Human Biology Solved Exam Questions - 1325 Verified Questions
Human Biology
Solved Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Human Biology explores the structure, function, and processes of the human body at the cellular, tissue, organ, and system levels. The course covers essential topics such as genetics, physiology, nutrition, reproduction, immunity, and disease, emphasizing how biological principles apply to health and everyday life. By integrating scientific concepts with real-world examples, students gain a comprehensive understanding of how the body works, adapts, and interacts with its environment, laying the groundwork for studies in health sciences, medicine, and human development.
Recommended Textbook
Campbell Essential Biology with Physiology 4th Edition by Eric J. Simon
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are eukaryotic genes composed of?
A) RNA
B) organelles
C) RNA and DNA
D) DNA
Answer: D
Q2) In a scientific experiment,the control group ______.
A) serves as a basis of comparison with the experimental group
B) is subjected to the factor whose effect is being tested
C) allows for the simultaneous testing of multiple variables
D) is required for the validity of discovery science
Answer: A
Q3) Which domain(s)consist(s)of prokaryotic cells?
A) Bacteria only
B) Eukarya only
C) Archaea and Eukarya
D) Bacteria and Archaea
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: Essential Chemistry for Biology
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Q1) The second electron shell of an atom can hold a maximum of ______ electron(s).
A) 1
B) 2
C) 6
D) 8
Answer: D
Q2) Sugar dissolves when stirred into water.The sugar is the ______,the water is the ______,and the sweetened water is the ______.
A) solution... solvent... solute
B) solute... solvent... solution
C) solvent... solute... solution
D) solution... solute... solvent
Answer: B
Q3) Which of the following is the most likely reason why the ice struck Heather's nose when she took a drink?
A) Water can store large amounts of heat.
B) Water can moderate temperatures through evaporative cooling.
C) The density of water decreases when it freezes.
D) Water has a cohesive nature.
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: A Tour of the Cell
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Q1) The structural combination of DNA and protein forms ______.
A) nucleoli
B) nucleoplasm
C) chromatin
D) ribosomes
Q2) Which of the following parts of a cell is (are)most like the shipping center of a company?
A) the Golgi apparatus
B) mitochondria
C) chloroplasts
D) the nucleolus
Q3) Most human cells contain ______ chromosomes.
A) 36
B) 46
C) 2
D) 23
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Page 6
Chapter 5: The Working Cell
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Q1) Energy is transferred from ATP to other molecules by transferring a(n)______.
A) adenosine
B) heat unit
C) photon
D) phosphate group
Q2) Which one of the following is most similar to the mechanism of an enzyme inhibitor?
A) keeping someone from parking by parking in their designated spot
B) driving the wrong way on a one-way street
C) forgetting to put a cap back on a pen
D) changing the tires on a car
Q3) Some protozoans have special organelles called contractile vacuoles that continually eliminate excess water from the cell.The presence of these organelles tells you that the environment ______.
A) is isotonic to the protozoan
B) is hypotonic to the protozoan
C) is hypertonic to the protozoan
D) contains a higher concentration of solutes than the protozoan
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Chapter 6: Cellular Respiration: Obtaining Energy from Food
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Q1) Which of the following metabolic pathways is common to both aerobic and anaerobic processes of sugar breakdown?
A) the citric acid cycle
B) the electron transport chain
C) conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid
D) glycolysis
Q2) Some friends are trying to make wine in their basement.They've added yeast to a sweet grape juice mixture and have allowed the yeast to grow.After several days they find that sugar levels in the grape juice have dropped,but there's no alcohol in the mixture.The most likely explanation is that ______.
A) the mixture needs more sugar; yeast need a lot of energy before they can begin to produce alcohol
B) the mixture needs less oxygen; yeast only produce alcohol in the absence of oxygen
C) the mixture needs more oxygen; yeast need oxygen to break down sugar to produce alcohol
D) the mixture needs less sugar; high sugar concentrations stimulate cellular respiration, and alcohol is not a by-product of cellular respiration
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Page 8
Chapter 8: Cellular Reproduction: Cells from Cells
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Q1) A ______ describes a site of crossing over.
A) chiasma
B) histone
C) synapse
D) centromere
Q2) Ordinary cell division produces two daughter cells that are genetically identical.This type of cell division is important for all of the following functions EXCEPT
A) growth of a multicellular organism.
B) cell replacement.
C) production of sperm and eggs.
D) asexual reproduction.
Q3) Which of the following occurs during prophase?
A) Chromosomes line up on the midline of the cell.
B) The nuclear envelope forms.
