
Course Introduction
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Course Introduction
Human Biology explores the fundamental concepts of human anatomy, physiology, genetics, and evolution, providing a comprehensive understanding of the structure and function of the human body. The course examines cellular processes, organ systems, and the integration of physiological systems to maintain homeostasis. Topics also include nutrition, disease, human development, reproduction, and interactions with the environment, offering insight into both health and disease from a biological perspective. Special emphasis is placed on scientific inquiry and the application of biological principles to real-world human health issues.
Recommended Textbook
Campbell Essential Biology 6th Edition by Eric J. Simon
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Q1) Which of the following is a producer?
A)oak tree
B)earthworm
C)sun
D)cat
Answer: A
Q2) What does "adaptation" mean in an evolutionary context?
A)the way an individual's body adjusts to its environment
B)the accumulation of favorable variations in a population over time
C)the ability of organisms to alter their appearance under changing environmental conditions
D)all of the above
Answer: B
Q3) Which of these would be a valid scientific hypothesis?
A)Human history is determined by a series of supernatural events.
B)Humans should help in the conservation of other animal species.
C)Humans are controlled by forces beyond our understanding.
D)Humans and bacteria share a common genetic code.
Answer: D
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Q1) The lower the pH of a solution,the ________.
A)greater the number of oxygen atoms
B)more acidic the solution
C)less toxic the solution
D)higher the OH- concentration
Answer: B
Q2) How many oxygen atoms are in the products of the following reaction? C H O + 6 H O + 6 O 6 CO + 12 H O
A)18
B)6
C)12
D)24
Answer: D
Q3) In order to have a positive charge,an atom must have ________.
A)more protons than electrons
B)more electrons than protons
C)more neutrons than protons
D)more protons than neutrons
Answer: A

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Q1) Animals store carbohydrates as ________.
A)cellulose
B)glycogen
C)starch
D)maltose
Answer: B
Q2) Which of the following is an example of a polysaccharide?
A)glucose
B)starch
C)maltose
D)sucrose
Answer: B
Q3) In the following reaction,galactose is a ________. galactose + glucose lactose + water
A)polysaccharide
B)monomer
C)polymer
D)protein
Answer: B
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Q1) ________ are the major lipids of plasma membranes.
A)Steroids
B)Fatty acids
C)Starches
D)Phospholipids
Q2) Tay-Sachs disease results from ________ lacking a specific type of lipid-digesting enzyme.
A)the Golgi apparatus
B)lysosomes
C)mitochondria
D)the endoplasmic reticulum
Q3) The endomembrane system includes ________.
A)ribosomes,lysosomes,vacuoles,and the endoplasmic reticulum
B)Golgi apparatus,nucleolus,vacuoles,and the endoplasmic reticulum
C)Golgi apparatus,lysosomes,ribosomes,and the endoplasmic reticulum
D)Golgi apparatus,lysosomes,vacuoles,and the endoplasmic reticulum
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Q1) Diffusion is an example of ________.
A)phagocytosis
B)active transport
C)endocytosis
D)passive transport
Q2) Active transport ________.
A)uses ATP as an energy source
B)can move solutes against their concentration gradient
C)can involve the transport of ions
D)all of the answer options
Q3) Ten kilocalories are equivalent to ________ calories.
A)1,000
B)10,000
C)0)1
D)100
Q4) The act of a white blood cell engulfing a bacterium is ________.
A)osmosis
B)diffusion
C)exocytosis
D)phagocytosis
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Q1) In aerobic respiration,how many molecules of acetic acid are produced from six molecules of glucose?
A)1
B)38
C)6
D)12
Q2) The waste products of cellular respiration include ________.
A)water only
B)carbon dioxide only
C)water and carbon dioxide
D)water and glucose
Q3) Humans are both ________.
A)heterotrophs and consumers
B)heterotrophs and producers
C)producers and decomposers
D)autotrophs and producers
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Q1) Through what structure(s)do plants obtain most of their water?
A)roots
B)interior cells
C)stomata
D)leaves
Q2) Where are photosystems located?
A)chlorophyll
B)thylakoid membrane
C)mitochondria
D)stroma
Q3) Of the following,which wavelength is LEAST useful to your plants?
A)650 nm
B)450 nm
C)550 nm
D)400 nm
Q4) What are grana?
A)thick fluids inside chloroplasts
B)convolutions of the inner chloroplast membrane
C)stacks of membranous sacs
D)pigments found in chloroplasts
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Q1) Sexual reproduction in humans ________.
