Human Behavior in Social Contexts
Exam Solutions
Course Introduction
This course explores the ways in which human behavior is influenced by social environments and structures. Students will examine theoretical perspectives and empirical research on topics such as social perception, group dynamics, conformity, aggression, altruism, and interpersonal relationships. Through lectures, discussions, and applied activities, the course investigates how factors like culture, social norms, roles, and socialization shape individuals thoughts, feelings, and actions within various social contexts. By understanding these complex interactions, students will gain insights into both individual and collective behaviors, preparing them to analyze and address real-world social issues.
Recommended Textbook
Social Psychology 9th Edition by Saul Kassin
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14 Chapters
1820 Verified Questions
1820 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: What is Social Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) The field of social psychology emerged as a distinct discipline around the end of the A) 17th century.
B) 18th century.
C) 19th century.
D) 20th century.
Answer: C
Q2) When Taka is teaching his social psychology class, he emphasizes that the field must encompass a range of research techniques and cultural perspectives if it is to flourish.Taka's emphasis reflects a(n)
A) contextualist orientation.
B) empirical approach.
C) "hot" approach to studying social behavior.
D) pluralistic orientation.
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: Doing Social Psychology Research
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130 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is not a suggestion your textbook makes for how social psychology could protect itself against intentional or unintentional bias or dishonesty?
A) Using more precise and advanced statistical methods
B) Having researchers be more open to public scrutiny of their materials and data
C) Emphasizing the importance of replication of results
D) Having tenure and promotion less dependent upon publication of research
Answer: D
Q2) Subject variables are characterized by all of the following except
A) they are neither dependent nor truly independent variables.
B) they cannot be manipulated or randomly assigned.
C) they may include gender and ethnicity of participants.
D) they are essential for field experiments.
Answer: D
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4
Chapter 3: The Social Self
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Sample Questions
Q1) The term self-concept refers to
A) the sum total of a person's beliefs concerning his or her own personal characteristics.
B) the evaluation of one's own abilities and attitudes through comparison to similar others.
C) whether a person's self-evaluation is positive or negative.
D) the general disposition to focus on either the inner feelings or outer image of the self.
Answer: A
Q2) English and Chen's (2007)study of college students of European and Asian descent found that
A) even within a particular context, Asian students see their identity as relatively fluid and variable.
B) European students tended to see the self in more stable terms across situations.
C) European students had smaller discrepancies between their ideal and actual selves.
D) All of these
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Perceiving Persons
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Sample Questions
Q1) Research has shown that the strength of first impressions is even greater for individuals who
A) are high in need for closure.
B) have been primed.
C) are in a bad mood.
D) believe in a just world.
Q2) Hassin and Trope's (2000)study of physiognomy found that participants assigned traits to others based on their
A) hair style.
B) facial features.
C) perceived age.
D) perceived race.
Q3) The system that social perceivers rely on first is
A) intuitive and automatic.
B) rational and controlled.
C) effortful and intuitive.
D) slow and easy.
Q4) Explain the information integration theory of impression formation, and describe at least two potential ways in which humans deviate from its proposed arithmetic.
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Chapter 5: Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of these factors increases the probability of automatic activation of stereotypes?
A) Exposure to neutral information about a group or target
B) A personal motivation to avoid prejudice
C) A low prevalence of the stereotype in the culture
D) None of these
Q2) The Jets and the Sharks are two groups of local youths who regularly-and belligerently-compete against each other.The Robbers Cave experiment would suggest that one way of healing the rift between these groups is to
A) allow the youths to date each other.
B) encourage them to "air" their differences.
C) have them work together on a goal that requires cooperative efforts.
D) have each group note the good qualities of the other group.
Q3) The fundamental attribution error may promote stereotypes because
A) observers see stereotype-consistent behavior as dispositional.
B) it is so prevalent that it is unaffected by personal motivations.
C) the more a stereotype is violated, the more observers cling to that stereotype.
D) we often perceive members of outgroups as having ulterior motives.
Q4) Describe two ways in which gender stereotypes are strengthened and maintained.
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Chapter 6: Attitudes
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Sample Questions
Q1) When she first joined the Army, Stephanie was not entirely sure she would like it, but was excited about the thought of traveling around the world.By the end of the grueling basic training program, she absolutely loved Army life and was totally committed to it, despite the fact that she had been stationed in New Jersey and never got to leave the country.Stephanie's attitude toward the Army is most likely the result of A) self-monitoring.
B) effort justification.
C) insufficient deterrence.
D) psychological reactance.
Q2) Professor Shackleford is elated because she has just learned that her paper has been accepted for publication.When a student passes her in the hallway and tells her that he missed the latest exam in order to stay home with his depressed cat, her good mood renders her likely to
A) be even more skeptical than usual about such an unlikely excuse.
B) be less skeptical than usual about the excuse.
C) overlook the student's cognitive dissonance.
D) fall victim to the sleeper effect.
Q3) According to the theory of planned behavior, how do attitudes influence behavior?
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Conformity
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Sample Questions
Q1) In comparison to obedience and compliance, conformity
A) involves less direct pressure from others.
B) occurs only in response to the behavior of a group of others.
C) requires the physical presence of at least one other person.
D) is more likely to produce destructive behaviors.
Q2) The "minority slowness effect" refers to the finding that
A) members of minority groups are often slow to change their minds during group discussion.
B) it takes longer for minority group members to change the minds of majority group members than vice versa.
C) people with minority opinions are slower to respond to questions about the topic than people with majority opinions.
D) All of these
Q3) Milgram's research on obedience
A) has stirred controversy regarding its ethics.
B) revealed that far fewer people would deliver maximum shocks than was predicted by psychiatrists.
C) was conducted to better understand the war in Vietnam.