C) Sister chromatids separate.
D) The mitotic spindle begins to form.
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Chapter 9: Patterns of Inheritance
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Q1) Linked genes are usually
A) found on the X chromosome.
B) found on the Y chromosome.
C) codominant.
D) located close together on a chromosome.
Q2) Mary has the genotype ______.
A) WW
B) ww
C) Ww
D) more information is needed.
Q3) What would genetic counselors say is the probability that the second child will have the disease?
A) 1/2
B) 1/4
C) 1/8
D) 1/16
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Chapter 10: The Structure and Function of DNA
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Q1) The modern phrasing of Beadle and Tatum's hypothesis about relationships between genes and their products is "one gene-one ______."
A) enzyme
B) RNA
C) protein
D) polypeptide
Q2) The DNA codon AGT codes for an amino acid carried by a tRNA with the anticodon ______.
A) TCU
B) AGU
C) TCA
D) AGT
Q3) How many amino acids are common to all living systems?
A) 10
B) 20
C) 30
D) 100
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Chapter 11: How Genes Are Controlled
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Q1) In prokaryotes,the production of a single RNA transcript for a group of related genes is under the control of the ______.
A) operon
B) master control gene
C) signal transduction pathway
D) homeobox
Q2) In eukaryotic cells,repressor proteins inhibit transcription by binding to ______.
A) silencers
B) enhancers
C) regulators
D) operators
Q3) In an operon,the ______ acts as an on/off switch.
A) operator
B) promoter
C) activator
D) repressor
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Chapter 12: DNA Technology
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Q1) Of these steps,which one occurs earliest in the process of producing recombinant DNA?
A) Human DNA fragments are mixed with the cut plasmids.
B) The same restriction enzyme is used to isolate the gene of interest and to cut the plasmid DNA.
C) The recombinant plasmids are mixed with bacteria.
D) Bacteria carrying recombinant plasmids are cloned.
Q2) You can use this DNA fingerprinting information to make a judgment about maternity because ______.
A) the shade of DNA bands will differ
B) both mother and daughter contain only X chromosomes
C) of the position of the bands in the gel
D) of the size of the bands
Q3) A collection of cloned DNA fragments that includes an organism's entire genome is called a ______.
A) phenotypic library
B) gene repository
C) clone collection
D) genomic library
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Page 14
Chapter 13: How Populations Evolve
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Q1) If the frequency of one allele in a population is 0.7,what is the frequency of the alternate allele?
A) 0.09
B) 0.21
C) 0.30
D) 0.42
Q2) After surviving a bottleneck,a population recovers to the point where it consists of as many individuals as it did prior to the bottleneck.Which of the following statements is most likely to apply to this population?
A) The postbottleneck population exhibits less genetic variation than the prebottleneck population.
B) The bottleneck subjected the population to stabilizing selection.
C) The postbottleneck population has less of a chance of going extinct than did the prebottleneck population.
D) The postbottleneck population exhibits more genetic variation than the prebottleneck population.
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15
Chapter 14: How Biological Diversity Evolves
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Q1) Under the biological species concept,what criterion is used to assign populations of organisms to the same biological species?
A) a very similar appearance
B) being able to interbreed and produce fertile offspring
C) relating to the environment in the same way
D) having 99% of their genes in common
Q2) Which of the following would be an example of paedomorphosis?
A) starfish regenerating severed limbs
B) rapid evolution in a small, isolated population
C) two species evolving a similar appearance
D) the ability to reproduce evolving in caterpillars
Q3) Graphically,the graduated model of speciation can be described as appearing as a ______.
A) Y
B) W
C) horizontal line with vertical branches
D) vertical line with horizontal branches
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Chapter 15: The Evolution of Microbial Life
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Q1) Land was first colonized about ______ years ago.
A) 100 million
B) 500 million
C) 1.7 billion
D) 2.5 billion
Q2) According to the theory of endosymbiosis,which organelles evolved from small prokaryotes that established residence within other,larger prokaryotes?
A) vacuoles and lysosomes
B) Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum
C) centrioles and ribosomes
D) mitochondria and chloroplasts
Q3) A photoautotrophic unicellular organism with a shell made of silica is most likely a(n)______.
A) apicomplexan
B) foram
C) dinoflagellate
D) diatom
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Chapter 16: Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land
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Q1) Which of these adaptations to a terrestrial existence evolved most recently?
A) vascular tissue
B) seeds
C) gametangia
D) cuticle
Q2) Nearly all food plants are as ______.
A) bryophytes
B) gymnosperms
C) ferns
D) angiosperms
Q3) Nutritionally,all fungi are ______.
