Human Behavior and Individual Differences
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Course Introduction
This course explores the foundations of human behavior and the diverse factors that contribute to individual differences. Students will examine key psychological theories and research concerning personality, intelligence, motivation, emotion, and social influences. Discussions will focus on the biological, cognitive, and environmental determinants of behavior, and how these factors lead to variability among individuals. Through case studies and contemporary research, learners will gain insight into assessment techniques, the role of culture, and the practical implications of understanding human diversity in a variety of personal, educational, and professional contexts.
Recommended Textbook
Individual Differences and Personality 3rd Edition by
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13 Chapters
199 Verified Questions
199 Flashcards
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Page 2
Michael C. Ashton
Chapter 1: Basic Concepts in Psychological Measurement
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22 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Suppose that a scale had rather high reliability,but very low validity.Which of the following is most likely to be true of this scale?
A)It doesn't measure anything at all;it's almost entirely error.
B)It measures the right characteristic,but with much error of measurement.
C)It measures some characteristic with little error,but it is the wrong characteristic.
D)It could easily be improved by adding a few more items.
E)It could easily be improved by removing a few items.
Answer: C
Q2) According to simulations by Schönbrodt and Perugini (2013),what is the approximate minimum sample size at which the correlation obtained in a random sample will likely be fairly close to the population correlation?
A)10
B)50
C)250
D)1250
E)6250
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Personality Traits and the Inventories That Measure
Them
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Sample Questions
Q1) Why do researchers generally use structured measures of personality rather than projective tests?
A)It is often difficult to achieve reliable scoring of projective tests.
B)It generally takes much more time to measure (and score)a wide array of traits when projective tests are used.
C)It is very easy for respondents to fake on projective tests.
D)A and B only
E)All of the above
Answer: D
Q2) Recall that the question of whether or not traits exist can be considered in terms of "analysis of variance".In that context,which of the following statements is most accurate?
A)If traits exist,then there should be little or no variance due to situations.
B)If traits exist,then there should be little or no variance due to person-by-situation interactions.
C)If traits exist,then there should be little or no variance due to persons.
D)If traits exist,then there should be some considerable variance due to persons.
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: Personality Structure: Classifying Traits
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Sample Questions
Q1) In his early lexical studies of personality structure,Cattell (1947)used only about 35 adjectives,even though there were thousands of personality-descriptive adjectives in the English language.Why did Cattell use such a small set of adjectives?
A)He needed words that all of his personality raters would understand,so he chose only the 35 most well-known adjectives.
B)He wanted only those words that had direct translations into every known language. C)He had to make sure that the factor analysis calculations would not become too complex and time-consuming.
D)He decided that he needed only about seven adjectives for each Big Five factor to obtain adequate reliability of measurement.
E)None of the above.
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: Developmental Change and Stability of Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the results of several longitudinal studies,how does the stability of personality during young adulthood (say,the typical college-age years)compare with the stability of personality during later adulthood (say,any time after the age of 30)? (Assume a similar time interval in both cases. )
A)Personality is very much more stable in young adulthood than in later adulthood.
B)Personality is somewhat more stable in young adulthood than in later adulthood.
C)Personality is equally stable in young adulthood and in later adulthood.
D)Personality is somewhat less stable in young adulthood than in later adulthood.
E)Personality is very much less stable in young adulthood than in later adulthood.
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Chapter 5: Biological Bases of Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements can accurately describe the results of Geen's (1984)test of Eysenck's theory of Extraversion?
1)Extraverts preferred louder noises than did introverts
2)When noise was loud,extraverts had higher heart rates than did introverts
3)When noise was loud,extraverts performed better on a learning task than did introverts.
A)1 only
B)2 only
C)3 only
D)1 and 3
E)2 and 3
Q2) The traits of tough-mindedness,manipulation,and irresponsibility are associated with which of Eysenck's proposed dimensions of personality?
A)Extraversion
B)Neuroticism
C)Psychoticism
D)Both A and B
E)Both B and C
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Chapter 6: Genetic and Environmental Influences on Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) Some researchers have suggested that adopting households might show less variability in many characteristics (e.g. ,parental warmth,parental strictness,parental education,etc. )than do households in general.If these characteristics really are less variable in adopting households,then what would this mean for estimates of common environment influences on traits?
A)Common environment influences would sometimes be overestimated and sometimes be underestimated.
B)Estimates of common environment influences would not be affected.
C)Common environmental influences would be overestimated.
D)Common environmental influences would be underestimated.
E)The question is meaningless because common environment influences are not estimated using adoption designs.
Q2) Which of the following would indicate the effect of the common (between-family)environment on a given trait?
A)The correlation between adoptive siblings.
B)The correlation between biological cousins raised together,times eight.
C)The correlation between biological siblings raised together,times two.
D)The correlation between biological cousins raised apart,times eight.
E)The correlation between biological siblings raised apart,times two.
