Human Biology
Midterm Exam
Course Introduction
Human Biology explores the structure, function, and processes of the human body, providing students with a comprehensive understanding of anatomy, physiology, genetics, and health. The course covers cellular biology, tissues, organ systems, and the interplay between biological systems that maintain homeostasis. Emphasis is placed on the biological basis of health and disease, the impact of lifestyle and environment on human biology, and current advances in medical science. This foundational course equips students with essential knowledge for further study in health sciences and allied fields.
Recommended Textbook
Human Diseases 8th Edition by Mark Zelman
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Disease
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Sample Questions
Q1) Inflammatory, autoimmune, and allergic diseases are the result of abnormal immune function.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Disease caused by an abnormality in an individual's genes or chromosomes.
A)congenital
B)hereditary
C)metabolic
D)nutritional
Answer: B
Q3) The study of disease includes study of its causes, mechanisms, signs and symptoms, treatments, and prevention.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) _____, feeling the body with fingers or hands, allows examination of the size, consistency, texture, location, and tenderness of an organ or body part.
Answer: Palpation
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Chapter 2: Immunity and the Lymphatic System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Natural killer cells recognize and eliminate virus-infected cells and bacteria-infected cells.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) The _____ stage of an HIV infection is when an HIV-infected patient experiences symptoms but has not yet developed AIDS.
A)first
B)second
C)third
D)fourth
Answer: C
Q3) The helper T-cell clones stimulate antibody production by _____.
A)B cells
B)complement cells
C)plasma cells
D)T cells
Answer: C
Q4) Nonspecific immunity is also known as _____ immunity.
Answer: innate
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Chapter 3: Infectious Diseases
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Sample Questions
Q1) Intravenous drug users who share needles can transmit infectious diseases like hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV via _____ contact.
A)direct
B)horizontal
C)indirect
D)vertical
Answer: C
Q2) Handwashing prevents foodborne illnesses as well as those transmitted by respiratory droplets.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Punctures, injections, bites, and surgery that allow microorganisms to be deposited directly into the tissue below the skin is known as the parenteral route of infection.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) _____ are parasitic worms and are complex multicellular motile organisms. Answer: Helminths
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Chapter 4: Cancer
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Sample Questions
Q1) In most cases a _____ must be done for a cancer diagnosis by taking a small tissue sample to be viewed under a microscope.
Q2) Uncontrolled cell division is the result of _____ in genes that play a role in cell division.
A)metastasizes
B)mutations
C)nodes D)nuclei
Q3) Mutations inherited from parent to child account for _____ of all cancers.
A)5-10%
B)10-20%
C)15-30%
D)20-40%
Q4) Immunosuppressive medications decrease immune function and therefore decrease the risk for development of cancer.
A)True
B)False
Q5) _____ tumors rarely reoccur after removal.
Q6) Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C viruses increase the risk for _____ cancer.
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Heredity and Disease
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Sample Questions
Q1) The complete chromosomal composition of the nucleus is called the _____.
A)allele
B)diploid
C)haploid
D)karyotype
Q2) Turner's syndrome results from the presence of _____.
A)only one X chromosome
B)only one Y chromosome
C)two X chromosomes
D)two Y chromosomes
Q3) The loss of an autosomal chromosome is usually incompatible with life.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Marfan syndrome is an _____ disorder.
A)autosomal dominant
B)autosomal recessive
C)X-linked dominant
D)X-linked recessive
Q5) In the cause of familial diseases, there does not seem to be a single gene, but the effect of several genes working together, called a _____ trait.
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Chapter 6: Diseases of the Cardiovascular System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Heart muscle is influenced by the _____ nervous system and hormones such as epinephrine.
A)autonomic
B)parasympathetic
C)somatic
D)sympathetic
Q2) Accumulation of LDL forms a _____ or thick hard deposit that narrows arteries and impedes blood flow.
Q3) The primary symptom of peripheral artery disease is intermittent _____, or pain with walking.
Q4) The simplest form of atherosclerosis is _____, which are thin, flat discolorations in the arteries that can enlarge and become thicker as they grow in length.
