Human Anatomy and Physiology
Review Questions
Course Introduction
Human Anatomy and Physiology is a foundational course that explores the structure and function of the human body, providing an in-depth understanding of its various systems and how they interact to maintain life. Students will learn about anatomical terminology, cell and tissue organization, and the major organ systems, including the skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems. Emphasis is placed on the physiological mechanisms that underlie body processes and homeostasis, as well as the ways in which these systems respond to internal and external changes. This course is essential for students pursuing studies in health sciences, medicine, or any field requiring a strong background in the biological sciences.
Recommended Textbook
Human Physiology From Cells to Systems 4th Canadian Edition by Lauralee Sherwood
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Foundation of Physiology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Muscle cells produce movement by expanding.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Factors that are homeostatically regulated are maintained at a constant, fixed level unless disease is present.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Not all activities performed by the muscular and nervous systems are directed toward maintaining homeostasis.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) Exocrine glands are the only structures in the body capable of secretion.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q5) ____________________ cells are specialized to send electrical signals. Answer: Nerve
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Chapter 2: Cell Physiology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Anions are attracted toward a more positively charged area along an electrical gradient.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Which of these statements describes the plasma membrane
A)Under a light microscope, it appears as a trilaminar structure.
B)The carbohydrates on the outer surface serve as receptor sites for binding chemical messengers in the environment of the cell.
C)The lipid bilayer serves as a barrier to the passage of H Oa.-soluble substances through the membrane.
D)Carrier proteins shuttle back and forth across the membrane as they carry passenger molecules from one side to the other.
Answer: C
Q3) ____________________ is a protein responsible for pinching off an endocytic vesicle.
Answer: Dynamin
Q4) A given synapse is always excitatory or ____________________.
Answer: inhibitory
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Chapter 3: The Central Nervous System
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Sample Questions
Q1) The grey matter in the CNS consists of parts of neurons not covered with myelin.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Which of the following is NOT a function of the limbic system
A)to provide emotional overtones
B)to coordinate aspects of learning
C)to provide "reward" stimulation
D)to provide conscious perceptions
Answer: D
Q3) ____________________ area is responsible for speaking ability, whereas ____________________ area is concerned with language comprehension.
Answer: Broca's; Wernicke's
Q4) Describe the organization of the nervous system.
Answer: Answers will vary.
Q5) Hydrocephalus results from the accumulation of ____________________ in regions of the brain.
Answer: CSF
Q6) ____________________ refers to subjective awareness of surroundings and self.
Answer: Consciousness
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Chapter 4: The Peripheral Nervous System: Sensory,
Autonomic, Somatic
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Sample Questions
Q1) Most sympathetic postganglionic fibres have cell bodies in a sympathetic ganglion
Q2) eighth
A)bipolar neurons
B)optic nerve
C)lateral geniculate nucleus
D)rods and cones
E)visual cortex
F)optic tracts
G)ganglion cells
H)optic radiations
Q3) The curvature of the lens must be adjusted to enable the eye to focus both near and far sources on the retina.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Any stimulus can excite any excitable tissue.
A)True
B)False
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Q5) The point of the retina with the most distinct vision is the
Chapter 5: Principles of Endocrinology: The Central
Endocrine Glands
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Sample Questions
Q1) Cellular hypertrophy is accomplished by increased cell division.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Hormones may be steroids, peptides, or amines.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Specificity is dependent on specificity of target-cell receptors.
A)the endocrine system
B)the nervous system
C)both the endocrine and nervous systems
Q4) Which of these disorders and hormonal imbalances are correctly matched
A)diabetes insipidus and decreased insulin response
B)acromegaly and excessive growth hormone secretion after epiphyseal plates are closed
C)diabetes mellitus and decreased ADH secretion
D)dwarfism and excessive cortisol production
Q5) The ____________________ carries hypophysiotropic hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary.
Q7) The ____________________hormones are derived from tyrosine. Page 7
Q6) ____________________ are hormones derived from cholesterol.
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Page 8
Chapter 6: The Endocrine Glands
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Sample Questions
Q1) _____________________ refers to the synthesis of larger organic molecules from smaller organic molecules.
