Human Biology
Final Exam
Course Introduction
Human Biology explores the structure, function, and processes of the human body, emphasizing how biological systems work individually and together to maintain health and homeostasis. The course covers cellular biology, genetics, organ systems, human development, and the interaction between humans and their environment, while addressing topics such as disease, immunity, nutrition, and reproduction. Through an integrated approach, students gain an understanding of how scientific principles underlie human biological functions and the relevance of biology to health issues in modern society.
Recommended Textbook
Fundamentals of Human Physiology 4th Edition by Lauralee Sherwood
Available Study Resources on Quizplus
18 Chapters
4200 Verified Questions
4200 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/study-set/418
Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Physiology and Homeostasis
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
111 Verified Questions
111 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/7326
Sample Questions
Q1) Glands are formed during embryonic development by pockets of epithelial tissue that dip inward from the surface.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Blood
A)Transports food, vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients
B)The chemical breakdown of food
C)Responsible for continuation of the human race
D)Excretes nitrogenous waste material
E)Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
Answer: A
Q3) rapid clotting of blood due to increasing levels of platelet activity at a site of vessel damage
A)intrinsic control
B)negative feedback control
C)positive feedback control
Answer: C
Q4) The ____________________ is the liquid that bathes cells.
Answer: interstitial fluid
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 3
Chapter 2: Cell Physiology
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
181 Verified Questions
181 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/7327
Sample Questions
Q1) On average a cell contains how many lysosomes?
A) 3
B) 30
C) 300
D) 3,000
E) 3,000,000
Answer: C
Q2) Consists of stacks of flattened sacs.
A)ER
B)Golgi complex
C)Lysosome
D)Peroxisome
E)Mitochondrion
F)Free ribosome
G)Microtubule
H)Microfilament
Answer: B
Q3) The metabolism of acetyl CoA into the citric acid cycle depends on the presence of ____________________ gas in the cell.
Answer: oxygen
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 4
Chapter 3: The Plasma Membrane and Membrane
Potential
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
214 Verified Questions
214 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/7328
Sample Questions
Q1) A. concentration gradient for K? at the equilibrium potential for K?
B. electrical gradient for K? at the equilibrium potential for K?
A)A is greater than B
B)B is greater than A
C)A and B are equal
Answer: C
Q2) ____________________ is a rubber-like protein found in tissues in organs such as the lungs.
Answer: elastin
Q3) The cellular component that, once activated by the binding of an extracellular messenger to a surface receptor, in turn activates cyclic AMP is A) phospholipase C.
B) adenylate cyclase.
C) calmodulin.
D) calcium.
E) cyclic guanosine monophosphate.
Answer: B
Q4) Which structure contributes to both the fluidity and stability of the membrane?
Answer: Cholesterol
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 5
Chapter 4: Principles of Neural and Hormonal Communication
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
230 Verified Questions
230 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/7329
Sample Questions
Q1) Compare the function of the nervous and endocrine systems in regard to chemical communication..
Q2) The Na? and K? channels that open and close during an action potential are voltage-gated channels.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Neuropeptides are large, ____________________-acting molecules.
Q4) The specific site upon which a hormone exerts its effect is referred to as a(n) ____________________ cell.
Q5) Only hormones that are not bound to plasma proteins are biologically active.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Hormones
A) are all of similar chemical composition.
B) combine with specific receptors on the target cell's surface or inside the target cell.
C) are secreted at a constant rate.
D) are also known as paracrines
E) all of these answers.
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 6
Q7) The portion of DNA where steroid hormones interact is known as ___________.
Chapter 5: The Central Nervous System
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
250 Verified Questions
250 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/7330
Sample Questions
Q1) The primary motor cortex
A) is located in the parietal lobes.
B) in the left cerebral hemisphere controls the skeletal muscles on the right side of the body.
C) is the only region of the brain involved with motor control.
D) develops motor programs for specific voluntary tasks.
E) more than one of the above.
Q2) The brain
A) consists of 90% interneurons and 10% glial cells.
B) can perform anaerobic metabolism when oxygen supplies are low.
C) normally uses only glucose as a fuel for energy production.
D) two of these answers.
E) all of these answers.
Q3) Damage to which area below would result in the inability to perform accurate motor actions?
A) Broca's area.
B) somatosensory cortex.
C) premotor cortex.
D) postcentral gyrus.
E) Wernicke's area.
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 7
Chapter 6: The Peripheral Nervous System: Afferent Division and Special Senses
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
244 Verified Questions
244 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/7331
Sample Questions
Q1) Rods
A) are more sensitive to light than cones.
B) have low acuity.
C) provide vision in shades of gray.
D) have both low acuity and provide vision in shades of gray.
E) all of these answers.
Q2) Proprioception is the awareness of the body's position in space.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Receptors
A) may be either a specialized ending of an afferent neuron or a special cell closely associated with the peripheral ending of an afferent neuron.
B) are present for every modality in the environment.
C) when stimulated bring about opening of Na<sup>+</sup> channels in the afferent neuron membrane adjacent to the receptor.
D) two of these answers.
