Human Behavior and Mental Processes
Midterm Exam
Course Introduction
This course explores the fundamental principles underlying human behavior and mental processes, drawing from key concepts in psychology. Students will examine topics such as perception, learning, memory, motivation, emotion, personality, and psychological disorders. Through an understanding of both biological and environmental influences on behavior, the course aims to provide a comprehensive overview of how individuals think, feel, and act within various social and cultural contexts. Emphasis is placed on current research, theoretical frameworks, and practical applications to deepen students' awareness of the complexities of human behavior and mental functioning.
Recommended Textbook
The Science of Psychology 4th Edition by Laura King
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17 Chapters
3070 Verified Questions
3070 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: What Is Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is true of neuroscience as a contemporary approach to psychology?
A)It focuses on natural selection as the method of evolution for species.
B)It focuses on the unconscious elements of behavior,thought,and emotion.
C)It emphasizes that behavior can only be understood through direct observation.
D)It emphasizes that the brain is central to understanding behavior,thought,and emotion.
Answer: D
Q2) In the context of the approaches to psychology,humanists believe that people can change their own fates through conscious decisions.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Personality psychology considers personality,consisting of the
A)physiological traits of an individual.
B)relatively enduring characteristics of an individual.
C)ability of an individual to study forensics.
D)continuous flow of changing sensations,images,thoughts,and feelings in an individual.
Answer: B
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Psychologys Scientific Method
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Sample
Questions
Q1) An experimenter studies the relationship between caffeine and reaction time.She designs her experiment with four groups.Group 1 receives 100 mg of caffeine each in their cups of coffee,group 2 receives 200 mg of caffeine each in their cups of coffee,group 3 receives 300 mg of caffeine each in their cups of coffee,and group 4 receives no coffee.Twenty minutes later,participants from all the groups are given a reaction-time test. In this experiment,which group is the control group?
A)group 4
B)group 3
C)group 2
D)group 1
Answer: A
Q2) In descriptive statistics,the _____ is determined by adding up participants' scores and dividing by the number of scores.
A)median
B)standard deviation
C)correlation coefficient
D)mean
Answer: D
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Biological Foundations of Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the context of the pathways in the nervous system,efferent nerves carry information
A)out of the endocrine system to other areas of the body.
B)to the heart and lungs from the muscles and glands.
C)out of the brain and spinal cord to other areas of the body.
D)to the brain and spinal cord via sensory receptors.
Answer: C
Q2) Catherine is confronted by a man with a gun as she walks home from work one night.In this scenario,Catherine's _____ will prepare her body to run from the situation by increasing blood flow to her extremities.
A)parasympathetic nervous system
B)central nervous system
C)sympathetic nervous system
D)somatic nervous system
Answer: C
Q3) Acute stress continues even after the stressful situation that caused the acute stress ends.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the context of the structure of the eye,the axons of the ganglion cells make up the A)olfactory epithelium.
B)blind spot.
C)vestibular canal.
D)optic nerve.
Q2) Describe the fast pathway that transmits pain messages to the brain.
Q3) In the context of sensation and perception,specialized cells that detect stimulus information and transmit it to afferent nerves and the brain are called
A)ganglion cells.
B)sensory receptors.
C)sensory effectors.
D)barrier cells.
Q4) Stimuli in the left field are registered in the right half of the retina in both eyes because
A)light travels in a straight line.
B)rods are more sensitive to light than cones.
C)the fovea has the highest concentration of rods in the eye.
D)the optic fibre is indivisible.
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Chapter 5: States of Consciousness
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Sample Questions
Q1) Ross takes a flight from Log Angeles to New York to attend a business meeting the next day.He checks into a hotel and goes to bed at 11 p.m.However,he is unable to fall asleep even though he is accustomed to sleeping by 11 p.m.Ross is unable to sleep because
A)his body time is out of phase with clock time.
B)he is in an altered state of consciousness.
C)he is in a state of incubation.
D)he is experiencing controlled processing.
Q2) Erika often walks in her sleep past midnight.In formal terms,she is said to be exhibiting A)somnambulism.
B)somniloquy.
C)insomnia.
D)narcolepsy.
Q3) Loss of contact with reality is an overdose effect of A)lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD).
B)barbiturates.
C)tranquilizers.
D)caffeine.
Q4) Describe the effects of stimulants.
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Learning
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements is true of unconditioned stimuli?
A)They produce a response without prior learning.
B)They are previously neural stimuli that eventually elicit a conditioned response.
C)They are neural stimuli that cause synesthesia.
D)They cause neurotransmitters to be absorbed by ganglia.
Q2) Which of the following is true about classical conditioning?
A)It requires the subject of the conditioning to be immune to habituation.
B)It is used to combat the effects of embedded marketing.
C)It is a form of respondent behavior.