A)allows a haploid sperm cell to fertilize a haploid egg cell
B)produces a haploid individual
C)produces an individual with 23 chromosomes
D)combines two diploid gametes,producing a zygote
Q2) Which of the following is a characteristic seen in prophase I that does NOT occur in prophase II?
A)Chromosomes move to the middle of the cell.
B)Spindle formation occurs.
C)The number of chromosomes doubles.
D)Crossing over occurs.
Q3) The karyotype above shows ________.
A)abnormal sex chromosomes
B)trisomy 21,a cause of Klinefelter syndrome
C)Turner syndrome
D)trisomy 21,a cause of Down syndrome
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Q1) The ________ is most commonly found in nature.
A)recessive trait
B)wild-type trait
C)parental type
D)dominant trait
Q2) Alleles are described as ________.
A)homologous chromosomes
B)environmental factors that affect gene expression
C)alternate versions of a gene
D)alternate phenotypes
Q3) What is the key to the recognition of codominance?
A)The phenotype of the heterozygote is intermediate between the phenotypes of the homozygotes.
B)The trait exhibits a continuous distribution.
C)The alleles affect more than one trait.
D)The heterozygote expresses the phenotype of both homozygotes.
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Q1) At what point on the graph are the viruses increasing in number the fastest?
A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
Q2) Mad cow disease is caused by
A)a retrovirus similar to HIV.
B)an enveloped virus.
C)small circular RNA molecules called viroids.
D)infectious proteins called prions.
Q3) The first thing you notice is that there is no immediate increase in viruses following infection.This is because ________.
A)it takes the virus time to adapt to the host
B)although the virus has infected the host,it takes time to complete the lytic cycle
C)the host is immune to the virus
D)the virus is in a lysogenic cycle throughout the experiment
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Q1) In bacteria,what name is given to a cluster of genes with related functions,along with their DNA control sequences?
A)operon
B)operator
C)promoter
D)exon
Q2) Which of the following turns off transcription by binding to the operator?
A)RNA polymerase
B)repressor
C)promoter
D)lactose
Q3) What would be the best experiment to do next to determine if complete hexokinase gene expression is temperature dependent?
A)Measure the amount of hexokinase mRNA in cells at different temperatures.
B)Measure the rate of transcription of the hexokinase gene in cells at different temperatures.
C)Measure the amount of mRNA that is broken down in cells at different temperatures.
D)Measure the amount of hexokinase protein in cells at different temperatures.
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Q1) To find the nucleotide sequence of human chromosomes,chromosomes had to be digested into small fragments and then ________.
A)centrifuged and electrophoresed
B)fingerprinted
C)cloned and sequenced
D)restricted
Q2) Genetically modifying human ________ cells may directly affect future generations.
A)intestinal
B)immune
C)gametic
D)somatic
Q3) STR analysis is a DNA profiling technique that makes use of the fact that different people have ________.
A)different numbers of repeats of short DNA sequences at certain sites in the genome
B)different alleles for many genes in the genome
C)different restriction fragments
D)different CODIS DNA sequences
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Q1) Which one of the following statements is TRUE?
A)Natural selection works on variation already present in a population.
B)Natural selection works on nonheritable traits.
C)Individuals evolve through natural selection.
D)Individual organisms evolve structures that they need.
Q2) The similarity of the embryos of fish,frogs,birds,and humans is evidence of
A)analogy
B)common ancestry
C)genetic drift
D)decreased genetic variation
Q3) What can you conclude about the susceptibility of the bacteria to the antibiotics?
A)The bacteria are more susceptible to antibiotic A than antibiotic C.
B)The bacteria are more susceptible to antibiotic D than antibiotic B.
C)The bacteria are more susceptible to antibiotic C than antibiotic E.
D)The bacteria are more susceptible to antibiotic D than antibiotic A.
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Q1) Which of the following is the strongest piece of evidence for why some scientists believe that we are at the start of a sixth mass extinction?
A)decrease in biodiversity
B)decrease in fossil discoveries
C)decrease in allopatric species
D)decrease in hybrid fertility
Q2) Dinosaurs (aside from the lineage that produced birds)were extinct by the end of the ________.
A)Cretaceous
B)Silurian
C)Eocene
D)Permian
Q3) Speciation requires ________.
A)periods of rapid evolutionary change
B)geographic isolation
C)long periods of time
D)genetic isolation
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Q1) A photoautotrophic unicellular organism with a shell made of silica is most likely a(n)________.
A)apicomplexan
B)foram
C)dinoflagellate
D)diatom
Q2) What is a potential benefit of testing indoor and outdoor sites as well as sites with heavy flooding and light flooding?