E) all of these answers.
Q4) The ____________________ is point on the retina where the optic nerve exits.
Q5) ciliary body
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 8
Chapter 7: The Peripheral Nervous System: Efferent Division
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
150 Verified Questions
150 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/7332
Sample Questions
Q1) Dual innervation of organs by both branches of the autonomic nervous system allows a fine degree of control over these organs.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Acetylcholine
A) is released from an axon.
B) destroys acetylcholinesterase.
C) is blocked by sodium.
D) both (a) and (b) above.
E) all of these answers.
Q3) action potential propagated to axon terminal of motor neuron
A)Step 1
B)Step 2
C)Step 3
D)Step 4
E)Step 5
F)Step 6
G)Step 7
H)Step 8
I)Step 9
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 9
Chapter 8: Muscle Physiology
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
333 Verified Questions
333 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/7333
Sample Questions
Q1) The functional unit of skeletal muscle is a(n) ____________________.
Q2) Alpha motor neuron output to regular skeletal muscle fiber
A)Step 1
B)Step 2
C)Step 3
D)Step 4
Q3) The immediate source for supplying additional ATP at the onset of exercise is ____________________.
Q4) What would happen if ATP supplies became very low in a muscle cell?
A) tension development would decrease.
B) cross bridges would not detach from actin.
C) possibly contractures.
D) in death, rigor mortis.
E) all these answers.
Q5) Compare the major characteristics of the three types of skeletal muscle fibers.
Q6) According to the sliding filament mechanism of muscle contraction, the thick filaments slide in closer together to shorten the sarcomere.
A)True
B)False
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 10
Q7) Slow-oxidative fibers are type ____________________ fibers in the muscle.
Chapter 9: Cardiac Physiology
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
284 Verified Questions
284 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/7334
Sample Questions
Q1) Why can't tetany of the heart occur?
A) there are no distinct motor units in the heart.
B) there is inadequate oxygen supply via the coronary circulation to metabolically support a sustained contraction.
C) the refractory period in cardiac muscle lasts almost as long as the duration of the resultant contraction.
D) the heart contracts with maximal force every beat so it is impossible to increase the strength of cardiac contraction.
E) vagal stimulation slows down the heart rate to prevent summation of contractions.
Q2) A. Duration of the refractory period in cardiac muscle
B. Duration of the refractory period in skeletal muscle
A)A is greater than B
B)B is greater than A
C)A and B are equal
Q3) Sympathetic stimulation of the heart increases calcium permeability.
A)True
B)False
Q4) An increase in parasympathetic activity ____________________ the stroke volume.
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 11
Chapter 10: The Blood Vessels and Blood Pressure
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
204 Verified Questions
204 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/7335
Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following factors would produce the greatest change in blood flow?
A) doubling the radius of the vessel.
B) doubling the difference in the pressure gradient within the vessel.
C) doubling the viscosity of the blood.
D) doubling the length of the vessel.
E) halving the viscosity of the blood.
Q2) More blood is delivered to the tissues during ventricular systole than during ventricular diastole.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Select the correct statement about veins.
A) their walls are highly muscular.
B) their walls consist of one layer of cells.
C) there are only about forty large ones in the body.
D) those that work against gravity have valves to help promote blood flow
E) they transport blood away from the heart.
Q4) The sounds heard when determining blood pressure are the same as the heart sounds associated with valve closure.
A)True
B)False
Page 12
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
Chapter 11: The Blood and Body Defenses
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
247 Verified Questions
247 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/7336
Sample Questions
Q1) Form(s) a membrane-attack complex.
A)Pyrogen
B)Glucocorticoids
C)Histamine
D)TNF
E)Opsonins
F)Complement
G)Antibodies
H)Interferon
Q2) ____________________ in an infected wound is a collection of phagocytic cells, dead tissue liquefied by enzymes released from the phagocytic cells, and bacteria.
Q3) Detail the life cycle of an erythrocyte, including the control of erythrocyte production.
Q4) reacts more slowly to a pathogen
A)non-specific defenses
B)specific defenses
Q5) The hormone erythropoietin is produced when ___________ levels in the plasma fall below normal.
Q6) release of histamine by mast cells
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 13
Chapter 12: The Respiratory System
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
203 Verified Questions
203 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/7337
Sample Questions
Q1) respiratory rate X tidal volume
A)vital capacity
B)respiratory rate
C)FEV1
D)tidal volume
E)residual volume
F)total lung capacity
G)functional residual capacity
H)alveolar ventilation
I)pulmonary ventilation
J)inspiratory reserve volume
K)expiratory reserve volume
L)inspiratory capacity
M)anatomic dead space volume
Q2) COPD
A)anemic hypoxia
B)circulatory hypoxia
C)histotoxic hypoxia
D)hypoxic hypoxia
Q3) Describe how hemoglobin's saturation is related to oxygen delivery to tissue.
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 14
Chapter 13: The Urinary System
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
258 Verified Questions
258 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/7338
Sample Questions
Q1) Which nephron structure is especially important in the kidney's ability to produce urine of varying concentration?
