of both the brachialis and the biceps brachii?
Q4) In full elbow extension,varus stability is provided by which of the following bony and/or noncontractile soft tissue structures?
A) Configuration of the joint surfaces,medial collateral ligament,anterior ligament
B) Posterior ligament,configuration of the joint surfaces,annular ligament
C) Oblique cord,quadrate ligament,configuration of the joint surfaces
D) Configuration of the joint surfaces,joint capsule,lateral collateral ligament
Q5) Which of the following structures is the primary stabilizer of elbow to valgus stress between 20° and 120° flexion?
A) Quadrate ligament
B) Oblique cord
C) Annular ligament
D) Medial collateral ligament
Q6) What is the causative mechanism and the structure(s)involved in "tennis elbow"?
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Chapter 9: The Wrist and Hand Complex
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36 Verified Questions
36 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The midcarpal joint favors which of the following directions?
A) Flexion and radial deviation
B) Flexion and ulnar deviation
C) Extension and ulnar deviation
D) Extension and radial deviation
Q2) Which of the following is the anatomical basis of the longitudinal palmar arch?
A) The adjustable positions of the first,fourth,and fifth metacarpals around the fixed second and third metacarpals,and the musculature of the flexor digitorum profundus (FDP)and flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS)
B) The fact that the third metacarpal is the longest bone in the hand
C) The relatively mobile unit formed by the second and third metacarpal as they articulate with the trapezium and trapezoid,and the musculature of the FDP and FDS
D) The carpal arch
Q3) At what points in the range do each of the following joint motions begin and end as the wrist moves from flexion to extension: (a)radiocarpal motion,(b)midcarpal motion,or (c)distal carpal row/scaphoid on lunate/triquetrum.
Q4) What is the major function of the wrist complex?
Q5) Why is it hypothesized that the ECU is active during wrist flexion?
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Chapter 10: The Hip Complex
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20 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) During ambulation,a patient complains of left hip pain when stepping forward with the right leg.You suspect that this is due to degenerative changes at the hip joint and wish to reduce the amount of compressive forces at the left hip joint during ambulation.When considering the mechanical forces acting on the left hip joint,which of the following would be most effective in reducing the hip joint compression force?
A) Using a cane in the right hand with a moment arm of 15 inches
B) Using a cane in the right hand with a moment arm of 20 inches
C) Using a cane in the left hand with a moment arm of 5 inches
D) It is not possible to distinguish between these answers with the information given.
Q2) A patient with femoral anteversion will present with which of the following apparent range of motion (ROM)adaptations at the hip?
A) Increased lateral rotation and decreased medial rotation
B) Decreased lateral rotation and increased medial rotation
C) Symmetric lateral and medial rotation
Q3) What is the close-packed position of the hip joint?
Q4) How can the two-joint hip muscles affect this rhythm?
Q5) What is the role of the ligamentum teres at the hip joint?
Q6) What forces maintain A-P equilibrium of the hip joints in bilateral stance?
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Chapter 11: The Knee Complex
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22 Verified Questions
22 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Identify the bursae of the knee joint.Which of these are generally separate from and which are part of the capsule?
Q2) Passive insufficiency of which knee joint muscle would limit knee flexion?
A) Rectus femoris
B) Biceps femoris
C) Popliteus
D) Vastus lateralis
Q3) A person assumes a squat position to lift a heavy box.As the person assumes a fully upright position,the patella will move in two directions.Which of the following best describes the movement of the patella during this activity?
A) From lateral \(\to\) medial \(\to\) lateral and from cranial \(\to\) caudal
B) From medial \(\to\) lateral \(\to\)medial and from cranial \(\to\)caudal
C) From lateral \(\to\) medial \(\to\) lateral and from caudal \(\to\) cranial
D) From medial \(\to\) lateral \(\to\) medial and from caudal \(\to\) cranial
Q4) Describe the congruency of the tibiofemoral joint.What factors add to or detract from stability?
Q5) Which facet(s)of the patella are subject to the earliest degenerative changes under normal conditions? Why?
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Chapter 12: The Ankle and Foot Complex
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26 Verified Questions
26 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following combinations of ligaments makes up the primary ligamentous support of the medial longitudinal arch?
A) Short plantar ligament,cervical ligament,and long plantar ligament
B) Short plantar ligament,spring ligament,and long plantar ligament
C) Spring ligament,bifurcate ligament,and long plantar ligament
D) Short plantar ligament,bifurcate ligament,and cervical ligament
Q2) Which functions of the foot are best achieved by supination at the foot?
A) Provide an accommodative structure at heel strike.
B) Assist in attenuating impact during early stance.
C) Provide a rigid lever for push-off.
D) Absorb transverse plane rotation of the lower limb.
Q3) During closed chain pronation,____________________.
A) the lower limb medially rotates,creating a flexion moment at the knee
B) the lower limb laterally rotates,creating a flexion moment at the knee
C) the lower limb medially rotates,creating an extension moment at the knee
D) the lower limb laterally rotates,creating an extension moment at the knee
Q4) What is the metatarsal break? What function does it serve and when does this function occur?
Q5) Describe the three articular surfaces of the subtalar joint,including the capsular arrangement.
14
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