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Human Biology Exam Preparation Guide - 1538 Verified Questions

Page 1


Course Introduction

Human Biology Exam Preparation Guide

Human Biology explores the fundamental concepts of human anatomy, physiology, genetics, and evolution, providing a comprehensive understanding of the structure and function of the human body. The course examines cellular processes, organ systems, and the integration of physiological systems to maintain homeostasis. Topics also include nutrition, disease, human development, reproduction, and interactions with the environment, offering insight into both health and disease from a biological perspective. Special emphasis is placed on scientific inquiry and the application of biological principles to real-world human health issues.

Recommended Textbook

Campbell Essential Biology 6th Edition by Eric J. Simon

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29 Chapters

1538 Verified Questions

1538 Flashcards

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Page 2

Chapter 1: Introduction: Biology Today

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Sample Questions

Q1) Which of the following is a producer?

A)oak tree

B)earthworm

C)sun

D)cat

Answer: A

Q2) What does "adaptation" mean in an evolutionary context?

A)the way an individual's body adjusts to its environment

B)the accumulation of favorable variations in a population over time

C)the ability of organisms to alter their appearance under changing environmental conditions

D)all of the above

Answer: B

Q3) Which of these would be a valid scientific hypothesis?

A)Human history is determined by a series of supernatural events.

B)Humans should help in the conservation of other animal species.

C)Humans are controlled by forces beyond our understanding.

D)Humans and bacteria share a common genetic code.

Answer: D

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Page 3

Chapter 2: Essential Chemistry for Biology

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Sample Questions

Q1) The lower the pH of a solution,the ________.

A)greater the number of oxygen atoms

B)more acidic the solution

C)less toxic the solution

D)higher the OH- concentration

Answer: B

Q2) How many oxygen atoms are in the products of the following reaction? C H O + 6 H O + 6 O 6 CO + 12 H O

A)18

B)6

C)12

D)24

Answer: D

Q3) In order to have a positive charge,an atom must have ________.

A)more protons than electrons

B)more electrons than protons

C)more neutrons than protons

D)more protons than neutrons

Answer: A

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Page 4

Chapter 3: The Molecules of Life

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Sample Questions

Q1) Animals store carbohydrates as ________.

A)cellulose

B)glycogen

C)starch

D)maltose

Answer: B

Q2) Which of the following is an example of a polysaccharide?

A)glucose

B)starch

C)maltose

D)sucrose

Answer: B

Q3) In the following reaction,galactose is a ________. galactose + glucose lactose + water

A)polysaccharide

B)monomer

C)polymer

D)protein

Answer: B

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Page 5

Chapter 4: A Tour of the Cell

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Sample Questions

Q1) ________ are the major lipids of plasma membranes.

A)Steroids

B)Fatty acids

C)Starches

D)Phospholipids

Q2) Tay-Sachs disease results from ________ lacking a specific type of lipid-digesting enzyme.

A)the Golgi apparatus

B)lysosomes

C)mitochondria

D)the endoplasmic reticulum

Q3) The endomembrane system includes ________.

A)ribosomes,lysosomes,vacuoles,and the endoplasmic reticulum

B)Golgi apparatus,nucleolus,vacuoles,and the endoplasmic reticulum

C)Golgi apparatus,lysosomes,ribosomes,and the endoplasmic reticulum

D)Golgi apparatus,lysosomes,vacuoles,and the endoplasmic reticulum

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Chapter 5: The Working Cell

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Sample Questions

Q1) Diffusion is an example of ________.

A)phagocytosis

B)active transport

C)endocytosis

D)passive transport

Q2) Active transport ________.

A)uses ATP as an energy source

B)can move solutes against their concentration gradient

C)can involve the transport of ions

D)all of the answer options

Q3) Ten kilocalories are equivalent to ________ calories.

A)1,000

B)10,000

C)0)1

D)100

Q4) The act of a white blood cell engulfing a bacterium is ________.

A)osmosis

B)diffusion

C)exocytosis

D)phagocytosis

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Chapter 6: Cellular Respiration: Obtaining Energy From Food

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Q1) In aerobic respiration,how many molecules of acetic acid are produced from six molecules of glucose?

