Human Anatomy and Physiology
Question Bank
Course Introduction
Human Anatomy and Physiology explores the structure and function of the human body, examining the relationships between body systems and their roles in maintaining health and homeostasis. This course provides a comprehensive overview of major anatomical structures and physiological processes, from the cellular and tissue level to complex organs and systems. Students will study topics such as the musculoskeletal, nervous, cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, and endocrine systems, and learn how these systems interact to support life. Emphasis is placed on understanding normal body function, recognizing the physiological basis of disease, and applying anatomical and physiological concepts to real-world healthcare scenarios.
Recommended Textbook
The Human Body in Health and Illness 3rd Edition by Barbara L. Herlihy
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to the Human Body
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Sample Questions
Q1) This area is inferior to the diaphragm.
A) axillary
B) inguinal
C) occipital
D) cervical
Answer: B
Q2) Which organ is located in the ventral cavity,but not in the thoracic cavity?
A) lung
B) heart
C) liver
D) brain
Answer: C
Q3) What is another name for the frontal plane?
A) sagittal plane
B) cross section
C) transverse plane
D) coronal plane
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: Basic Chemistry
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is true of an anion?
A) An anion always ionizes to form electrolytes.
B) An anion always has an atomic weight of 15.
C) An anion carries a negative charge.
D) Hydrogen ion is an anion.
Answer: C
Q2) Zinc,selenium,cobalt,and iodine are all
A) trace elements.
B) compounds.
C) radioactive.
D) isotopes of hydrogen.
Answer: A
Q3) Which of the following acts as a catalyst?
A) an acid
B) an enzyme
C) a buffer
D) ATP
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Cells
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Sample Questions
Q1) A beaker is divided into two compartments by a semipermeable membrane.Compartment A contains a 20% NaCl solution while compartment B contains a 50% NaCl solution.The membrane is permeable to water but not to Na or Cl .Initially,
A) water diffuses from compartment B to compartment A.
B) Na diffuses from compartment B to compartment A.
C) Na diffuses from compartment A to compartment B.
D) water diffuses from compartment A to compartment B.
Answer: D
Q2) Pinocytosis
A) is a passive process.
B) requires a pressure gradient as its driving force.
C) refers to cellular drinking.
D) is a form of exocytosis.
Answer: C
Q3) Which of the following is most associated with the ribosome?
A) ATP production
B) intracellular housecleaning
C) glycogen storage
D) protein synthesis
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: Cell Metabolism
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Sample Questions
Q1) Glucose is usually broken down in order to
A) make carbon dioxide.
B) provide energy (ATP)for the working cells.
C) use up urea.
D) make glycogen.
Q2) Which of the following is least related to urea?
A) hepatic synthesis
B) nitrogenous waste
C) chemical formula is NH4+
D) excreted in the urine
Q3) Which of the following are joined together by peptide bonds?
A) amino acids
B) monosaccharides
C) lipids
D) steroids
Q4) In G?,the cell is
A) resting.
B) undergoing mitosis.
C) duplicating DNA.
D) making mRNA.
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Chapter 5: Microbiology Basics
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Sample Questions
Q1) This "bad air" disease is caused by a plasmodium.
A) measles
B) tinea
C) tetanus
D) malaria
Q2) Which word best characterizes Typhoid Mary?
A) immune
B) symptomatic
C) carrier
D) fomite
Q3) Which of the following describes the signs and symptoms that develop in response to a pathogen?
A) syndrome
B) allergy
C) infection
D) immunity
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Chapter 6: Tissues and Membranes
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which type of membrane lines the ventral body cavities that are not open to the exterior of the body?
A) serous membrane
B) mucous membrane
C) synovial membrane
D) meninges
Q2) Endocrine and exocrine glands are
A) connective tissue.
B) epithelial tissue.
C) adipose tissue.
D) glial tissue.
Q3) This type of tissue is found in organs that need to stretch (i.e.,urinary bladder).
A) transitional epithelium
B) loose connective tissue
C) adipose tissue
D) simple squamous epithelium
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Chapter 7: Integumentary System and Body Temperature
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following substances makes the skin water-resistant?