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Chapter 7: The Evolutionary Function of Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the framework suggested by Ashton and Lee,which two of the six HEXACO personality factors are relevant to two aspects of reciprocal altruism?
A)Emotionality and Extraversion
B)Extraversion and Agreeableness
C)Agreeableness and Honesty-Humility
D)Openness to Experience and Honesty-Humility
E)Conscientiousness and Emotionality
Q2) Which of the following conditions must be met for natural selection to operate?
1)Individuals differ in some characteristics
2)Characteristics are transmitted directly from parents to offspring
3)Some characteristics are associated with greater reproductive success
4)Individuals consciously try to maximize reproductive success.
A)All except 4
B)All except 3
C)All except 2
D)All except 1
E)All four conditions.
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Chapter 8: Personality Disorders
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the DSM-5 personality disorders has been found to be modestly correlated with childhood physical or sexual abuse?
A)Narcissistic
B)Avoidant
C)Borderline
D)Schizoid
E)Dependent
Q2) In the alternative system for diagnosing personality disorders as proposed for the DSM-5,which of the following dimensions does NOT have any clear counterpart among the Big Five or HEXACO dimensions?
A)Negative Affectivity
B)Detachment
C)Antagonism
D)Disinhibition
E)Psychoticism
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Chapter 9: Personality and Life Outcomes
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Sample Questions
Q1) Van Iddekinge et al. (2011)recently reported a new meta-analysis on the validity of integrity test scores in predicting the job performance,the employer reported counterproductive behavior,and the self-reported counterproductive behavior of employees.Which of those criteria did integrity tests predict most strongly?
A)Job performance
B)Employer reported counterproductive behavior
C)Self-reported counterproductive behavior
D)Both A and B
E)Both B and C
Q2) A study of social status among college students by Anderson et al. (2001)examined the relations between self-reports on the Big Five personality factors and observer ratings of prominence,influence,and respect.Which Big Five factor was found to be associated with these social status ratings,both for men and for women?
A)Extraversion
B)Agreeableness
C)Conscientiousness
D)Emotional Stability
E)Openness to Experience (Intellect/Imagination)
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Chapter 10: Mental Ability
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Sample Questions
Q1) As initially proposed,Spearman's "g" factor and Thurstone's set of "primary mental ability" factors were not compatible with one another.Which of the following accurately describes subsequent research findings on this issue?
A)Thurstone's factors are largely unnecessary,because they can be almost fully explained by the g factor.
B)No substantial g factor really exists,and Thurstone's factors are mutually unrelated aspects of mental ability.
C)Both the g factor and the several additional factors are needed,but g is larger and more important than any other factor.
D)Both the g factor and the several additional factors are needed,but g is smaller and less important than most of the other factors.
E)None of the above;research findings have not resolved this issue.
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Chapter 11: Vocational Interests
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of Holland's (1966)interest dimensions corresponds most closely to the "Things" interests of Prediger's (1982)model?
A)Realistic
B)Enterprising
C)Investigative
D)Artistic
E)Conventional
Q2) Which of the following patterns of sex differences is NOT generally observed in research on vocational interests?
A)On average,men are more interested than women in mechanical occupations.
B)On average,men are more interested than women in military-like occupations.
C)On average,women are more interested than men in child-development occupations.
D)On average,women are more interested than men in aesthetic- or fashion-related occupations.
E)None of the above;all of these patterns are observed.
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Chapter 12: Religion and Politics
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Sample Questions
Q1) Recall the review by Zuckerman et al. (2013)of studies examining religiousness and IQ.According to their findings,how do the average IQ scores of religious believers and nonbelievers compare?
A)Believers average about two standard deviation units higher than nonbelievers.
B)Believers average about half a standard deviation unit higher than nonbelievers.
C)Average levels are about the same for believers and nonbelievers.
D)Nonbelievers average about half a standard deviation unit higher than believers.
E)Nonbelievers average about two standard deviation units higher than believers.
Q2) Based on the two-dimensional system of social values as identified by Schwartz,which of the following pairs consists of two values that are nearly opposite to each other?
A)Self-direction and Hedonism
B)Universalism and Power
C)Achievement and Hedonism
D)Security and Power
E)Benevolence and Conformity
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Chapter 13: Sexuality
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Sample Questions
Q1) Recall the two very broad factors of sexuality that were identified by Schmitt and Buss.Which of the following adjectives would be associated both with high Sexual Commitment and also with high Sexual Arousal?
A)Passionate,romantic,affectionate
B)Devoted,faithful,monogamous
C)Obscene,vulgar,indecent
D)Seductive,sensual,erotic
E)Polygamous,promiscuous,loose
Q2) Suppose that a person has a very high level of Sexual Arousal.What is likely to be the most accurate inference about this person's levels of personality factors?
A)This person will have a low level of Conscientiousness.
B)This person will have a low level of Honesty-Humility.
C)This person will have a high level of Extraversion.
D)This person will have a high level of Emotionality.
E)This person will have a low level of Agreeableness.
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