Human Behavior and Mental Processes
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Course Introduction
This course explores the scientific study of human behavior and the mental processes that underlie it, drawing from the core principles and methods of psychology. Students will examine topics such as perception, learning, memory, emotion, motivation, personality development, social interactions, and psychological disorders. Through analysis of research studies and theoretical perspectives, the course emphasizes understanding the biological, cognitive, and socio-cultural factors that shape individual and group behavior. By the end of the course, students will have developed a foundational understanding of how psychologists investigate questions about behavior and mental processes, as well as insights into how these concepts apply to everyday life.
Recommended Textbook
What is Psychology Foundations Applications and Integration 4th Edition by Ellen E. Pastorino
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14 Chapters
3093 Verified Questions
3093 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: The Science of Psychology
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200 Verified Questions
200 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The diversity between groups of individuals is clearly defined by the ____ perspective.
A) psychodynamic
B) cognitive
C) biological
D) sociocultural
Answer: D
Q2) Assumptions about behavior originally conceived by Freud, and modified by his followers, are the basis for the __________ perspective.
A) humanistic
B) eclectic
C) behaviorist
D) psychodynamic
Answer: D
Q3) What happened to Little Albert?
A) He was conditioned to be afraid of a white rat.
B) He underwent extensive psychoanalysis.
C) He learned to press a lever to get candy.
D) He suffered brain damage from a terrible accident.
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: Neuroscience
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215 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The branch of the nervous system that includes neurons that run between the brain and the muscles AND between the brain and the internal organs is the ____.
A) central nervous system
B) peripheral nervous system
C) somatic nervous system
D) autonomic nervous system
Answer: B
Q2) The refractory period occurs ____.
A) during the night when our neurons are at rest
B) only when inhibitory neurotransmitters are released
C) between action potentials
D) as the cell begins to depolarize
Answer: C
Q3) The hypothalamus ____.
A) maintains vegetative functions like breathing
B) helps to maintain homeostasis in the body
C) is critical to memory function
D) is a sensory relay system
Answer: B
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Sensation and Perception
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220 Verified Questions
220 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which term is more directly associated with perception than sensation?
A) Visual
B) Gustatory
C) Interpretation
D) Auditory
Answer: C
Q2) If your retina contained only rods, you would be unable to see ____.
A) anything
B) color
C) shape
D) in bright light
Answer: B
Q3) The fovea is to ____ as the periphery of the retina is to ____.
A) rods; cones
B) cones; rods
C) near vision; far vision
D) far vision; near vision
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Consciousness
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Sample Questions
Q1) If you attempted to stay awake for a week or longer you would most likely ______.
A) die
B) become groggy but not fall asleep
C) gain weight
D) experience microsleeps and eventually full sleep
Q2) Samaire is in REM sleep. Her brain waves most closely resemble ____.
A) waking state brain waves
B) stage II brain waves
C) stage III brain waves
D) stage IV brain waves
Q3) Hypnosis is best described as a ____.
A) state of mind that leads a person to do whatever the hypnotist wants
B) sleep-like trance characterized by extreme focus
C) method used to create a heightened state of suggestibility
D) method for overcoming an individual's free will
Q4) Define tolerance and substance use disorder, and describe how they are related.
Q5) Name and describe the five stages of sleep.
Q6) Compare and contrast nicotine with amphetamines.
Q7) Describe several positive effects of sleep.
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Motivation and Emotion
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220 Verified Questions
220 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Jennifer is a young woman who suffers from an eating disorder in which she is extremely underweight and yet perceives herself as "fat." Jennifer is most likely suffering from ____.
A) binge-eating disorder
B) anorexia nervosa
C) bulimia nervosa
D) pica
Q2) In both men and women, sexual desire is influenced by ____.
A) GnRH
B) estrogens
C) testosterone
D) dopamine
Q3) An early criticism of the James-Lange theory of emotion has been called into question by recent research that suggests ____.
A) some emotions do indeed involve different bodily reactions
B) the environment actually does play the largest role in internal emotions
C) emotions commonly occur before we feel our heart pounding
D) emotions can be greatly influenced by cognitive distortions
Q4) Explain how drive theory uses the idea of secondary drives to account for human motivations.
7
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Chapter 6: Learning
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Sample Questions
Q1) If latent learning is occurring, it suggests most directly that ____.
A) learning can sometimes occur very slowly
B) learning may be strongly influenced by biological factors
C) behaviors that are conditioned will never be completely forgotten
D) cognitive processes are influencing the learning process
Q2) Tolman studied rats that developed a cognitive map of a maze without reinforcement, an indication of ____.
A) operant conditioning
B) latent learning
C) classical conditioning
D) stimulus discrimination
Q3) The concept of primary and secondary reinforcers is most associated with ____.
A) classical conditioning
B) habituation
C) intellectual conditioning
D) operant conditioning
Q4) Describe how Albert Bandura's social learning theory is similar to and different from behaviorism as conceived by B. F. Skinner.
Q5) Explain the four steps in Bandura's modeling process.
Q6) Describe Albert Bandura's Bobo doll studies and their implications.
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) When listening to your favorite music at the gym, which component of working memory is responsible for processing the sound of the music?
A) Echoic memory
B) The central executive
C) The phonological loop
D) The visuospatial sketch pad
Q2) Jenny has recently married and taken her husband's last name. To her dismay, her friends from high school keep calling her by her maiden name despite her repeated requests to use her married name. Jenny's friends appear to be experiencing ____.
A) retroactive interference
B) proactive interference
C) repression
D) memory decay
Q3) Maintenance rehearsal involves ____ processing and elaborative rehearsal involves ____ processing.