A)1

B)38

C)6

D)12

Q2) The waste products of cellular respiration include ________.

A)water only

B)carbon dioxide only

C)water and carbon dioxide

D)water and glucose

Q3) Humans are both ________.

A)heterotrophs and consumers

B)heterotrophs and producers

C)producers and decomposers

D)autotrophs and producers

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Chapter 7: Photosynthesis: Using Light to Make Food

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Sample Questions

Q1) Through what structure(s)do plants obtain most of their water?

A)roots

B)interior cells

C)stomata

D)leaves

Q2) Where are photosystems located?

A)chlorophyll

B)thylakoid membrane

C)mitochondria

D)stroma

Q3) Of the following,which wavelength is LEAST useful to your plants?

A)650 nm

B)450 nm

C)550 nm

D)400 nm

Q4) What are grana?

A)thick fluids inside chloroplasts

B)convolutions of the inner chloroplast membrane

C)stacks of membranous sacs

D)pigments found in chloroplasts

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Chapter 8: Cellular Reproduction: Cells From Cells

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Sample Questions

Q1) Sexual reproduction in humans ________.

A)allows a haploid sperm cell to fertilize a haploid egg cell

B)produces a haploid individual

C)produces an individual with 23 chromosomes

D)combines two diploid gametes,producing a zygote

Q2) Which of the following is a characteristic seen in prophase I that does NOT occur in prophase II?

A)Chromosomes move to the middle of the cell.

B)Spindle formation occurs.

C)The number of chromosomes doubles.

D)Crossing over occurs.

Q3) The karyotype above shows ________.

A)abnormal sex chromosomes

B)trisomy 21,a cause of Klinefelter syndrome

C)Turner syndrome

D)trisomy 21,a cause of Down syndrome

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Chapter 9: Patterns of Inheritance

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Sample Questions

Q1) The ________ is most commonly found in nature.

A)recessive trait

B)wild-type trait

C)parental type

D)dominant trait

Q2) Alleles are described as ________.

A)homologous chromosomes

B)environmental factors that affect gene expression

C)alternate versions of a gene

D)alternate phenotypes

Q3) What is the key to the recognition of codominance?

A)The phenotype of the heterozygote is intermediate between the phenotypes of the homozygotes.

B)The trait exhibits a continuous distribution.

C)The alleles affect more than one trait.

D)The heterozygote expresses the phenotype of both homozygotes.

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Chapter 10: The Structure and Function of Dna

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Sample Questions

Q1) At what point on the graph are the viruses increasing in number the fastest?

A)A

B)B

C)C

D)D

Q2) Mad cow disease is caused by

A)a retrovirus similar to HIV.

B)an enveloped virus.

C)small circular RNA molecules called viroids.

D)infectious proteins called prions.

Q3) The first thing you notice is that there is no immediate increase in viruses following infection.This is because ________.

A)it takes the virus time to adapt to the host

B)although the virus has infected the host,it takes time to complete the lytic cycle

C)the host is immune to the virus

D)the virus is in a lysogenic cycle throughout the experiment

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Chapter 11: How Genes Are Controlled

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Sample Questions

Q1) In bacteria,what name is given to a cluster of genes with related functions,along with their DNA control sequences?

A)operon

B)operator

C)promoter

D)exon

Q2) Which of the following turns off transcription by binding to the operator?

A)RNA polymerase

B)repressor

C)promoter

D)lactose

Q3) What would be the best experiment to do next to determine if complete hexokinase gene expression is temperature dependent?

A)Measure the amount of hexokinase mRNA in cells at different temperatures.

B)Measure the rate of transcription of the hexokinase gene in cells at different temperatures.

C)Measure the amount of mRNA that is broken down in cells at different temperatures.

D)Measure the amount of hexokinase protein in cells at different temperatures.

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13

Chapter 12: DNA Technology

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Sample Questions

Q1) To find the nucleotide sequence of human chromosomes,chromosomes had to be digested into small fragments and then ________.

