Human Biology Exam Bank
Course Introduction
Human Biology explores the structure, function, and processes of the human body at molecular, cellular, organ, and systemic levels. The course covers foundational topics such as genetics, physiology, biochemistry, anatomy, and immunology, with a focus on how these biological systems integrate to maintain health. Emphasis is placed on understanding the human life cycle, heredity, disease mechanisms, and the impact of environment and lifestyle on biological functions, preparing students for further study in health sciences, medicine, or related fields.
Recommended Textbook
Biology Now 2nd Edition by Anne Houtman
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21 Chapters
1862 Verified Questions
1862 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Nature of Science
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Sample Questions
Q1) A tissue is defined as
A) a group of cells that performs a unique set of tasks in the body.
B) two or more atoms held together by strong chemical bonds.
C) the basic unit of life.
D) a network of organs that perform a wide range of functions.
Answer: A
Q2) A way to visualize the breadth and scope of life,from the smallest structures of atoms and cells to the broadest interactions between living and nonliving systems that we can comprehend,is typically referred to as the biological ________.
Answer: hierarchy
Q3) A direct and repeatable observation of any aspect of the natural world can be considered a scientific ________.
Answer: fact
Q4) During an experimental study,a control group is maintained under a standard set of conditions with no change in the independent variable.The ________ group is maintained under the same standard set of conditions as the control group,but the independent variable is adjusted.
Answer: treatment experimental
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Chapter 2: Evaluating Scientific Claims
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Sample Questions
Q1) When determining whether a claim about a new cleansing juice diet is scientific or pseudoscientific,which of the following is NOT a helpful question to ask yourself?
A) What are the credentials and possible bias or agenda of the person(s) making the claim?
B) Has the claim been published in a peer-reviewed, reputable scientific journal?
C) Does the scientific study purporting to support the claim meet the standards of the scientific method?
D) Are there a lot of people, including celebrities, endorsing the product as a healthy weight-loss method?
Answer: D
Q2) When individuals use the scientific process to question information and make informed decisions about the world around them,they are acting in a(n)________ literate manner.
Answer: scientifically
Q3) If a statement about how the natural world works can be supported (or not)by using the scientific method,the statement is a(n)________ claim
Answer: scientific
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Chapter 3: Chemistry of Life
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102 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Carbon shares electrons with oxygen atoms in a carbon dioxide molecule.
A)covalent
B)hydrogen
C)ionic
Answer: A
Q2) Nonpolar molecules that are repelled by water are known as ________ molecules.
Answer: hydrophobic
Q3) After giving a baby a bath,a parent applies baby oil to their child's skin.How does the baby oil help the baby's skin to retain moisture throughout the day? Explain the chemical basis of water retention in this example.
Answer: Because the oil is hydrophobic and the water is hydrophilic,the two substances do not mix well.Coating the baby's skin with baby oil surrounds the skin with a thin barrier that helps to prevent the loss of moisture since the two substances do not interact with each other.The two fail to mix because they do not share the same charged nature.Although water is electrically neutral,the oxygen and hydrogen ends of the molecule possess partial charges.The baby oil on the other hand is held together by nonpolar covalent bonds,so it has no partial charges.
Q4) A solution with a pH of 9 is more ________ than a solution with a pH of 7.
Answer: basic
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Chapter 4: Life Is Cellular
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Sample Questions
Q1) A factory with an office that controls the information sent to separate rooms for each of the manufacturing and shipping processes would be analogous to a A) virus.
B) prokaryotic cell with a nucleus.
C) prokaryotic cell without a nucleus.
D) eukaryotic cell with a nucleus.
Q2) cell wall
A)photosynthesis
B)regulate what moves in and out of cell
C)structure and support for cell
D)lipid synthesis
E)tags proteins for movement
F)enzymatic breakdown of large molecules
G)protein synthesis
H)cellular respiration
I)water and solute storage
J)location of DNA
K)internal organization and structural support
Q3) Using what you know about cell theory and viruses,explain why viruses are not alive.
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Page 6
Chapter 5: How Cells Work
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Sample Questions
Q1) uses carbon dioxide
A) light reactions
B) light-independent reactions
Q2) Which of these molecules carries the most energy?
A) ADP
B) ATP
C) NADH
D) NAD
Q3) Two students are discussing the importance of glycolysis in human cells.One student states that the main function of glycolysis is to produce ATP.The other states that the main function is to produce NADH.Which student is correct?