A)There is no benefit associated with testing in multiple sites.
B)Testing multiple sites takes less time and requires less equipment.
C)Testing multiple sites allows for fewer scientists to be exposed to the air endotoxins.
D)The data collected would allow scientists to compare endotoxin levels under multiple conditions.
Q3) Flagellates,amoebas,apicomplexans,and ciliates are all what type of protist?
A)slime molds
B)protozoans
C)dinoflagellates
D)seaweeds
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Q1) Which of these adaptations to a terrestrial existence evolved most recently?
A)vascular tissue
B)seeds
C)lignin
D)cuticle
Q2) Plants first moved onto land at least ________ years ago.
A)65 million
B)475 million
C)1)2 billion
D)3)5 billion
Q3) Why is the symbiotic relationship of truffle mushrooms and tree roots considered to be crucial to the colonization of land?
A)This relationship is found in some of the oldest plant fossils.
B)Truffles have the terrestrial adaptation of seeds.
C)Tree roots can be found only in terrestrial environments.
D)Truffles provide trees with sugars.
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Q1) Which of these exhibits radial symmetry?
A)butterfly
B)spoon
C)snowflake
D)shoe box
Q2) What does the term "tetrapod" mean?
A)egg-laying
B)living on land
C)living a double life
D)having four feet
Q3) Almost every element of bird anatomy is modified for what?
A)laying eggs
B)eating seeds
C)enhancement of flight
D)singing unique songs
Q4) What is a feature of birds that makes them valuable as biological indicators?
A)Many migrate long distances.
B)Many are brightly colored.
C)There are over 10,000 different species of birds.
D)Birdwatching is a popular hobby.
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Q1) Which nutrients often limit the distribution and abundance of photosynthetic organisms?
A)water and oxygen
B)nitrogen and phosphorus
C)carbon dioxide and nitrogen
D)water and carbon dioxide
Q2) Which of the following can moderate climate by absorbing heat when the air is warm and releasing heat when the air is cold?
A)clouds
B)glaciers
C)mountains
D)oceans
Q3) The Sahara Desert and the Negev Desert belong to the same ________.
A)community
B)savanna ecosystem
C)biome
D)temperate grassland
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Q1) Which of these best describes Type II survivorship?
A)There is high survivorship for the very young.
B)Most individuals survive to older age intervals.
C)Survivorship is constant over the lifespan.
D)Survivorship is high for the few individuals that survive to a certain age.
Q2) If this trend continues,what do you predict that the populations will look like decades from 2014?
A)There will be more older individuals than working-age individuals.
B)There will be more children than older individuals.
C)There will be more older individuals than children.
D)There will be more working-age individuals than older ones.
Q3) Species that exhibit an equilibrial life history typically ________.
A)have long lives
B)exhibit a Type III survivorship curve
C)exhibit a Type II survivorship curve
D)have a large number of offspring
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Q1) Modern conservation science increasingly aims at ________.
A)protecting federally listed endangered species
B)countering pollution
C)sustaining entire ecosystems
D)maintaining genetic diversity within species
Q2) In the food chain grass antelope human lion,the human is a ________.
A)tertiary consumer
B)secondary consumer
C)primary consumer
D)producer
Q3) When the mud volcano stops erupting,colonization of the disturbed area would be ________.
A)primary succession if there is no biomass inside the area
B)primary succession if primary production relies on plants that survived the disturbance
C)secondary succession if there are no biotic components of the carbon cycle
D)secondary succession if there is no organic matter in the area
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Q1) When spiders show signs of thermal stress,this is an indication that they are unable to ________.
A)move
B)function
C)osmoregulate
D)thermoregulate
Q2) A diuretic is a substance that ________.
A)promotes sweating
B)regulates the contraction of cardiac muscle
C)inhibits urinary water loss
D)promotes urinary water loss
Q3) Which of the following is most likely to be responsible if,when your blood sugar level rose,the level went back down?
A)the use of the sugar for energy by your cells
B)a homeostatic mechanism based on negative feedback
C)type 2 diabetes
D)a homeostatic mechanism based on positive feedback
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Q1) A protein deficiency in the blood could indicate ________.
A)megaesophagus
B)achlorhydria
C)Sjögren's syndrome
D)diverticulitis
Q2) Modern humans possess the same craving for ________ and ________ as our ancestors,despite the obesity these cravings can cause today.
A)fat sugar
B)sugar salt
C)protein vitamin C
D)iron; iodine
Q3) What do the vitamins biotin and Vitamin K have in common?
A)They are both water-soluble vitamins.