A)centrifuged and electrophoresed

B)fingerprinted

C)cloned and sequenced

D)restricted

Q2) Genetically modifying human ________ cells may directly affect future generations.

A)intestinal

B)immune

C)gametic

D)somatic

Q3) STR analysis is a DNA profiling technique that makes use of the fact that different people have ________.

A)different numbers of repeats of short DNA sequences at certain sites in the genome

B)different alleles for many genes in the genome

C)different restriction fragments

D)different CODIS DNA sequences

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14

Chapter 13: How Populations Evolve

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Sample Questions

Q1) Which one of the following statements is TRUE?

A)Natural selection works on variation already present in a population.

B)Natural selection works on nonheritable traits.

C)Individuals evolve through natural selection.

D)Individual organisms evolve structures that they need.

Q2) The similarity of the embryos of fish,frogs,birds,and humans is evidence of

A)analogy

B)common ancestry

C)genetic drift

D)decreased genetic variation

Q3) What can you conclude about the susceptibility of the bacteria to the antibiotics?

A)The bacteria are more susceptible to antibiotic A than antibiotic C.

B)The bacteria are more susceptible to antibiotic D than antibiotic B.

C)The bacteria are more susceptible to antibiotic C than antibiotic E.

D)The bacteria are more susceptible to antibiotic D than antibiotic A.

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15

Chapter 14: How Biological Diversity Evolves

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Sample Questions

Q1) Which of the following is the strongest piece of evidence for why some scientists believe that we are at the start of a sixth mass extinction?

A)decrease in biodiversity

B)decrease in fossil discoveries

C)decrease in allopatric species

D)decrease in hybrid fertility

Q2) Dinosaurs (aside from the lineage that produced birds)were extinct by the end of the ________.

A)Cretaceous

B)Silurian

C)Eocene

D)Permian

Q3) Speciation requires ________.

A)periods of rapid evolutionary change

B)geographic isolation

C)long periods of time

D)genetic isolation

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16

Chapter 15: The Evolution of Microbial Life

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Sample Questions

Q1) A photoautotrophic unicellular organism with a shell made of silica is most likely a(n)________.

A)apicomplexan

B)foram

C)dinoflagellate

D)diatom

Q2) What is a potential benefit of testing indoor and outdoor sites as well as sites with heavy flooding and light flooding?

A)There is no benefit associated with testing in multiple sites.

B)Testing multiple sites takes less time and requires less equipment.

C)Testing multiple sites allows for fewer scientists to be exposed to the air endotoxins.

D)The data collected would allow scientists to compare endotoxin levels under multiple conditions.

Q3) Flagellates,amoebas,apicomplexans,and ciliates are all what type of protist?

A)slime molds

B)protozoans

C)dinoflagellates

D)seaweeds

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17

Chapter 16: The Evolution of Plants and Fungi

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Sample Questions

Q1) Which of these adaptations to a terrestrial existence evolved most recently?

A)vascular tissue

B)seeds

C)lignin

D)cuticle

Q2) Plants first moved onto land at least ________ years ago.

A)65 million

B)475 million

C)1)2 billion

D)3)5 billion

Q3) Why is the symbiotic relationship of truffle mushrooms and tree roots considered to be crucial to the colonization of land?

A)This relationship is found in some of the oldest plant fossils.

B)Truffles have the terrestrial adaptation of seeds.

C)Tree roots can be found only in terrestrial environments.

D)Truffles provide trees with sugars.

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Chapter 17: The Evolution of Animals

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Sample Questions

Q1) Which of these exhibits radial symmetry?

A)butterfly

B)spoon

C)snowflake

D)shoe box

Q2) What does the term "tetrapod" mean?

A)egg-laying

B)living on land

C)living a double life

D)having four feet

Q3) Almost every element of bird anatomy is modified for what?

A)laying eggs

B)eating seeds

C)enhancement of flight

D)singing unique songs

Q4) What is a feature of birds that makes them valuable as biological indicators?

A)Many migrate long distances.

B)Many are brightly colored.

C)There are over 10,000 different species of birds.

D)Birdwatching is a popular hobby.