A)atheromatous plaque
B)fatty streaks
C)ischemia
D)thrombosis
Q5) Fat in the human body takes the form of triglycerides.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: Diseases of the Blood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Eosinophilia-_____ syndrome is a chronic, multisystem disease with a spectrum of clinical symptoms and a progressive and potentially fatal illness.
Q2) The _____ stage in the development of iron-deficiency anemia is a negative iron balance, in which the demands for iron exceed the body's ability to absorb iron from the diet.
A)first
B)second
C)third
D)fourth
Q3) Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura is an _____ disease.
A)acute degenerative
B)autoimmune
C)infectious
D)inflammatory
Q4) Approximately _____ of African Americans have the sickle cell anemia trait.
A)10%
B)20%
C)30%
D)40%
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Chapter 8: Diseases of the Respiratory System
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Sample Questions
Q1) The signs and symptoms of the flu come on gradually, but last for a long period of time.
A)True
B)False
Q2) One of the symptoms of sinusitis is the loss of _____.
A)hearing
B)smell
C)taste
D)touch
Q3) The average incidence of the common cold is five to seven colds per year in preschool children.
A)True
B)False
Q4) In the _____ skin test for TB infection, antigens from the bacteria are injected beneath the skin.
Q5) _____, also known as pleuritis, is an inflammation of the pleural membranes that line the chest wall and encase each lung.
Q6) The lungs are encased by a double membrane consisting of two layers called
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Diseases of the Gastrointestinal System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Straining to have a bowel movement can cause the hemorrhoid to _____, or come through the anal opening.
Q2) Irritable bowel syndrome is also known as _____ colon.
Q3) Infectious diarrheal diseases are the leading cause of death in children worldwide.
A)True
B)False
Q4) In the absence of lipid enzymes from the pancreas, fat cannot be digested, resulting in greasy stools with a foul odor.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The pain of regional enteritis occurs in the _____ quadrant of the abdomen, where a tender mass may be felt.
A)lower left
B)lower right
C)upper left
D)upper right
Q6) Familial _____ is a hereditary disease in which numerous polyps develop in the intestinal tract.
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Chapter 10: Diseases of the Urinary System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Urinary _____ is a common disorder characterized by the loss of bladder control to varying degrees.
Q2) IgA nephropathy is an inflammatory disease resulting from IgA deposition in the
A)glomeruli
B)nephron
C)ureter
D)urethra
Q3) The _____ form of PKD affects children.
A)autosomal dominant
B)autosomal recessive
C)heterozygous
D)homozygous
Q4) A kidney biopsy may be performed to determine the presence of _____ characteristic of nephrotic syndrome.
A)glomeruli
B)lesions
C)Reed-Sternberg cells
D)sickled red blood cells
Q5) Renal _____ is the progressive loss of kidney function over time.
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Diseases and Disorders of the Reproductive System
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Sample Questions
Q1) A spontaneous abortion, commonly called a _____, is a loss of a fetus before the twentieth week of pregnancy.
Q2) Genital warts are transmitted by _____ infections
A)herpes complex viral
B)human papilloma viral
C)Neiserria gonorrhoeae
D)Treponema pallidum
Q3) Which of the following is NOT produced by the ovaries?
A)estrogen
B)ova
C)progesterone
D)testosterone
Q4) The only certain means of diagnosing endometriosis is by seeing it through ultrasound.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Uterine _____ is falling or sliding of the uterus from its normal position into the vaginal canal.
Q6) _____ are the most common benign tumors of the breast.
Q7) Fibroid tumors, or _____, are benign tumors of the smooth muscle of the uterus. Page 13
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Page 14
Chapter 12: Diseases of the Endocrine System
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Sample Questions
Q1) _____ is the most common form of hyperthyroidism.
A)Addison's disease
B)Graves' disease
C)Hashimoto's thyroiditis
D)Myedema
Q2) Acromegaly is the result of _____.