Q4) After an enzyme catalyzes a reaction there is a(n)________ in the concentration of ________.
A) increase; reactants
B) increase; the enzyme
C) decrease; the enzyme
D) increase; products
Q5) The ________ of an enzyme is an area with a specialized shape and set of chemical properties that allows the enzyme to bind with a particular substrate.
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Chapter 6: Cell Division
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following predicts a likely outcome of bypassing the G checkpoint in the cell cycle?
A) Damaged DNA would be immediately replicated and passed on to the two daughter cells, giving rise to helpful, new alleles.
B) Incompletely replicated DNA may be passed to the two daughter cells; these cells could be lacking specific genes or chromosomes and would likely not survive.
C) The cell cycle would pause if cell size or nutrient supply is inadequate, DNA is damaged, or DNA replication is incomplete.
D) The cell cycle would simply skip mitosis and go directly to G1 to start over.
Q2) If a plant has a total of 18 chromosomes,how many chromosomes would be present in each of its gametes?
A) 36
B) 18
C) 9
D) 6
Q3) Which processes associated with meiosis ensure genetic diversity in offspring?
Name two processes that promote variation and explain how they operate.
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Chapter 7: Patterns of Inheritance
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Sample Questions
Q1) The observable physical characteristics of an organism are known as its ________.
Q2) a homozygous straight hair rabbit and a homozygous curly hair rabbit
A)0 percent
B)25 percent
C)50 percent
D)75 percent
E)100 percent
Q3) In a particular plant,two genes control leaf shape and color.Round leaves (R)are dominant to jagged leaves (r).Yellow fruits (Y)are dominant to white fruits (y).A true-breeding round-leaved,yellow-fruited plant is mated with a true-breeding jagged-leaved,white-fruited plant.What are the genotypes of the plants involved in this cross?
A) RRYY × RRYY
B) RRYY × rryy
C) RrYy × RrYy
D) cannot determine from the information given
Q4) Is it possible for two organisms with the same genotype to have different phenotypes? Explain your answer.
Q5) The genetic makeup of an organism,such as Gg,is its ________.
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Chapter 8: Chromosomes and Human Genetics
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe the possible genotypes and phenotypes (include probabilities)of offspring from a cross between a female heterozygous for the X-linked allele that produces Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS)and a male who does not have WAS.
Q2) Researchers hope to develop treatments for sex-linked genetic disorders such as Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS),by using a virus to insert a properly functioning gene into the patient's blood cells.This technique for correcting defective genes is ________,a specific type of genetic engineering.
Q3) X-linked disorders more commonly affect males than females because males have only one ________ chromosome.
Q4) Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS)is a sex-linked recessive blood disorder that results when an individual does not have a functional WAS gene.Explain where a functional WAS gene can be isolated and how genetic engineering could be used to treat a patient who has WAS.
Q5) In a karyotype of a male,which of the following would indicate an abnormality?
A) one X chromosome and one Y chromosome
B) three copies of chromosome 22
C) 22 pairs of autosomes
D) a total of 46 chromosomes
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Chapter 9: What Genes Are
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe the building blocks of DNA and how they are bonded together to form the DNA double helix.
Q2) You are working for a pharmaceutical company that hopes to produce genetically engineered human pancreatic amylase from rapidly reproducing E.coli cells.Your colleague has worked for months to isolate a minute amount of DNA that she suspects contains the gene for human pancreatic amylase.You need more of this DNA for testing and evaluation.Describe how you can easily produce millions of exact copies of this DNA.
Q3) The significance of specific base pairing in DNA is that
A) it stabilizes the sugar molecule.
B) it provides a method for making exact copies of DNA.
C) it prevents errors in DNA replication.
D) protein copies can be made directly from the DNA.
Q4) Which of the following is NOT a base found in DNA?
A) thymine
B) adenine
C) guanine
D) uracil
Q5) A mutation is due to the addition of two bases in a strand of DNA.This is called a(n)________.
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Chapter 10: How Genes Work
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Sample Questions
Q1) formation of a covalent bond between amino acids
A)nucleus
B)cytoplasm
Q2) The function of genes is to control the production of
A) enzymes.
B) structural proteins.
C) all proteins.
D) amino acids.
Q3) In the genetic code,a codon is ________ bases long for ________.
A) two; all cell types
B) three; all cell types
C) three; bacterial cells and two bases long for plant cells
D) three; plant cells and three bases long for bacterial cells
Q4) RNA bases are paired with DNA bases.