Q2) stimulated by glucagon and cortisol
A)gluconeogenesis
B)glycogenesis
C)glycogenolysis
D)both gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis
E)all of these answers
Q3) Protein-bound Ca² is the form of calcium that is important in neuromuscular excitability.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The adrenal medulla is actually a modified part of the sympathetic nervous system. A)True
B)False
Q5) Vitamin D can be produced by the ____________________ upon exposure to sunlight.
Q6) One atom of I attached to tyrosine yields _____________________, whereas the addition of two I atoms to tyrosine forms _____________________.
Page 9
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Chapter 7: Muscle Physiology
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Sample Questions
Q1) regulatory protein(s)
A)actin only
B)myosin only
C)actin and myosin
D)troponin-tropomyosin complex
E)actin, troponin, and tropomyosin
F)actin, myosin, troponin, and tropomyosin
Q2) Which of these statements describes pacemaker activity
A)spontaneous depolarizations of the membrane resulting from shifts in passive ionic fluxes accompanying automatic changes in channel permeability
B)spontaneous depolarizations of the membrane due to cyclical changes in Na -K -pump activity
C)characteristic of single-unit smooth muscle and is not found in any other muscle type
D)characteristic of multiunit muscle and is not found in any other muscle type
Q3) The strength and rate of contraction of the heart can be influenced by the autonomic nervous system.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: Cardiac Physiology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following happens during isovolumetric ventricular contraction
A)The ventricles fill rapidly.
B)No blood enters or leaves the ventricles.
C)The maximum volume of blood is ejected.
D)The maximum rate of ejection occurs.
Q2) the ventricles' left is much thicker
A)tricuspid valve
B)myocardium
C)aortic semilunar valve
D)AV node
E)sinoatrial node
Q3) An increase in parasympathetic activity ____________________ the stroke volume.
Q4) its fast Ca² channels help initiate
A)tricuspid valve
B)myocardium
C)aortic semilunar valve
D)AV node
E)sinoatrial node
Q5) An increase in cardiac sympathetic activity ____________________ the rate of depolarization of the SA node.
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Chapter 9: Vascular Physiology
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Sample Questions
Q1) increasing the length of a vessel
A)This change would increase blood flow.
B)This change would decrease blood flow.
C)This change would have no effect on blood flow.
Q2) Which of these conditions might NOT be associated with oedema
A)extensive burns
B)congestive heart failure
C)decreased venous pressure
D)lymphatic obstruction
Q3) Cardiovascular changes associated with exercise can be accounted for by local metabolic influences on skeletal muscle arterioles coupled with adjustments via the baroreceptor reflex.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of these local chemical changes does NOT occur during a period of increased cell activity
A)increased CO
B)increased acid
C)increased O
D)increased K
Page 12
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Chapter 10: The Blood
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the stimulus for increased secretion of erythropoietin
A)low oxygen levels in the bone marrow
B)low oxygen levels in the kidney
C)a hormone produced by the bone marrow
D)a hormone produced by the liver
Q2) Polycythaemia increases the viscosity of the blood, thus increasing the total peripheral resistance.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The rate of erythropoiesis normally increases in a person adjusting to higher altitudes.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The lymphocyte is a granulocyte.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Many of the clotting factors are alpha or beta globulins.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Pathogens are microorganisms that cause ____________________.
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Chapter 11: Body Defences
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which occurrence is NOT characteristic of the inflammation response
A)increased capillary permeability
B)increased macrophage activity
C)localized vasodilation
D)decreased phagocytic activity
Q2) Interferon is secreted by lymphoid organs.
A)True
B)False
Q3) recognize class II MHC glycoproteins
A)applies to cytotoxic T cells
B)applies to helper T cells
C)applies to suppressor T cells
D)applies to both helper T and suppressor T cells
E)applies to all three types of T cells
Q4) Interferon, natural killer cells, and cytotoxic T cells all exert antiviral and anticancer effects.
A)True
B)False
Q5) A pyrogen induces the development of ____________________.
Q6) ____________________ immunity is not self-generated compared to active immunity.
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Chapter 12: The Respiratory System
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Sample Questions
Q1) The subjective sensation of not getting enough air is known as ____________________.
Q2) ____________________ shifts into the red blood cells to maintain electric neutrality when HCO - moves out of the cells down its concentration gradient.