A) recall; recognition
B) implicit; explicit
C) proactive; retroactive
D) a shallow level of; a deep level of
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Cognition, Language, and Intelligence
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231 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe the reliable gender differences in intellectual abilities and explain what you think are the causes of these differences.
Q2) Although it is clear that most animals have ____ ability, it is unclear whether or not most animals have ____ ability.
A) thinking; emotional
B) emotional; thinking
C) language; communication
D) communication; language
Q3) In inductive reasoning, ____.
A) a general rule is apply to specific cases
B) heuristics are used to reach a conclusion
C) specific instances are used to discover a general rule
D) algorithms are used to reach a conclusion
Q4) Image-scanning studies suggest that visual images in our minds are ____.
A) primarily language-based
B) without definite shape or size
C) mental copies of the real stimulus
D) digital, rather than analog
Q5) Compare how we use prototypes and exemplars in categorization.
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Chapter 9: Human Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Maternal stress and anxiety during pregnancy is associated with subsequent higher risk of ____ in the child.
A) cerebral palsy
B) low blood pressure
C) Parkinson's
D) obesity
Q2) Which of the following is TRUE about what most prospective parents have to look forward to after the birth of a child?
A) Life satisfaction will decrease.
B) Finances won't be affected.
C) They'll have more leisure time and time together as a couple.
D) The younger the couple, the better able they'll be to adjust to parenthood.
Q3) Jamail shows little distress when his mother leaves the room and little emotional response when she returns. Ainsworth would characterize Jamail's attachment as ____.
A) avoidant
B) secure
C) resistant
D) emotional
Q4) Explain the difference between bereavement and grief.
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Chapter 10: Social Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) In which culture is direct eye contact expected and prolonged during speaking, but less when listening?
A) Native American
B) Asian American
C) European American
D) African American
Q2) Lorenzo, who is Italian, tends to believe that all Americans are alike. This tendency would be called ____.
A) the out-group homogeneity bias
B) the in-group heterogeneity bias
C) self-serving bias
D) confirmation bias
Q3) Which of the following is a situation in which the person would likely feel dissonance?
A) Jack, who loves roller coasters, decides to ride one.
B) Madge, who wants an A in a class, decides to study this weekend.
C) Tyrone, who dislikes Millie, decides not to ask her to the movies this weekend.
D) Kenitha, who loves camping, decides to go shopping instead of camping this weekend.
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12
Chapter 11: Personality
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230 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Whereas Freud focused on the scientific goal of ____, trait theorists focus on the goal of ____.
A) prediction; control
B) explanation; description
C) control; explanation
D) observation; prediction
Q2) Locus of control is to ____, as self-efficacy is to ____.
A) Julian Rotter; Albert Bandura
B) social cognitive view; humanistic view
C) internal; external
D) unconscious; conscious
Q3) Which test is most similar to the Rorschach Inkblot Test?
A) The Myers-Briggs Personality Inventory
B) The Thematic Apperception Test
C) The CPI
D) The MMPI-2
Q4) How does the structure of the personality emerge, according to Freud?
Q5) Compare the purpose and use of the MMPI-2 and the Rorschach Inkblot Test.
Q6) Describe how Karen Horney differed from Freud's original psychoanalytic views.
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Q7) What is the difference between conditional and unconditional positive regard?
Chapter 12: Health, Stress, and Coping
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Sample Questions
Q1) Your friends who are educated and wealthy are less likely than your friends who are uneducated and poor to experience daily hassles concerning ____.
A) aging parents
B) illness of a family member
C) world politics
D) technology
Q2) According to research evaluating Holmes and Rahe's Social Readjustment Rating Scale, which individual would be more prone to illness?
A) Moises, who was suddenly laid off from his job
B) Lenny, who quit his job
C) Blain, who has decided to retire from his job
D) Felix, who has just accepted a new job position
Q3) Taking your anger out on something or someone other than the person that caused your anger would be an example of ____.
A) cognitive reappraisal
B) a defense mechanism
C) primary appraisal
D) problem-focused coping
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14
Chapter 13: Mental Health Disorders
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202 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Lorenzo drinks excessive amounts of alcohol each evening. His behavior is negatively affecting his relationships and his job performance. A psychologist may consider Lorenzo abnormal based on which criterion?
A) Not typical
B) Dysfunction
C) Distorted perception
D) Learned helplessness
Q2) Samuel has agoraphobia. That means that he has a fear of ____.
A) closed spaces
B) being in places where escape would be difficult if panic were to occur
C) social situations in which negative evaluation could occur
D) heights
Q3) Lucretia has lately been experiencing distressing symptoms including elevated heart rate, muscle tension, a sense of dread, restlessness, and a desire to flee from certain situations. Her symptoms are most consistent with a(n) ____.
A) depressive disorder
B) anxiety disorder
C) somatic symptom disorder
D) dissociative disorder
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Mental Health Therapies
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220 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Successful therapy is often characterized by a strong therapeutic alliance, meaning that ____.
A) the therapist takes responsibility for improvement and makes it happen
B) the client gets involved in group therapy with several others who can provide support and encouragement
C) the therapist and client work together in a collaborative effort to promote improvement
D) several therapists are used to treat the many parts of the client's problems
Q2) The requirement of informed consent for therapy is especially important when ____.
A) any experimental treatment is being used
B) the individual being treated is not especially motivated to change
C) the insurance company will cover only a limited number of sessions
D) the client has never been in therapy before
Q3) What are the critical elements of client-centered therapy?
Q4) Which strategy is likely to be used only sparingly by a behavioral therapist?
A) Flooding
B) Nonreinforcement
C) Punishment
D) Positive reinforcement
Page 16
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