D)It effectively explains voluntary behavior.
Q3) In the context of operant conditioning,_____ refers to rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior.
A)shaping
B)acquisition
C)modeling
D)habituation
Q4) Describe avoidance learning.Provide an example to illustrate.
Q5) Provide one example of vicarious reinforcement and one example of vicarious punishment.
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Chapter 7: Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) Jack doesn't need to look at his keyboard while typing.His fingers automatically move over the keys as he types information into the computer.In the context of memory storage,which part of Jack's brain is active when he is performing this?
A)the temporal lobes
B)the hippocampus
C)the cerebellum
D)the amygdala
Q2) Kyle was one of the eyewitnesses for a robbery that took place in a convenience store.She was called in to the police headquarters to identify the suspect in a lineup.Which of the following is most likely to elicit the most accurate response from Kyle?
A)encouraging Kyle to discuss the event with other eyewitnesses immediately before viewing the lineup
B)strongly opposing the use of double-blind procedures
C)presenting the suspects to Kyle in a sequential fashion,one at a time
D)letting Kyle know which suspect was identified by the other eyewitnesses
Q3) Working memory capacity is inseparable from short-term memory capacity.
A)True
B)False
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Thinking, Intelligence, and Language
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Sample Questions
Q1) Brian,a 50-year-old man,is unable to manage his work and personal life.For many years he has struggled to strike a balance between the two,and his time management skills have become extremely poor.In the context of intellectual disability,which of Brian's skill is most likely weak?
A)psychomotor skill
B)practical skill
C)social skill
D)conceptual skill
Q2) Who among the following is most likely to have a low intelligent quotient (IQ)?
A)Kieth,whose mental age is the same as his chronological age
B)Ray,whose mental age is above his chronological age
C)Coby,whose chronological age is above his mental age
D)Linda,whose chronological age is half her mental age
Q3) Jacob received his score on math paper and realized that he performed poorly in the test.According to the steps in problem solving,the next step that must be taken by him is to
A)ignore all the subgoals created by him during the problem-solving process.
B)rethink and redefine his problem.
C)employ heuristics rather than algorithms as the problem-solving strategy.
D)merely frame the problem in a vague way.
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Chapter 9: Human Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Peter is 10 years old.He likes to play a game called "name,place,things,animals" along with his friends,because he often wins and is very good at it.In this game,children are given a list of random nouns,and they are to write the nouns in the correct column.For example,if the noun is "dog," they are supposed to write "dog" under the "animals" column.According to this scenario,Peter is most likely in Piaget's _____ stage of development.
A)sensorimotor
B)preoperational
C)concrete operational
D)formal operational
Q2) The process of myelination is completed during the prenatal period.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In the context of Piaget's stages of cognitive development,_____ are mental representations that are reversible.
A)interactions
B)executions
C)transactions
D)operations
Q4) Explain the concept of neglectful parenting as described by Diana Baumrind.
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Chapter 10: Motivation and Emotion
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is true of the biology of hunger with regard to the human body?
A)The hormone cytokine helps start the digestion of food,travels to the brain through the bloodstream,and signals a person to stop eating.
B)Galactose is an important factor in hunger,probably because the brain critically depends on it for energy.
C)The lateral hypothalamus is involved in reducing hunger and restricting eating.
D)Hunger is triggered by a set of sugar receptors,located in the brain,when sugar levels fall too low.
Q2) Explain competence with regard to self-determination theory.
Q3) Which of the following best defines the hedonic treadmill?
A)experiencing increased psychological well-being after a positive event
B)adapting rapidly to an event that initially caused great happiness
C)reacting negatively to an event that should cause significant happiness
D)experiencing a negative event shortly after experiencing a positive event
Q4) Describe the characteristics of individuals with binge eating disorder (BED).
Q5) Give a brief account of Yerkes-Dodson law.
Q6) Explain the concept of homeostasis.Give appropriate examples.
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Chapter 11: Gender, Sex, and Sexuality
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Sample Questions
Q1) Layla is a 19-year-old heterosexual female who gets turned on by body piercings and tattoos.She currently has 12 tattoos and 13 piercings on her body-all done at home,either by herself or by a sexual partner.She claims that her chances of experiencing sexual satisfaction are significantly increased if she is pierced or tattooed during sex.Layla is most likely to be diagnosed with A)fetishistic disorder.
B)voyeuristic disorder.
C)frotteuristic disorder.
D)transvestic disorder.
Q2) Which of the following is true of the role of cognition and other factors in sexual behavior?
A)Men and women have different sexual scripts.
B)For men,sex may be more an expression of intimacy.
C)For women,orgasm is a crucial aspect of sex.
D)Sexuality is not influenced by sexual scripts.
Q3) The raw materials of male and female genitals and gonads are fundamentally the same.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Discuss the differences between the aggressive behavior of males and females.