Q3) What is the atmospheric PO
A)approximately 25 mmHg
B)approximately 120 mmHg
C)approximately 160 mmHg
D)approximately 220 mmHg
Q4) Systemic arterial PCO is less than tissue PCO .
A)True
B)False
Q5) All respiratory airways are held open by cartilaginous rings.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Which of the following does NOT happen during forceful expirations
A)The accessory expiratory muscles contract.
B)The external intercostals contract.
C)The abdominal muscles contract.
D)The diaphragm contracts.
Page 15
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Chapter 13: The Urinary System
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Sample Questions
Q1) The tubular fluid is ____________________ as it enters Bowman's capsule, ____________________ at the beginning of the loop of Henle, ____________________ at the tip of the loop, and ____________________ as it leaves the loop to enter the distal tubule.
Q2) Which of these statements does NOT refer to the tubular maximum (Tm)
A)It is the maximum amount of a substance that the tubular cells can actively transport within a given time period.
B)It is the maximum rate at which a substance is filtered at the glomerulus.
C)It occurs when the membrane carrier becomes saturated.
D)It is the maximum amount of a substance that can be reabsorbed by the renal tubules.
Q3) The glomerular filtrate contains only substances that are not needed by the body.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Because of autoregulation, changes in mean arterial blood pressure between the range of 80 to 180 mmHg do not directly produce changes in the GFR.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: Fluid and Acidbase Balance
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Sample Questions
Q1) damage to the respiratory centre
A)respiratory acidosis
B)respiratory alkalosis
C)metabolic acidosis
D)metabolic alkalosis
Q2) Which ion has the greatest concentration in the cytoplasm
A)calcium ion
B)chloride ion
C)phosphate ion
D)potassium ion
Q3) amount of Na excreted
A)exhibits no change
B)is increased
C)is decreased
Q4) Which one of the following will NOT occur during water intoxication
A)ICF hypotonicity
B)circulatory ECF hypotonicity
C)excess free-water retention
D)water movement from ICF to ECF
Q5) The amount of Na filtered is controlled by regulating the
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Chapter 15: The Digestive System
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Sample Questions
Q1) The primary absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes takes place in the large intestine, converting chyme to fecal material.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Intrinsic factor is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B .
A)True
B)False
Q3) Where is digestion completed
A)stomach
B)on the brush borders of the small intestine epithelial cells
C)small intestine lumen
D)colon
Q4) Sympathetic stimulation inhibits salivary secretion.
A)True
B)False
Q5) travel via the blood to alter digestive motility and secretion
A)autonomous smooth muscle function
B)extrinsic (autonomic) nerves
C)hormones
D)intrinsic nerve plexuses
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Chapter 16: Energy Balance and Temperature Regulation
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Sample Questions
Q1) ____________________ work constitutes all forms of biological energy expenditure that do not accomplish mechanical work outside the body.
Q2) Which of these statements applies to the development of fever
A)It results from resetting of the medullary thermoregulatory centre.
B)It may develop when mast cells release pyrogens.
C)It is mediated by prostaglandins.
D)Heat-loss mechanisms are triggered to eliminate the excess heat from the body.
Q3) Which of these statements applies to leptin
A)It is absorbed by adipocytes and leads to appetite suppression.
B)It encourages appetite.
C)It targets the thalamus.
D)It is secreted by adipocytes and leads to appetite suppression.
Q4) An elevation in body temperature due to reasons other than an infection is known as ____________________.
Q5) Which of these is NOT a means of generating or holding heat in the body
A)diminished sweating
B)exercising
C)shivering
D)vasodilation of blood vessels in the skin
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Chapter 17: The Reproductive System
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Sample Questions
Q1) A reduction in the secretion of what hormone may serve as the trigger for the onset of puberty
A)inhibin
B)melatonin
C)adrenal androgen
D)gonadotropin-releasing hormone
Q2) A high local concentration of testosterone within the seminiferous tubules is essential for sustaining sperm production.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of these statements is NOT describing oxytocin
A)It is an extremely potent uterine muscle stimulant.
B)It is involved in a positive-feedback cycle during parturition.
C)It is produced in the posterior pituitary gland.
D)It is involved in milk ejection.
Q4) If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum has a life span of about two weeks.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The nucleus is located in the ____________________ of the sperm.
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