A) Bowman' capsule.
B) proximal tubule.
C) distal tubule.
D) loop of Henle.
E) glomerulus.
Q2) Extrinsic control of the GFR
A) is mediated by sympathetic nervous system input to the afferent arterioles.
B) is aimed at the regulation of arterial blood pressure.
C) does not require a special mechanism but occurs as part of the baroreceptor reflex.
D) can override autoregulatory mechanisms
E) all of these answers.
Q3) Which of the following is not attributable to atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)?
A) ANP is released from the cardiac atria when the ECF volume is reduced.
B) ANP inhibits Na<sup>+</sup> reabsorption in the distal parts of the nephron.
C) ANP inhibits renin secretion by the kidneys.
D) ANP inhibits aldosterone secretion by the adrenal cortex.
E) ANP inhibits sympathetic nervous activity to the heart and blood vessels.
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
Page 15
Chapter 14: Fluid and Acid-Base Balance
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
182 Verified Questions
182 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/7339
Sample Questions
Q1) The ____________________ are the group of molecules that are the most plentiful buffers in the body.
Q2) Sodium is the primary ______cation, and potassium is primarily found in the _____.
Q3) pH
A) equals the logarithm to the base 10 of the reciprocal of the hydrogen-ion concentration.
B) can be calculated if the HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> and CO<sub>2</sub> concentration in the body fluids is known, even if the H<sup>+</sup> concentration is unknown.
C) is higher in arterial blood than venous blood.
D) both (a) and (b) above.
E) all of these answers.
Q4) When water is lost from the ECF but electrolytes are retained
A) both ECF and ICF become more dilute.
B) cells will lose water
C) the osmolarity of the ECF drops.
D) there is an increase in the volume of the ICF
E) water levels remain unchanged
Q5) Describe how the body responds to a substantial drop in ECF pH.
Page 16
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
Chapter 15: The Digestive System
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
304 Verified Questions
304 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/7340
Sample Questions
Q1) Bilirubin does not play a role in digestion but is a waste products excreted in the bile.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In general, the parasympathetic nervous system is ____________________ to the digestive tract, whereas the sympathetic nervous system is ____________________.
Q3) Which statement regarding gastric motility and emptying is incorrect?
A) increased fluidity allows more rapid emptying.
B) presence of acid and fat in the stomach initiates the enterogastric reflex.
C) increased gastric volume stimulates motility.
D) vagal activity stimulates motility.
E) distention of the stomach initiates short reflexes.
Q4) coordinates activity between different regions of the digestive tract
A)autonomous smooth muscle function
B)extrinsic (autonomic) nerves
C)hormones
D)intrinsic nerve plexuses
Q5) ____________ are liver cells that secrete bile.
Q6) Indicate the causes and effects of constipation and diarrhea.
Page 17
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
Chapter 16: Energy Balance and Temperature Regulation
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
168 Verified Questions
168 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/7341
Sample Questions
Q1) ____________________ may serve as a satiety signal to stop eating before ingested food is actually digested, absorbed, and made available to meet the body's energy needs.
Q2) Among the several kinds of biologically important molecules, ____________________ store the most energy per gram.
Q3) Which does not act as a satiety signal?
A) cholecystokinin.
B) increased glucose utilization.
C) orexins.
D) leptin.
E) insulin.
Q4) Most people suffer convulsion when the skin temperature reaches about 106° F.
A)True
B)False
Q5) amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of H<sub>2</sub>O 1°C
A)energy equivalent of oxygen
B)external work
C)calorie
D)basal metabolic rate
E)internal work
18
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
Chapter 17: The Endocrine System
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
335 Verified Questions
335 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/7342
Sample Questions
Q1) The inner portion of the adrenal gland is the ____________________, which secretes hormones belonging to the chemical class of ____________________.
Q2) Which hormone uses a "bone bank" to maintain the plasma calcium level?
A) calcitonin
B) GH
C) thyroxine
D) PTH
E) ACTH
Q3) T<sub>3</sub> is about 10 times more potent in its biological activity than T<sub>4</sub>
A)True
B)False
Q4) Thyroxine (T4)
A) is formed by coupling one MIT and one DIT within the colloid.
B) is produced by the C cells of the thyroid gland.
C) exerts a calorigenic effect.
D) inhibits thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin in negative-feedback fashion.
E) is more potent than tri-iodothyronine.
Q5) LH
Q6) ____________________ is primarily controlled by the release of renin.
Page 19
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
Chapter 18: The Reproductive System
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
302 Verified Questions
302 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/7343
Sample Questions
Q1) Erection and ejaculation are both spinal reflexes.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Prostaglandins are secreted into the semen by the prostate gland.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following factors contributes to follicular development and ovulation?
A) FSH
B) LH
C) estrogen
D) both FSH and LH.
E) LH and estrogen
Q4) Which value related to semen production is correct?
A) average volume ejaculated is 1 ml
B) total sperm count averages about 100 million
C) maximal sperm count is about 400 million
D) semen contains only sperm
E) none of the above
Q5) _________ the milk produced for the first five days postpartum
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 20