A) chemoheterotrophs
B) photoautotrophs
C) chemoautotrophs
D) parasites
Q4) Of the following,which is the earliest step in the formation of fossil fuels?
A) subjecting organic matter to extreme pressure
B) fungi and bacteria converting the remains of organisms to inorganic nutrients
C) incomplete decomposition of organic matter
D) subjecting organic matter to extreme heat
Page 18
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Chapter 17: The Evolution of Animals
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Q1) A(n)______ is an example of a mollusc that does not have a shell.
A) octopus
B) snail
C) squid
D) oyster
Q2) A true coelom is ______.
A) completely lined with tissue derived from endoderm
B) completely lined with tissue derived from mesoderm
C) formed when a zygote develops into a blastula
D) completely lined with tissue derived from ectoderm
Q3) There are more species of ______ than of any other type of animal.
A) nematodes
B) molluscs
C) arthropods
D) chordates
Q4) Where did humans first appear?
A) South America
B) Africa
C) Asia
D) Europe
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Chapter 18: An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere
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Q1) Which of the following actions would increase your carbon footprint?
A) reusing or recycling items
B) eating more vegetables and less meat
C) eating more beef and less chicken
D) walking instead of driving
Q2) What name is given to the region where sea meets land?
A) pelagic realm
B) intertidal zone
C) benthic realm
D) aphotic zone
Q3) Which of these is a community?
A) all of the Staphlococcus aureus (a species of bacteria) living on your skin
B) all of the organisms living in your home
C) all of the people living in your neighborhood
D) all of the nut grass (considered a weed) in my backyard
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Chapter 19: Population Ecology
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Q1) Which of these factors operates in a density-dependent manner?
A) blizzard
B) volcanic eruption
C) food supply
D) flood
Q2) Which population is growing at the fastest rate?
A) Population A
B) Population B
C) Population C
Q3) The Endangered Species Act aims to help protect species that ______.
A) are in danger of extinction
B) have suffered significant habitat destruction
C) compete with invasive species
D) are economically valuable
Q4) A study of the human ecological footprint shows that ______.
A) we have already overshot the planet's capacity to sustain us
B) Earth can sustain the current population, but not much more
C) Earth can sustain a population about double the current population
D) human population size will soon crash
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Chapter 20: Communities and Ecosystems
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Q1) Despite being used for many years,quinine-based drugs have not led to the eradication of malaria and currently there are mosquitoes that are resistant to the compound. Which of the following were likely important in the development of this resistance to quinine?
A) natural selection
B) mutualism
C) interspecific competition
D) biological magnification
Q2) Which of these convert organic matter to inorganic matter by breaking down dead organisms?
A) producers
B) detritivores
C) decomposers
D) primary consumers
Q3) The present rate of species loss ______.
A) suggests that about 25% of all plant and animal species may be extinct by the end of the century
B) is about the same as it has been during the last 100,000 years
C) is as much as 100 times higher than at any time in the last 100,000 years
D) is slower than in recent years because of conservation efforts
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Chapter 21: Unifying Concepts of Animal Structure and Function
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Q1) Which of the following is a source of water loss in humans?
A) urination
B) defecation
C) breathing
D) all of the above
Q2) Which of the following statements apply to freshwater fish?
A) They lose water by osmosis.
B) The concentration of solutes in their internal fluids is lower than in the surrounding water.
C) They pump out ions via the gills.
D) They produce dilute urine.
Q3) Excretion is the movement of substances from the ______ to the ______.
A) filtrate... blood
B) kidney... urinary bladder
C) blood... filtrate
D) kidneys... outside
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Chapter 22: Nutrition and Digestion
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Q1) You must obtain ______.
A) essential nutrients
B) fuel to power all body activities
C) organic raw materials to make your own molecules
D) all of the above
Q2) Vitamins are ______.
A) organic molecules that are required in the diet in very small amounts
B) nutrients that we can synthesize from simpler molecules
C) important supplements for children, but not adults
D) required to synthesize most amino acids
Q3) When the wall of the stomach fails to protect itself from erosion by gastric juice,the result is ______.
A) heartburn
B) a duodenal ulcer
C) GERD
D) a gastric ulcer
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Chapter 23: Circulation and Respiration
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Q1) Leukemia ______.
A) decreases the production of white blood cells
B) increases the production of red blood cells
C) is a cancer of the white blood cells
D) is a cancer that arises in the lungs
Q2) Together,inhalation and exhalation are referred to as ______.
