Human Behavior and Personality Study Guide Questions
Course Introduction
This course explores the complexities of human behavior and the development of personality, drawing from major theories in psychology such as psychoanalytic, trait, behavioral, cognitive, and humanistic approaches. Students will examine the biological, social, and cultural factors influencing personality formation, as well as the ways in which personality impacts thoughts, emotions, and actions. Through a combination of lectures, case studies, and interactive activities, the course encourages critical analysis of individual differences and the interplay between personality and real-world behaviors across the lifespan.
Recommended Textbook
Personality 9th Edition by Jerry M. Burger
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17 Chapters
1024 Verified Questions
1024 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: What Is Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) Of the following approaches, which ignores inherited influences the most?
A) Cognitive
B) Biological
C) Trait
D) Psychoanalytic
Answer: A
Q2) Regardless of the approach, assessment is about making predictions from personality theory.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Which of the following questions would a personality psychologist ask?
A) Why are certain types of people prone to depression?
B) Why are some people introverted, whereas others are outgoing ?
C) Can we predict job satisfaction in employees?
D) All of the above
Answer: D
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Personality Research Methods
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Sample Questions
Q1) A reliable test
A) measures what it was designed to measure.
B) measures what it measures consistently.
C) has good validity.
D) measures many different concepts at once.
Answer: B
Q2) Most personality research begins with an assessment.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Which of the following is a problem of test validity?
A) When test responses are depend on recent events.
B) When test questions are vague.
C) When test responses do not reflect the hypothetical constructs being measured.
D) When similar test responses cannot be obtained in a second testing.
Answer: C
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Chapter 3: The Psychoanalytic Approach: Freudian Theory, Application,
and Assessment
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Sample Questions
Q1) A man becomes a leader in a crusade promoting sexual morality. A year later, he is arrested for a variety of sex crimes. Freud might have interpreted the man's earlier behavior as an example of A) repression.
B) denial.
C) reaction formation.
D) projection.
Answer: C
Q2) Clients in therapy who claim they forgot a regular appointment with their therapist could be displaying a form of A) resistance.
B) reaction formation.
C) symbolic behavior.
D) denial.
Answer: A
Q3) One defense mechanism that is successful, productive, and adaptive is reaction formation.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Page 5
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Chapter 4: The Freudian Approach: Relevant Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) The view that deeply hypnotized people experience a division of their consciousness is known as
A) neodissociation theory.
B) sociocognitive theory.
C) trance theory.
D) neonatal theory.
Q2) According to sociocognitive theorists, participants in hypnosis demonstrations act the way they do because
A) the controlling influence of the ego is temporarily removed under hypnosis.
B) consciousness has been divided into accessible and nonaccessible pockets.
C) participants act the way they think they are supposed to act.
D) participants act on the pleasure principle.
Q3) After a tragic event, like Hurricane Katrina, people often make jokes about the tragedy. Freud might explain this behavior in terms of A) denial.
B) symbolic expression of hostility.
C) reaction formation.
D) tension reduction.
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6
Chapter 5: The Psychoanalytic Approach: Neo Freudian
Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Sample Questions
Q1) "God is but an unconscious father figure generated to provide us with feelings of security." Which theorist is most likely to have made this statement?
A) Freud
B) Jung
C) Fromm
D) Adler
Q2) A teenage boy drifts from one religion or social cause to another, in an effort to "find himself." According to Erikson, he is probably struggling with which developmental crisis?
A) Initiative versus guilt
B) Industry versus inferiority
C) Identity versus role confusion
D) Generativity versus stagnation
Q3) Karen Horney's view of personality was that it does not even exist in the absence of interpersonal relations.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: Neo Freudian Theories: Relevant Research
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Q1) Karen Horney agreed with Freud that unconscious conflicts often trigger anxiety.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Although she is involved in a steady romantic relationship, Jackie has an avoidant attachment style. This week she is stressed about an upcoming medical operation. Studies suggest the stress will cause Jackie to A) seek comfort from her partner.
B) pull away from her partner.
C) seek comfort from many people.
D) become excessively dependent on her partner.
Q3) One explanation for why aggression leads to more aggression is that it is reinforced by the cathartic release of tension.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Freud gave which of the following names to the death instinct in his theory?