A)first
B)second
C)third
D)fourth
Q5) The process of using an RNA template to make proteins is called ________.
Page 12
Q6) Explain what is meant by "redundancy" in the genetic code.
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Chapter 11: Evidence for Evolution
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Sample Questions
Q1) Bats have the same forelimb bones as humans,but the size of these bones is different.
A)comparative embryology
B)fossil evidence
C)comparative anatomy
D)comparative DNA
E)biogeographic evidence
Q2) Dogs have vestigial digits called dewclaws.Describe the most likely origin of these structures.
Q3) The preserved remains of formerly living organisms are called ________.
Q4) Equus (horses)have a single toe on their hoof,while <i>Hyracotherium</i> (the ancestor to horses)had four toes.Which of the following evidence would support this conclusion?
A) a transition fossil that has one toe
B) an <i>Equus</i> fossil that has four toes
C) a transition fossil that has three toes
D) a <i>Hyracotherium</i> fossil that has one toe
Q5) A fossil is found in Africa and South America but nowhere else in the world.What does this tell us about this organism?
Page 13
Q6) Continental drift is the ________ of Earth's landmasses through geologic time.
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Chapter 12: Mechanisms of Evolution
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Sample Questions
Q1) Algae attach to a boat motor and are transported to a new lake where they establish a new colony.
A)genetic drift
B)genetic bottleneck
C)founder effect
D)gene flow
E)natural selection
Q2) Several related bird species live in a desert.One species is much smaller than the other species.This small species nests in holes in cacti.Because the bird is so small,it can easily squeeze between the spines of the cactus and create a well-protected nest.This is an example of
A) genetic drift.
B) mutation.
C) natural selection.
D) gene flow.
Q3) The result of convergent evolution is ________ traits.
Q4) Compare and contrast bottleneck and founder effect.
Q5) Evolution occurs when there are changes in the frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a(n)________ over time.
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Chapter 13: Adaptation and Species
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Sample Questions
Q1) For two populations to accumulate enough genetic differences to cause speciation,the factors that promote these differences
A) must operate in populations that are not physically separated.
B) must have a greater effect than does the amount of ongoing gene flow.
C) need to be combined with the forces of genetic drift.
D) should include polyploidy.
Q2) Speciation
A) can result from geographic isolation.
B) occurs in the absence of genetic divergence.
C) occurs only in species living on remote islands.
D) reduces variation.
Q3) Close ecological interactions between two different species may lead to
A) allopatric speciation.
B) sympatric speciation.
C) coevolution.
D) geographic isolation.
Q4) mechanical isolation
A)prezygotic
B)postzygotic
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Chapter 14: The History of Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) Hominidae
A)genus
B)order
C)family
D)kingdom
E)species
F)class
G)phylum
Q2) Primates
A)genus
B)order
C)family
D)kingdom
E)species
F)class
G)phylum
Q3) If Earth's current mass extinction were to end tomorrow,what would be expected to occur with adaptive radiations?
Q4) List at least three basic functions of life that are handled differently on land than they are in water.
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Bacteria and Archaea
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Sample Questions
Q1) Bacterial conjugation is the process in which a bacterium
A) splits in two.
B) exchanges DNA directly with another bacterium.
C) adheres to a surface to form a biofilm.
D) takes in DNA from its environment.
Q2) What role do pili serve in the formation of a biofilm?
Q3) In which of the following environments would archaea be expected but not bacteria?
A) a hydrothermal vent
B) a belly button
C) water in a cave
D) dead matter in shallow water
Q4) cytoplasm
A)prokaryotes only
B)eukaryotes only
C)both prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Q5) capsule
A)prokaryotes only
B)eukaryotes only
C)both prokaryotes and eukaryotes
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Chapter 16: Plants, Fungi, and Protists
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain why the evolution of sexual reproduction in aquatic algae would significantly increase the chances of plant diversity on land.
Q2) Jim is mowing the lawn and accidently runs over a large round object that seems to explode in a cloud of dust.Upon closer examination,he determines that the object was actually the club-shaped reproductive structure of an organism that has cells with cell walls but no chloroplasts,and the dust particles were actually spores.This organism is probably a ________ that belongs to kingdom ________.
A) basidiomycete; Fungi
B) ascomycete; Plantae
C) zygomycete; Fungi
D) basidiomycete; Plantae
Q3) Eukaryotic cells can complete tasks such as digesting and storing food and ridding the cell of waste products because they contain an elaborate system of internal membranes and compartments.This compartmentalization is lacking in A) protists.