A) melanin
B) iron pigments
C) keratin
D) carotene
Q2) Which of the following is a consequence of a congenital absence of eccrine glands?
A) jaundice
B) vitiligo
C) acne vulgaris
D) inability to regulate body temperature
Q3) Who or what is covered with vernix caseosa?
A) a pregnant woman
B) a toddler
C) a fetus
D) the pregnant uterus
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Chapter 8: Skeletal System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is not a bone of the vertebral column?
A) atlas
B) sacrum
C) coccyx
D) coxal bone
Q2) Which group is incorrect?
A) types of bones:long,short,flat,irregular
B) long bones:humerus,femur,tibia,parietal
C) bones of the skull:frontal,parietal,temporal,occipital
D) abnormal curvatures of the spine:scoliosis,kyphosis,lordosis
Q3) This bone is found in the skull but is not a facial bone.
A) mandible
B) maxilla
C) occipital
D) zygomatic
Q4) This structure refers to the shaft of a long bone.
A) diaphysis
B) epiphysis
C) periosteum
D) bursa
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Chapter 9: Muscular System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following increases the force of contraction of a whole muscle?
A) twitch
B) contracture
C) ossification
D) recruitment
Q2) Which muscles are located between the ribs and help move the rib cage during breathing?
A) diaphragm
B) sternocleidomastoid
C) serratus anterior
D) intercostal muscles
Q3) What is the function of the masseter muscle?
A) adducts the thigh
B) chews food
C) lifts the eyelid
D) flexes the arm
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Chapter 10: Nervous System: Nervous Tissue and Brain
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which structure is also called the "emotional brain"?
A) cerebellum
B) basal ganglia
C) medulla oblongata
D) limbic system
Q2) Which group is incorrect?
A) lobes of the cerebrum:frontal,parietal,occipital,temporal
B) parts of the brain stem:cerebrum,pons,medulla oblongata
C) divisions of the nervous system:central nervous system,peripheral nervous system
D) electrical events:depolarization,repolarization,action potential
Q3) Endorphins are
A) natural morphine-like substances that can reduce anxiety and induce a sense of well-being.
B) energy sources much like ATP.
C) secreted by the choroid plexus and circulated within the subarachnoid space.
D) waste products generated by depolarizing neurons.
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Chapter 11: Nervous System: Spinal Cord and Peripheral Nerves
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following nerves is often "deadened" or anesthetized for the purpose of childbirth?
A) pudendal
B) sciatic
C) cauda equina
D) phrenic
Q2) The first,second,and eighth cranial nerves
A) are concerned with vision.
B) descend in the corticospinal tract.
C) are sensory nerves.
D) carry sensory information to the occipital lobe.
Q3) In order to achieve spinal anesthesia,Novocain is injected into the A) lateral ventricle.
B) central canal.
C) subarachnoid space.
D) dorsal root ganglia.
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Chapter 12: Autonomic Nervous System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is most descriptive of dual innervation of the autonomic nervous system?
A) muscarinic and nicotinic
B) alpha and beta
C) sympathetic and parasympathetic
D) beta1 and beta2
Q2) Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves
A) are somatic motor neurons.
B) supply voluntary skeletal muscles.
C) include the phrenic,sciatic,and brachial nerves.
D) innervate the viscera.
Q3) Paravertebral ganglia
A) are part of the craniosacral outflow.
B) "drive" the vagus nerve.
C) are located within the organs of innervation.
D) are also called the sympathetic chain ganglia.
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Chapter 13: Sensory System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following equipment is used to elicit the photopupillary reflex?
A) hammer
B) penlight
C) bell
D) Snellen chart
Q2) This structure is attached to the lens,causing its shape to be changed.
A) retina
B) iris
C) cornea
D) suspensory ligaments
Q3) What is another name for the tympanic membrane?
A) stirrup
B) oval window
C) eardrum
D) organ of Corti
Q4) Rods
A) are concentrated in the macula lutea.
B) detect red,yellow,and blue colors.
C) are concerned with night vision.
D) are located in the occipital lobe.
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Chapter 14: Endocrine System
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Sample Questions
Q1) TSH
A) stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete calcitonin.
B) is secreted by the neurohypophysis.