A) The shadow
B) Libido
C) Thanatos
D) Catharsis
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Chapter 7: The Trait Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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67 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Personality psychologists use factor analysis to help them determine
A) a person's central traits.
B) which personality traits correlate together.
C) the stability of personality traits over time and situations.
D) the validity of personality trait measures.
Q2) A man is said to have one personality trait that dominates his personality. Allport would identify this personality trait as a
A) common trait.
B) central trait.
C) cardinal trait.
D) secondary trait.
Q3) Why were pioneers in the study of personality traits limited in what they could discover?
A) There were not as many sophisticated statistical tests in those days.
B) They had to calculate the factor analyses by hand.
C) Their data set was limited.
D) all of the above
Q4) The projective test that Murray developed the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT).
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: The Trait Approach: Relevant Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) Researchers have found an association between achievement behavior and each of the following personality variables except one. Which one?
A) Social anxiety
B) Dispositional optimism
C) Defensive pessimism
D) Type A
Q2) Researchers have found relatively stable individual differences in each of the following except one. Which one?
A) Emotional awareness
B) Emotional intensity
C) Emotional expressiveness
D) Emotional affectivity
Q3) Researchers have used the factor analysis statistical technique to examine the relation among various emotions.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Type A people often find more easygoing people a source of frustration.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: The Biological Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Q1) Researchers measured children's fear of unfamiliar situations at 21 months and again at four years of age. When the children were brought back to the laboratory at five and a half years, the researchers found
A) that children who were inhibited earlier displayed more risky behavior when playing a ball-tossing game.
B) that children who were inhibited earlier displayed more risky behavior when playing on a mattress in a falling game.
C) that children who were inhibited at 21 months and four years again clung to their mother or father as before.
D) that children who were uninhibited at 21 months and four years began to cling to their mother or father at five and a half years.
Q2) Cross-cultural research on Eysenck's model of personality tends to find the same three dimensions of personality across cultures. Eysenck points to this finding as evidence for
A) a biological basis of personality.
B) the importance of environmental influences on personality.
C) evolutionary personality theory.
D) the need for factor analysis.
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Chapter 10: The Biological Approach: Relevant Research
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Q1) One problem with adoption studies is that the homes in which twins are placed A) are so very different that comparisons cannot be made. B) are often very similar because adoptive families are similar in important ways. C) are highly specialized for adoptive parenting.
D) allow the same genetic influences to emerge.
Q2) Siblings' personalities may be similar because A) children inherited personality traits from their parents.
B) siblings share the same living environments during childhood. C) siblings are raised in the same way by parents.
D) all of the above
Q3) Researchers have difficulty determining genetic influences on personality when they simply compare children with their parents. This is because A) it is difficult to find comparable measures for children and adults. B) genetic and environmental influences on personality are confounded when using this method.
C) it is difficult to find control groups that match the experimental groups.
D) we need to follow the development of the children's personalities for many years to determine genetic influences.
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Chapter 11: The Humanistic Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Q1) Discuss the basic tenets of Carl Rogers's humanistic approach to personality. Discuss where anxiety comes from according to Rogers, including the defenses that he suggested we use against anxiety. Describe Rogers's characterization of the fully functioning person.
Q2) Which of the following does Rogers blame for our inability to incorporate new information into our self-concepts?
A) Disorganization
B) Conditional positive regard
C) Subception
D) Anxiety
Q3) Rogers recommended that therapists use a process of reflection. By this, he meant that they should
A) give clients some quiet time to think about what they are saying.
B) repeat clients' words back to them verbatim so they can hear exactly what they sound like when spoken.
C) explain to clients how they are distorting or denying their experiences.
D) rephrase and translate vague feelings expressed by clients into more precise words.
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Page 13
Chapter 12: The Humanistic Approach: Relevant Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) In Western culture, the concept of high self-esteem is related to how one fits with society.
A)True
B)False
Q2) If you had to say you learned something about conversations in this chapter, which of the following would it be?
A) Noticeable signs of intimacy are lacking in conversations with strangers.
B) Familiar terms are not used very often among good friends.
C) There is little difference between the amount of self-disclosure with friends and with strangers.