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Chapter 18: An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

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Sample Questions

Q1) Which nutrients often limit the distribution and abundance of photosynthetic organisms?

A)water and oxygen

B)nitrogen and phosphorus

C)carbon dioxide and nitrogen

D)water and carbon dioxide

Q2) Which of the following can moderate climate by absorbing heat when the air is warm and releasing heat when the air is cold?

A)clouds

B)glaciers

C)mountains

D)oceans

Q3) The Sahara Desert and the Negev Desert belong to the same ________.

A)community

B)savanna ecosystem

C)biome

D)temperate grassland

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Chapter 19: Population Ecology

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Sample Questions

Q1) Which of these best describes Type II survivorship?

A)There is high survivorship for the very young.

B)Most individuals survive to older age intervals.

C)Survivorship is constant over the lifespan.

D)Survivorship is high for the few individuals that survive to a certain age.

Q2) If this trend continues,what do you predict that the populations will look like decades from 2014?

A)There will be more older individuals than working-age individuals.

B)There will be more children than older individuals.

C)There will be more older individuals than children.

D)There will be more working-age individuals than older ones.

Q3) Species that exhibit an equilibrial life history typically ________.

A)have long lives

B)exhibit a Type III survivorship curve

C)exhibit a Type II survivorship curve

D)have a large number of offspring

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Chapter 20: Communities and Ecosystems

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Q1) Modern conservation science increasingly aims at ________.

A)protecting federally listed endangered species

B)countering pollution

C)sustaining entire ecosystems

D)maintaining genetic diversity within species

Q2) In the food chain grass antelope human lion,the human is a ________.

A)tertiary consumer

B)secondary consumer

C)primary consumer

D)producer

Q3) When the mud volcano stops erupting,colonization of the disturbed area would be ________.

A)primary succession if there is no biomass inside the area

B)primary succession if primary production relies on plants that survived the disturbance

C)secondary succession if there are no biotic components of the carbon cycle

D)secondary succession if there is no organic matter in the area

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Chapter 21: Unifying Concepts of Animal Structure and Function

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Q1) When spiders show signs of thermal stress,this is an indication that they are unable to ________.

A)move

B)function

C)osmoregulate

D)thermoregulate

Q2) A diuretic is a substance that ________.

A)promotes sweating

B)regulates the contraction of cardiac muscle

C)inhibits urinary water loss

D)promotes urinary water loss

Q3) Which of the following is most likely to be responsible if,when your blood sugar level rose,the level went back down?

A)the use of the sugar for energy by your cells

B)a homeostatic mechanism based on negative feedback

C)type 2 diabetes

D)a homeostatic mechanism based on positive feedback

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Page 23

Chapter 22: Nutrition and Digestion

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Sample Questions

Q1) A protein deficiency in the blood could indicate ________.

A)megaesophagus

B)achlorhydria

C)Sjögren's syndrome

D)diverticulitis

Q2) Modern humans possess the same craving for ________ and ________ as our ancestors,despite the obesity these cravings can cause today.

A)fat sugar

B)sugar salt

C)protein vitamin C

D)iron; iodine

Q3) What do the vitamins biotin and Vitamin K have in common?

A)They are both water-soluble vitamins.

B)They are both obtained from meat.

C)They are both produced by intestinal bacteria.

D)They are both common deficiencies in the human diet.

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Chapter 23: Circulation and Respiration

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Sample Questions

Q1) The structure where the respiratory and digestive systems meet expands during a yawn.What is the name of this structure?

A)bronchus

B)larynx

C)pharynx

D)trachea

Q2) Why do cigarette smokers cough more than most people do?

A)The tar in cigarette smoke tends to make alveoli stick closed.Coughing opens them.

B)Coughing is the respiratory system's attempt to clear itself of the thick mucus that is produced in response to smoke exposure.

C)Cigarette smoking partially paralyzes the lungs; coughing exchanges the resultant "dead air."

D)Coughing stimulates blood flow to the lungs.

Q3) Insects breathe using ________.