C) stimulates the hypothalamus to secrete TRH,thyrotropin-releasing hormone.
D) is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.
Q2) Which group is incorrect?
A) hormones of the anterior pituitary gland:ACTH,prolactin,TSH,growth hormone
B) hormones of the posterior pituitary gland:ADH,oxytocin
C) steroids:cortisol,aldosterone,testosterone,epinephrine
D) secretions of the gonads:estrogen,progesterone,testosterone
Q3) The islets of Langerhans
A) are cells found in the adenohypophysis.
B) secrete insulin and glucagon.
C) secrete steroids.
D) secrete releasing hormones.
Q4) Growth hormone
A) is secreted by the adenohypophysis.
B) stimulates growth of the musculoskeletal system.
C) is also called somatotropic hormone.
D) all of the above.
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Chapter 15: Blood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Why may a person who has had a gastrectomy (removal of the stomach)develop pernicious anemia?
A) The lack of gastric hydrochloric acid causes myelosuppression.
B) Iron absorption is impaired.
C) A major source of erythropoietin has been removed.
D) Vitamin B<sub>12</sub> absorption is impaired because of the lack of intrinsic factor.
Q2) Which of the following is characteristic of the platelet?
A) granulocyte
B) bilirubin
C) O2 transport
D) stickiness
Q3) Which of the following is most descriptive of the cause of hemophilia?
A) dietary-induced
B) hereditary
C) drug-induced myelosuppression
D) anemia of chronic renal failure
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Chapter 16: Heart
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is an electrical event?
A) "lubb-dupp"
B) actin and myosin interaction
C) murmur
D) depolarization
Q2) The purpose of this structure is to momentarily delay the spread of the signal from the atrium to the ventricles.
A) SA node
B) Purkinje fibers
C) bundle of His
D) AV node
Q3) Which of the following is true of the structures of the electrical conduction system?
A) The AV valve is the pacemaker.
B) In normal sinus rhythm,the electrical signal arises within the SA node.
C) The His-Purkinje system spreads the electrical system from the right atrium to the left atrium.
D) The purpose of the AV node is to increase the speed at which the cardiac impulse moves from the atria to the ventricles.
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18
Chapter 17: Function of the Heart
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Sample Questions
Q1) What term refers to the amount of blood pumped by the ventricle in one beat?
A) cardiac output
B) blood volume
C) hematocrit
D) stroke volume
Q2) Systole and diastole describe the function of the A) pericardium.
B) SA node.
C) myocardium.
D) mediastinum.
Q3) Which of the following is an example of forward failure?
A) Blood accumulates in the pulmonary capillaries,elevating pressure and causing pulmonary edema.
B) Diminished renal blood flow stimulates the kidney to decrease urinary output and to retain Na+ and water.
C) Blood distends the jugular vein.
D) Blood distends the liver,causing hepatomegaly and digestive symptoms.
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Chapter 18: Anatomy of the Blood Vessels
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Sample Questions
Q1) The iliac veins drain unoxygenated blood into the
A) great saphenous vein.
B) inferior vena cava.
C) portal vein.
D) jugular vein.
Q2) The ductus arteriosus
A) is a branch of the basilar artery that helps form the circle of Willis.
B) shunts blood from the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava,thereby bypassing the fetal liver.
C) shunts blood from the descending aorta to the pulmonary artery.
D) diverts blood away from the fetal lungs.
Q3) Which of the following blood vessels brings unoxygenated blood to the liver?
A) celiac trunk
B) jugular vein
C) portal vein
D) saphenous
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Chapter 19: Functions of the Blood Vessels
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Sample Questions
Q1) Both epinephrine and norepinephrine are
A) steroids.
B) secreted by the adrenal cortex.
C) vasopressors.
D) blood pressure-lowering hormones.
Q2) Blood pressure is lowest in the A) inferior vena cava.
B) aorta.
C) circle of Willis.
D) femoral artery.
Q3) If capillary hydrostatic pressure (CHP)exceeds plasma oncotic pressure, A) fluid moves from the interstitium into the capillary.
B) no net flux of water occurs.
C) blood volume expansion occurs.
D) fluid is filtered into the interstitium.
Q4) Which part of the brain participates in the baroreceptor reflex?