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) Briefly describe the trait of agreeableness in the context of the big five factors of personality.
Q2) As a teenage daughter of divorced parents,Kelly has always been impulsive and thoughtless.After a near death experience,she begins considering other people's feelings and feels remorse for her earlier actions.In the context of Freud's psychoanalytic theory,Kelly is most likely experiencing a strengthening of her A)id.
B)defense mechanisms.
C)superego.
D)collective unconscious.
Q3) According to the five-factor model of personality,a person who is incapable of being calm and satisfied with oneself or others is likely to rate high on A)openness.
B)extraversion.
C)agreeableness.
D)neuroticism.
Q4) Discuss the concept of intimacy motive that was introduced by Dan McAdams in his life story approach to identity.
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14
Chapter 13: Social Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the _____ theory,the success of a relationship is a function of how a person feels about the equity in his or her relationship.
A)social identity
B)social exchange
C)social loafing
D)social contagion
Q2) Rachel's new roommate,Berta,has not done laundry for an entire week.Her clothes are lying all over their room.This leads Rachel to assume that Berta is an untidy and undisciplined person.What Rachel does not know is that Berta is currently taking finals and working 40 hours per week.In the context of social cognition,Rachel is primarily _____ while explaining Berta's behavior.
A)using social comparison
B)making a fundamental attribution error
C)using the self-serving bias
D)relying on the false consensus effect
Q3) The tendency to favor one's own group over other groups is called prejudice.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Explain the social identity theory proposed by Henry Tajfel.
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Chapter 14: Industrial and Organizational Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the late 1990s,a woman who had been a graduate student at Emory University filed a sexual harassment suit against her former advisor,who was also female.Her grounds for suing her advisor were her allegations that she (the student)had rejected sexual advances made by her advisor and that the advisor retaliated by not hiring her for a job.In the context of organizational culture,this case would be a typical example of A)quid pro quo sexual harassment.
B)hostile work environment sexual harassment.
C)gender discrimination.
D)role conflict.
Q2) Ashley works as a financial consultant for Cumulus Corp.She has a client meeting scheduled for the 14th,the same day as her son's fifth birthday.She promised her son that she would spend the entire day with him on his birthday,but her job demands her to meet the client at the specified time.Which of the following best describes Ashley's dilemma in this scenario?
A)role conflict
B)role strain
C)burnout
D)job stress
Q3) Discuss the three steps of an effective job analysis.
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Page 16
Chapter 15: Psychological Disorders
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Sample Questions
Q1) Individuals with borderline personality disorder tend to engage in a thinking style called splitting.
A)True
B)False
Q2) _____ is an anxiety disorder that is marked by persistent anxiety for at least six months,and in which the individual is unable to specify the reasons for the anxiety.
A)Aerophobia
B)Generalized anxiety disorder
C)Social anxiety disorder
D)Agoraphobia
Q3) What kind of thinking involves ascribing personal meaning to completely random events?
A)splitting
B)convergent thinking
C)referential thinking
D)deductive reasoning
Q4) How does dissociative amnesia differ from dissociative identity disorder?
Q5) What are the major criticisms associated with DSM-5?
Q6) Discuss the three defining elements of abnormal behavior.
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Therapies
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements is true of behavior therapies?
A)They encourage self-awareness as it is the key to psychological health.
B)They offer action-oriented strategies to help people change underlying thoughts or emotions.
C)They place emphasis on a person's self-healing capacities.
D)They assume that insight is irrelevant to the goal of treatment.
Q2) Roberto is a clinical psychologist residing in California.Which of the following is most likely true of Roberto?
A)He has prescription privileges.
B)He has completed training to become a medical doctor.
C)He administers psychotherapy to his patients.
D)He focuses on the effects of drug therapies on disorders.
Q3) A therapist who implements the cognitive restructuring technique believes that _____ are the causes of abnormal behavior.
A)unpleasant events
B)irrational thoughts
C)unconscious thoughts
D)childhood experiences
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18
Chapter 17: Health Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain the reasons for the use of the biopsychosocial model in health psychology.
Q2) One potential limitation of the theory of reasoned action and the theory of planned behavior is that they consider health decision making to be an irrational process.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Natalie has a weight problem and has joined a weight reduction program in her neighborhood.She has been attending the program for two weeks.According to the stages of change model,Natalie is most likely in the _____.
A)precontemplation stage
B)contemplation stage
C)preparation/determination stage
D)action/willpower stage
Q4) Which of the following statements is true of motivations for a positive change?
A)Achieving short-term goals demotivates people from achieving their long-term goals.
B)When people feel less autonomous,they are more motivated to change.
C)Intrinsic factors motivate people while extrinsic factors don't.
D)Motivational tools for self-change involve changing for the right reasons.
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