B)They are both obtained from meat.
C)They are both produced by intestinal bacteria.
D)They are both common deficiencies in the human diet.
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Q1) The structure where the respiratory and digestive systems meet expands during a yawn.What is the name of this structure?
A)bronchus
B)larynx
C)pharynx
D)trachea
Q2) Why do cigarette smokers cough more than most people do?
A)The tar in cigarette smoke tends to make alveoli stick closed.Coughing opens them.
B)Coughing is the respiratory system's attempt to clear itself of the thick mucus that is produced in response to smoke exposure.
C)Cigarette smoking partially paralyzes the lungs; coughing exchanges the resultant "dead air."
D)Coughing stimulates blood flow to the lungs.
Q3) Insects breathe using ________.
A)lungs
B)tracheae
C)their entire outer skin
D)book lungs
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Q1) Suppose that you encounter an antigen for the first time.What types of cells stored in your lymph nodes can be activated in case you encounter the antigen again?
A)memory cells
B)effector cells
C)phagocytic cells
D)helper T cells
Q2) A person's spleen may be removed (splenectomy)if it becomes enlarged due to certain types of cancer,traumatic injury,or damage.What part of the immune system will be most affected by a splenectomy?
A)internal innate immunity
B)external innate immunity
C)adaptive immunity
D)lymphatic system
Q3) Antibodies ________.
A)are shaped like the letter B
B)are generalists in that any antibody can bind to any antigen
C)assist in destroying particular antigens
D)are produced by T cells
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Q1) Epinephrine ________.
A)decreases metabolic rate
B)decreases heart rate
C)increases absorption of glucose by the digestive tract
D)increases breathing rate
Q2) Astronauts returning from long periods in space often have very fragile bones.This is likely related to ________.
A)overproduction of thyroid hormone
B)lack of gravity
C)diet lacking in calcium
D)excessive production of ADH
Q3) Which of the following best describes the relationship of insulin to glucagon?
A)They work together to prepare the body to deal with stress.
B)Insulin stimulates the pancreas to secrete glucagon.
C)High levels of insulin inhibit pancreatic secretion of glucagon.
D)They are antagonistic hormones.
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Q1) What does the ovarian cycle image above illustrate?
A)The peak of luteinizing hormone occurs slightly before mid-cycle.
B)Ovulation occurs well before mid-cycle.
C)The level of luteinizing hormone does not change much during the cycle.
D)The level of progesterone spikes just before mid-cycle.
Q2) At about what point in gestation can an ultrasound exam determine the sex of the fetus?
A)about 4 weeks after fertilization
B)at the end of the first trimester
C)about 20 weeks after fertilization
D)at the end of the second trimester
Q3) Which of the following is associated with sexual reproduction?
A)fission,only
B)fragmentation,only
C)budding,only
D)None of these are associated with sexual reproduction.
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Q1) Which,if any,of the following types of personal characteristics are based in the cerebral cortex?
A)reasoning abilities only
B)artistic talents only
C)personality traits only
D)reasoning abilities,artistic talents,and personality traits
Q2) What evolutionary adaptation allows elephants to migrate,meet,and mate over great distances?
A)echolocation
B)electroreception
C)magnetoreception
D)seismic detection
Q3) A person who has blurred vision caused by a misshapen lens or cornea has ________.
A)farsightedness
B)nearsightedness
C)astigmatism
D)cataracts
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Q1) Which of the following is a multicellular mass that nourishes the embryo until it becomes a self-supporting seedling?
A)the endosperm
B)a seed coat
C)a fruit
D)a cotyledon
Q2) You trim two different houseplants.The first houseplant becomes bushier,but the pruning does not affect the growth of the second plant.A possible explanation is
A)you removed the axillary bud on the first plant but not the second
B)the second plant forms tubers,but the first plant does not
C)the first plant has compound leaves and the second plant has simple leaves
D)you removed the terminal bud on the first plant but not the second
Q3) Which of the following are the tiny projections found on roots that increase the surface area?
A)root hairs
B)cotyledons
C)nodes
D)mesophyll
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Q1) Which of the following describes a chemical element that a plant must obtain from its environment in order to complete its life cycle?
A)macronutrient
B)micronutrient
C)essential element
D)mineral
Q2) Most plants rely on bacteria to supply them with a usable form of which of the following substances?
A)nitrogen
B)carbon dioxide
C)water
D)amino acids
Q3) Which of the following best describes substances that enter a plant through the root system?
A)They are dissolved in water.
B)They are obtained from the air.
C)They are organic molecules.
D)They are brought in through stomata.
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