D) There is more confusion over when to speak in conversations with good friends than in conversations with strangers.
Q3) Researchers using the experience sampling method typically discover that
A) most people find time by themselves less pleasant than time spent with others.
B) most people find time spent in solitude more pleasant than time spent with others.
C) teenagers spend more time in solitude than adults.
D) the amount of time we spend in solitude decreases as we age.
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14
Chapter 13: The Behavioralsocial Learning Approach:
Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Sample Questions
Q1) Aversion therapy is based on which concept?
A) Negative reinforcement
B) Punishment
C) Shaping
D) Classical conditioning
Q2) Which of the following is not part of Bandura's reciprocal determinism model?
A) Behavior influences internal factors.
B) Behavior influences external factors.
C) External factors influence internal factors.
D) Reinforcement value influences behavior potential.
Q3) According to self-efficacy theory, the extent of people's beliefs that they can bring about outcomes is referred to as
A) reinforcement value.
B) efficacy expectation.
C) outcome expectation.
D) performance accomplishments.
Q4) Explain from where our expectations come for behaviors we have never performed before, according to Bandura. Define self-efficacy and efficacy expectations and give your own examples of mastery experiences and vicarious experiences.
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Chapter 14: The Behavioral Social Learning Approach:
Relevant Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) Who among the following is likely high in unmitigated communion?
A) Belinda, a surgeon who sacrifices her own needs and interests to care for all her patients.
B) Matilda, who sees her personal value in terms of how well others think she takes care of her family.
C) Bernard, who subjugates his needs to the needs of the others in his office.
D) All of the above
Q2) Vicki thinks that whether people make a lot of friends depends on the kind of job a person happens to get and the kinds of people who happen to move into the person's neighborhood. A personality researcher would probably classify Vicki as a(n)
A) internal.
B) external.
C) pessimist.
D) introvert.
Q3) People high in unmitigated agency often
A) focus only on themselves.
B) perform acts of altruism.
C) have low scores on self-efficacy measures.
D) perform random acts of kindness.
Page 16
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Chapter 15: The Cognitive Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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55 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Cognitive personality researchers have looked at each of the following kinds of mental representations except one. Which one?
A) Self-schemas
B) Possible selves
C) Personal constructs
D) Self-efficacy
Q2) Participants in one study were divided into those with and without a well?developed "independence" schema. Later, participants were asked about their own level of independence. Compared to aschematics, participants with a strong independence schema
A) took longer to answer because they had more information to process.
B) took longer to answer because it was more important to them to give a correct answer.
C) took less time to answer.
D) took the same amount of time to answer, but were more confident of their answers.
Q3) Describe each of the major cognitive representations of the self and how each fits into a larger theory of personality. How are these representations measured? Give an example of your own self-schema.
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Chapter 16: The Cognitive Approach: Relevant Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) When investigators looked at the psychological effects of physical and emotion abuse of women, those suffering from deeper depression showed signs of A) a negative cognitive style. B) curiosity.
C) positive emotions beginning to surface after two weeks.
D) false interpretations of events since the trauma.
Q2) According to cognitive researchers, the happiest people are those who A) pay attention to negative information so they can deal with it more effectively. B) pay attention to both positive and negative information equally. C) interpret ambiguous information in a positive light.
D) are always on the alert for negative information.
Q3) Discuss the general aggression model proposed by cognitive researchers. What are the components? Give an example of your own of an aggressive response you have recently made and provide an explanation from the model, including all the components.
Q4) How does the negative (depressive) schema work? Explain how negative thoughts are related to depressing feelings and contrast the outlook on life between most normal people and depressed individuals.
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Chapter 17: General Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Linda is interested in learning what psychology has to say about religion. Which theorist's writings should you direct her to?
A) Adler
B) Jung
C) Skinner
D) Kelly
Q2) Based on research findings, we can say that the characteristics and behaviors of people high in social anxiety are most similar to the characteristics and behaviors of people
A) high in introversion.
B) low in self-esteem.
C) with an external locus of control.
D) high in femininity.
Q3) Suppose a researcher finds the events that make people anxious vary tremendously from culture to culture. Which theory would probably be the least able to account for this?
A) Horney's theory
B) evolutionary personality theory
C) behaviorism
D) social learning theory
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