B) fungi.
C) prokaryotes.
D) plants.
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Chapter 17: Animals and Human Evolution
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Q1) You are a researcher excavating a site in a cave in Israel.There are many layers of sediment and primitive artifacts (flint tools for cutting and scraping)from ancestral Homo species within the cave.As you work your way deeper and deeper through the layers,you notice that artifacts in the deeper layers (laid before 350,000 years ago)do not show any signs of having been exposed to fire. Artifacts in layers less than 350,000 years ago show rapidly increasing evidence of exposure to fire.Your colleagues working in nearby caves and caves scattered around the eastern Mediterranean Sea have found similar evidence dating in the same time frames.The evidence is also consistent with that of European sites.What does this suggest about the use of fire by ancestral humans?
Q2) Which of the following organisms displays bilateral symmetry?
A) sponges
B) jellyfish
C) bees
D) amoeba
Q3) Members of the "human" branch of the ape family,including modern humans as well as our extinct relatives,are properly referred to as ________.
Q4) Humans did not evolve from chimpanzees.Humans and chimpanzees share a ________.
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Chapter 18: General Principles of Ecology
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Q1) During a debate on sustainability,a presenter states that humans do not need to protect the planet because our technology puts us outside of the biosphere.Evaluate the validity of this statement.
Q2) There are many deserts at 30° latitude because at this altitude,dry air
A) rises.
B) sinks.
C) cools.
D) warms.
Q3) Biology is the study of life.Would biologists study abiotic components in an ecosystem?
A) Yes; biologists study all living organisms regardless of size.
B) No; biologists study only those living organisms that have a significant effect on the ecosystem.
C) Yes; understanding living organisms includes understanding the nonliving factors on which they depend.
D) No; biologists only study living components of the ecosystem; the nonliving components would be studied by chemists or geologists.
Q4) How do "weather" and "climate" differ?
Q5) In what way are greenhouse gases considered beneficial?
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Chapter 19: Growth of Populations
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Q1) A population is counted at 100 individuals in 1998.In 2006,a new count found 1,600 individuals.The doubling time for the population is ________ year(s).
A) 0.5
B) 1
C) 1.5
D) 2
Q2) One measure of population growth is the period in which a population increases to twice its size.This is referred to as the ________ of the population.
Q3) What causes an S-shaped growth curve to flatten out at the top?
Q4) Which of the following statements about carrying capacity is true?
A) An S-shaped curve represents a population's ability to increase its numbers above the carrying capacity of its habitat.
B) J-shaped curves show the immediate limiting effect of carrying capacity on a newly introduced organism.
C) The carrying capacity is the same for all organisms in the same area.
D) The carrying capacity is established by the resource with the most limited availability.
Q5) Weather is a density-________ factor that can affect the size of a population.
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Page 21
Chapter 20: Communities of Organisms
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Q1) ________ consumers feed on primary consumers as part or all of their diet.
Q2) bears and wolves both consuming carcasses within the same area
A)mutualism
B)commensalism
C)exploitation
D)competition
Q3) Ecological communities
A) have clearly fixed boundaries and are always defined on the same scale.
B) can be nested within larger ecological communities.
C) are defined as groups of four or more species within a given area.
D) are groups of species that do not fluctuate over time.
Q4) a fish that consumes parasites found on a shark
A)mutualism
B)commensalism
C)exploitation
D)competition
Q5) A(n)________ is a single sequence of who eats whom in a community.
Q6) Two populations will likely be pitted in competition when they occupy the same ________ or set of conditions and resources that a population needs in order to survive and reproduce in its habitat.
Page 22
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Chapter 21: Ecosystems
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Q1) Dominated by coniferous trees that grow in northern or high-altitude regions with cold,dry winters and mild summers,this biome also has nutrient-poor soils and therefore a relatively low plant diversity.Large herbivores such as elk and moose live alongside smaller carnivores like weasels,wolverines,and martens.Larger carnivores include lynx and wolves.
A)tropical forest
B)chaparral
C)boreal forest
D)tundra
E)desert
F)temperate deciduous forest
G)grassland
Q2) To best use Earth's net primary productivity to feed the most people,diets should be modified to include only ________,moving ________ the food chain and gathering the maximum amount of energy available from a given biomass of producers.
A) meat; higher up
B) meat; lower down
C) plant material; lower down
D) plant material; higher up
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