A) diffusion
B) breathing
C) active transport
D) negative pressure
Q3) Veins carry ______.
A) blood away from the heart
B) oxygen-rich blood
C) oxygen-poor blood
D) blood toward the heart
Q4) Which of these animals has a double circulatory system?
A) fish
B) grasshopper
C) dog
D) hydra
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Chapter 24: The Body's Defenses
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Q1) Anaphylactic shock ______.
A) occurs when blood vessels constrict abruptly
B) is a symptom of an immunodeficiency disease
C) causes blood pressure to drop dangerously
D) has no treatment
Q2) A primary immune response is the ______.
A) production of primary-type antibodies in the first day of exposure to a microorganism
B) immune response elicited by the primary antigen of a disease-causing microorganism
C) immune response elicited by the first exposure of lymphocytes to a particular antigen
D) immune response elicited by the first exposure of memory cells to a particular antigen
Q3) Histamine ______.
A) causes local blood vessels to constrict
B) attracts natural killer cells
C) stimulates the release of complement proteins
D) attracts phagocytic cells
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26
Chapter 25: Hormones
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Q1) Hyposecretion of ______ may inhibit your response to stress.
A) ACTH
B) insulin
C) HGH
D) prolactin
Q2) Which of these hormones is countered by diuretics such as alcohol?
A) ADH
B) glucagon
C) HGH
D) FSH
Q3) Which of the following has both endocrine and nonendocrine functions?
A) pancreas
B) salivary gland
C) anterior pituitary gland
D) skeletal muscle
Q4) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)is a hormone that ______.
A) helps to regulate the female menstrual cycle
B) stimulates growth
C) raises blood glucose levels
D) regulates hair and skin growth
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Chapter 26: Reproduction and Development
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Q1) Which of these events occurs first?
A) gastrulation
B) cleavage
C) implantation
D) formation of the placenta
Q2) The "grandmother hypothesis" suggests that a woman can increase her reproductive fitness by ______.
A) moving away from her children and grandchildren
B) focusing her energy on caring for her grandchildren, instead of on producing more children
C) focusing her energy on the production of as many children as possible before reaching menopause
D) helping her sisters produce more children
Q3) Hermaphrodites ______.
A) possess both male and female reproductive systems
B) have the gonads of one sex but the external appearance of the other
C) usually fertilize themselves
D) have abnormal reproductive systems
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Chapter 27: Nervous, Sensory, and Locomotor Systems
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Q1) Arthritis is a common result of aging,affecting a person's ability to ______.
A) catch their breath after exercise
B) move their joints
C) heal broken bones
D) produce red blood cells
Q2) The movement of an action potential along a neuron is most like ______.
A) the ripples created by dropping a pebble into a pond, gradually decreasing in size as the waves spread apart
B) a crowd at a sporting event doing the wave around a stadium
C) a radio tower emitting a signal that reaches only a small region
D) the sound of your voice spreading out as you yell loudly to your friend while at a park
Q3) A person who has blurred vision caused by a misshapen lens or cornea has
A) hyperopia
B) myopia
C) astigmatism
D) presbyopia
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29
Chapter 28: The Life of a Flowering Plant
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Q1) Which of the following describes the vascular system of a typical plant?
A) It is made up of xylem and phloem.
B) It provides support.
C) It transports nutrients throughout the plant.
D) It does all of the above.
Q2) You trim two different houseplants.The first houseplant becomes bushier,but the pruning does not affect the growth of the second plant.A possible explanation is ______.
A) you removed the axillary bud on the first plant but not the second
B) the second plant forms tubers, but the first plant does not
C) the first plant has compound leaves and the second plant has simple leaves
D) you removed the terminal bud on the first plant but not the second
Q3) Which of the following is the selective barrier of a root that determines which substances pass between the cortex and vascular tissue?
A) epidermis
B) endodermis
C) cuticle
D) xylem
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Chapter 29: The Working Plant
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Q1) Which of the following triggers flowering and other responses to photoperiod in plants?
A) temperature
B) night length
C) day length
D) intensity of sunlight
Q2) Some farmers practice crop rotation,alternating between planting non-legumes such as corn or wheat one year and legumes the next year.What is the advantage of crop rotation?
A) The legumes in the rotation will transfer nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium to the other crop plants.
B) Planting legumes enriches the soil when root nodule bacteria fix so much nitrogen that excess ammonia is secreted into soil.
C) The nitrogen-fixing bacteria in legumes can migrate to non-legume crop plants and provide them with nitrogen.
D) Legumes make for good compost, increasing the richness of soil.
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