A)lungs

B)tracheae

C)their entire outer skin

D)book lungs

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Chapter 24: The Bodys Defenses

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Sample Questions

Q1) Suppose that you encounter an antigen for the first time.What types of cells stored in your lymph nodes can be activated in case you encounter the antigen again?

A)memory cells

B)effector cells

C)phagocytic cells

D)helper T cells

Q2) A person's spleen may be removed (splenectomy)if it becomes enlarged due to certain types of cancer,traumatic injury,or damage.What part of the immune system will be most affected by a splenectomy?

A)internal innate immunity

B)external innate immunity

C)adaptive immunity

D)lymphatic system

Q3) Antibodies ________.

A)are shaped like the letter B

B)are generalists in that any antibody can bind to any antigen

C)assist in destroying particular antigens

D)are produced by T cells

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Chapter 25: Hormones

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Sample Questions

Q1) Epinephrine ________.

A)decreases metabolic rate

B)decreases heart rate

C)increases absorption of glucose by the digestive tract

D)increases breathing rate

Q2) Astronauts returning from long periods in space often have very fragile bones.This is likely related to ________.

A)overproduction of thyroid hormone

B)lack of gravity

C)diet lacking in calcium

D)excessive production of ADH

Q3) Which of the following best describes the relationship of insulin to glucagon?

A)They work together to prepare the body to deal with stress.

B)Insulin stimulates the pancreas to secrete glucagon.

C)High levels of insulin inhibit pancreatic secretion of glucagon.

D)They are antagonistic hormones.

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Chapter 26: Reproduction and Development

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Q1) What does the ovarian cycle image above illustrate?

A)The peak of luteinizing hormone occurs slightly before mid-cycle.

B)Ovulation occurs well before mid-cycle.

C)The level of luteinizing hormone does not change much during the cycle.

D)The level of progesterone spikes just before mid-cycle.

Q2) At about what point in gestation can an ultrasound exam determine the sex of the fetus?

A)about 4 weeks after fertilization

B)at the end of the first trimester

C)about 20 weeks after fertilization

D)at the end of the second trimester

Q3) Which of the following is associated with sexual reproduction?

A)fission,only

B)fragmentation,only

C)budding,only

D)None of these are associated with sexual reproduction.

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Chapter 27: Nervous,Sensory,and Locomotor Systems

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Q1) Which,if any,of the following types of personal characteristics are based in the cerebral cortex?

A)reasoning abilities only

B)artistic talents only

C)personality traits only

D)reasoning abilities,artistic talents,and personality traits

Q2) What evolutionary adaptation allows elephants to migrate,meet,and mate over great distances?

A)echolocation

B)electroreception

C)magnetoreception

D)seismic detection

Q3) A person who has blurred vision caused by a misshapen lens or cornea has ________.

A)farsightedness

B)nearsightedness

C)astigmatism

D)cataracts

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Chapter 28: The Life of a Flowering Plant

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Q1) Which of the following is a multicellular mass that nourishes the embryo until it becomes a self-supporting seedling?

A)the endosperm

B)a seed coat

C)a fruit

D)a cotyledon

Q2) You trim two different houseplants.The first houseplant becomes bushier,but the pruning does not affect the growth of the second plant.A possible explanation is

A)you removed the axillary bud on the first plant but not the second

B)the second plant forms tubers,but the first plant does not

C)the first plant has compound leaves and the second plant has simple leaves

D)you removed the terminal bud on the first plant but not the second

Q3) Which of the following are the tiny projections found on roots that increase the surface area?

A)root hairs

B)cotyledons

C)nodes

D)mesophyll

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Page 30

Chapter 29: The Working Plant

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Q1) Which of the following describes a chemical element that a plant must obtain from its environment in order to complete its life cycle?

A)macronutrient

B)micronutrient

C)essential element

D)mineral

Q2) Most plants rely on bacteria to supply them with a usable form of which of the following substances?

A)nitrogen

B)carbon dioxide

C)water

D)amino acids

Q3) Which of the following best describes substances that enter a plant through the root system?

A)They are dissolved in water.

B)They are obtained from the air.

C)They are organic molecules.

D)They are brought in through stomata.

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