D) had disturbed individuals serve as participants.
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Group Processes
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Sample Questions
Q1) Research on brainstorming in groups demonstrates that
A) people brainstorming together produce fewer and lower-quality ideas than those brainstorming individually.
B) people believe that the ideas generated in group brainstorming sessions are not as good as those generated by individuals.
C) group brainstorming can be enhanced by production blocking.
D) people feel more comfortable expressing unusual ideas in group brainstorming sessions.
Q2) Hendrika owns a small aerospace company and wants to make sure that she recognizes the signs of groupthink if it crops up in her group meetings.She should be especially concerned that groupthink may be occurring if the group exhibits
A) coalition formation.
B) social loafing.
C) divergent thinking.
D) closed-mindedness.
Q3) Describe three key structural features of groups.
Q4) Explain how discussion of a topic with like-minded others can lead people to hold their views with greater conviction, and why this happens.
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Attraction and Close Relationships
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Sample Questions
Q1) Research concerning coping with divorce suggests that A) several years after divorce, people tend to be just as satisfied with their lives as are married people.
B) immediately after a divorce, life satisfaction ratings tend to increase somewhat.
C) men have an easier time bouncing back from divorce than do women.
D) None of these
Q2) In Sternberg's triangular theory of love, _____ is the emotional component and _____ is the cognitive component.
A) intimacy; commitment
B) passion; intimacy
C) commitment; intimacy
D) passion; commitment
Q3) Which aspect of passionate love is most enduring?
A) Obsessions with one's beloved
B) Romantic preference for one's partner
C) Amazing sexual chemistry
D) Mutual caring and commitment
Q4) How are mating preferences explained from an evolutionary perspective?
Q5) How do people tend to cope with loneliness, and why is it important to do so?
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Chapter 10: Helping Others
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Sample Questions
Q1) Abigail ran back into the burning house to rescue her sister, Sophia, but when she found out that her neighbor, Mitchell, was also in the house, she just waited for the firemen to arrive.According to the study by Fitzgerald and others (2010), which of the following best explains Abigail's actions?
A) In high-risk scenarios, we are motivated to help anyone.
B) In low-risk scenarios, we are willing to help friends and relatives
C) In all scenarios, we are unlikely to help someone not genetically related to us.
D) In high-risk scenarios, we are more willing to help only our closest relatives.
Q2) Reluctance to help for fear of making a bad impression on observers is called A) kin selection.
B) audience inhibition.
C) arousal inhibition.
D) pluralistic reluctance.
Q3) Research by Batson on the empathy-altruism hypothesis suggests that A) all helping is altruistic.
B) most helping is egoistic.
C) helping is affected by many motives, including sometimes altruism.
D) helping is affected by many motives, but rarely altruism.
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Aggression
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Sample Questions
Q1) United States citizens tend to be more likely than those of other nations to disapprove of
A) violence against young girls.
B) gun violence.
C) a husband slapping his wife.
D) bullying.
Q2) When Paulie accidentally bumps into Christopher, causing Christopher to spill his coffee, Christopher assumes that Paulie's behavior was deliberately intended to make him spill his coffee.He responds by yelling obscenities at Paulie.Christopher could be described as
A) having a hostile attribution bias.
B) suffering from catharsis.
C) displaying instrumental aggression.
D) displaying relational aggression.
Q3) Under what conditions should punishment be most and least effective in reducing aggression? From the perspective of social learning theory, explain why punishment might increase rather than decrease aggression.
Q4) Discuss the role played by arousal and affect in aggression.
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Law
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Sample Questions
Q1) Jurors' power to disregard the law when it conflicts with their personal conceptions of justice is called
A) the inquisitorial model of justice.
B) jury nullification.
C) sentencing disparity.
D) the process of peremptory challenges.
Q2) In what way is pre-trial publicity dangerous?
A) It creates a first impression of innocence.
B) It creates a first impression of guilt.
C) It glamorizes the defendant.
D) It exploits the victim.
Q3) A dispute resolution system in which the prosecution and defense present opposing sides of the story is called a(n)_____ model.
A) adversarial
B) inquisitorial
C) comparative
D) cultural
Q4) Summarize the means by which the polygraph works as a lie detector.What two major problems call its accuracy into question?
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Chapter 13: Business
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Sample Questions
Q1) Face-to-face interviews are believed to reduce all of the following types of bias except
A) preference for male candidates.
B) preference for Caucasian candidates.
C) preference for physically attractive candidates.
D) preference for young candidates.
Q2) Murphy's (2003)survey of over 700 professionals indicated that most A) relied extensively on standardized tests of intelligence in personnel selection. B) had never heard of the use of standardized tests of intelligence in personnel selection. C) agreed that intelligence is difficult to measure with standardized tests.
D) believed that integrity tests were more important than standardized tests of intelligence.
Q3) Supervisor appraisals of an employee seem to be least influenced by A) technical proficiency.
B) friendliness.
C) job knowledge.
D) dependability.
Q4) How do rewards affect intrinsic motivation?
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Chapter 14: Health and Well being
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Sample Questions
Q1) Selye's (1936)general adaptation syndrome includes all of the following stages except A) alarm.
B) exhaustion.
C) recovery.
D) resistance.
Q2) According to Seligman (1975), depression results primarily from A) proactive coping.
B) learned helplessness.
C) high self-complexity.
D) specific external attributions.
Q3) Compared to European Americans, Asians are
A) less likely to seek out social support in times of stress.
B) more likely to cope with stress by turning to others for social support.
C) more likely to experience microstressors.
D) more likely to experience major life stressors.
Q4) Distinguish between negative and positive life changes in terms of the amount of stress they produce.
Q5) Discuss how attributions may be related to health.
Q6) Explain the three key predictors of happiness.
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