A)deficient GH secretion in adulthood
B)deficient GH secretion in childhood
C)excess GH secretion in adulthood
D)excess GH secretion in childhood
Q3) The adrenal cortex secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Pituitary dwarfism is due to inadequate secretion of _____ by the pituitary gland in children.
A)aldosterone
B)growth hormone
C)somatostatin
D)thyroxine
Q5) _____ is an enlargement of the thyroid gland.
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Chapter 13: Diseases of the Nervous System and the Special Senses
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Sample Questions
Q1) The largest part of the brain is the _____, which interprets sensory information, directs motor activities, and houses intelligence and personality.
Q2) Following entry into human tissue, the rabies virus moves to the _____ nervous system.
A)autonomic
B)central
C)parasympathetic
D)peripheral
Q3) _____ pairs of spinal nerves originate in the spinal cord, carrying bundles of sensory and motor neurons throughout the body.
A)Twelve
B)Seventeen
C)Twenty-four
D)Thirty-one
Q4) Bacterial meningitis occurs more commonly than viral meningitis.
A)True
B)False
Q5) _____, known simply as polio, is a crippling, potentially fatal viral infection.
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Q6) _____ is an inflammation of the brain, most often caused by a viral infection.
Chapter 14: Diseases and Disorders of the Eye and Ear
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Sample Questions
Q1) A type of conjunctivitis called inclusion conjunctivitis is usually transmitted during childbirth when a mother has a _____ infection.
A)bacterial urinary tract
B)chlamydia
C)herpes zoster
D)syphilis
Q2) Macular degeneration usually occurs after age _____.
A)40
B)50
C)60
D)70
Q3) Diabetic _____ is the leading cause of blindness among adults in the United States.
Q4) A cornea with surface irregularities, such as asymmetry or uneven thickness, causes _____.
A)astigmatism
B)cataracts
C)glaucoma
D)presbyopia
Q5) _____ is inflammation of the cornea caused by an infection.
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Chapter 15: Mental Illness and Cognitive Disorders
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Sample Questions
Q1) A person who is very distrustful and suspicious of others may have _____ personality disorder.
A)dependant
B)narcissistic
C)paranoid
D)schizotypal
Q2) A person who has very unstable interpersonal relationships may have _____ personality disorder.
A)antisocial
B)avoidant
C)borderline
D)histrionic
Q3) _____ is seeing or hearing things that are not there.
A)Delusions
B)Hallucinations
C)Mania
D)Psychosis
Q4) _____ spectrum disorders are a range of complex developmental disorders that can cause problems with thinking, feeling, language, and the ability to relate to others.
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Chapter 16: Diseases and Disorders of the Musculoskeletal System
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Sample Questions
Q1) _____ is a disease characterized by porous bone that is abnormally fragile and susceptible to fracture.
Q2) Damage to the _____ before maturity tends to prevent the bones from reaching its mature length.
A)growth plate
B)ligaments
C)periosteum
D)tendons
Q3) Bone-resorbing cells are called _____.
A)osteoblasts
B)osteoclasts
C)osteocytes
D)osteomata
Q4) Osteomalacia is common in the United States and in Asian women.
A)True
B)False
Q5) _____ are small, synovial fluid-filled sacs located near the joints that cushion and reduce friction during movement.
Q6) _____ means "inflammation of a joint."
Q7) _____ is the softening or decalcification of bones in adults. Page 19
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Page 20
Chapter 17: Diseases and Disorders of the Integumentary System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Apocrine sweat glands begin to function at puberty.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Epidermoid cysts are caused by abnormal cell proliferation.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Erysipelas is a superficial _____ infection of the skin.
A)bacterial
B)fungal
C)protozoan
D)viral
Q4) Periungual warts grow in the groin or peri-anal area.
A)True
B)False
Q5) For adults, doctors use the Rule of _____ to estimate the percentage of the body's surface that has been burned.
Q6) The three layers of the skin are the epidermis, the dermis, and the subdermis.
A)True
B)False
Q7) Tinea _____ affects bearded areas of the face and neck. Page 21
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Page 22