A) cerebrum
B) corpus callosum
C) cerebellum
D) medulla oblongata
21
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Chapter 20: Lymphatic System
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Sample Questions
Q1) The subclavian vein
A) receives lymph from the large lymphatic ducts.
B) pumps blood into the large lymphatic ducts.
C) forms the thoracic duct.
D) is called a lacteal.
Q2) What is (are)the lymphoid structure(s)that are generally removed during mastectomy?
A) spleen
B) liver
C) axillary lymph nodes
D) adenoids
Q3) What is the term that refers to the removal of the palatine tonsils?
A) appendectomy
B) lymph node resection
C) adenoidectomy
D) tonsillectomy
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Chapter 21: Immune System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following conditions is most common in people with AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)?
A) anaphylaxis
B) autoimmune diseases
C) infections
D) hypertension
Q2) HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)produces severe impairment of the immune system by attacking these cells.
A) plasma cells
B) suppressor T cells
C) helper T cells
D) platelets
Q3) What is the name of the toxin that has been altered so that it is harmless,yet still antigenic?
A) vaccine
B) antibody
C) gamma globulin
D) toxoid
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Chapter 22: Respiratory System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Intra-alveolar surface tension is due to A) acid.
B) mucus.
C) water.
D) bicarbonate.
Q2) In reference to a normally expanded lung,the
A) intrapulmonic pressure is less than intrapleural pressure.
B) intrapleural pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure.
C) intrapulmonic pressure is greater than intrapleural pressure.
D) intrapleural,intrapulmonic,and atmospheric pressures are equal.
Q3) The epiglottis
A) is innervated by the phrenic nerve.
B) prevents air from entering the esophagus.
C) prevents food from entering the trachea.
D) is the Adam's apple.
Q4) What is the effect of an overdose of an opioid (narcotic)?
A) alters the shape of the hemoglobin so that it cannot bind to oxygen
B) depresses the medulla oblongata and depresses ventilation
C) causes spasm of the epiglottis resulting in an upper airway obstruction
D) causes hyperventilation and alkalosis
Page 24
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Chapter 23: Digestive System
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the sphincter that allows food to enter the stomach from the esophagus?
A) sphincter of Oddi
B) pyloric sphincter
C) lower esophageal sphincter
D) pharyngoesophageal sphincter
Q2) The word hepatic refers to the
A) pancreas.
B) portal vein.
C) mesentery.
D) liver.
Q3) Which structure prevents gastric reflux?
A) pyloric valve
B) ileocecal valve
C) lower esophageal sphincter
D) anal sphincter
Q4) Which of the following produces amino acids as its end-product of digestion?
A) bile
B) lipase
C) trypsin
D) amylase
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Chapter 24: Urinary System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following terms refers to the voluntary expulsion of urine?
A) polyuria
B) diuresis
C) micturition
D) dialysis
Q2) What happens at the glomerular membrane?
A) Water and dissolved solute are filtered into Bowman's capsule.
B) The JGA cells release ADH.
C) The JGA cells release aldosterone.
D) Na+ is reabsorbed.
Q3) Which of the following is not "plumbing"?
A) glomeruli
B) ureters
C) urinary bladder
D) urethra
Q4) The efferent arterioles extend to become the A) peritubular capillaries.
B) afferent arterioles.
C) glomeruli.
D) renal artery.
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Chapter 25: Water,Electrolyte,and Acid-Base Balance
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Q1) Which ion determines pH?
A) sodium
B) hydrogen
C) bicarbonate
D) potassium
Q2) Most diuretics increase urine production by blocking the effects of this cation.
A) calcium
B) bicarbonate
C) chloride
D) sodium
Q3) Which of the following is most likely to occur when output exceeds intake?
A) diuresis
B) polyuria
C) hematuria
D) dehydration
Q4) Poor skin turgor is most indicative of A) cystitis.
B) acidosis.
C) edema.
D) dehydration.
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Chapter 26: Reproductive Systems
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Q1) The graafian follicle
A) matures within the fallopian tube.
B) is the mature follicle.
C) secretes gonadotropins.
D) causes the midcycle surge of LH.
Q2) This is the male copulatory organ.
A) penis
B) vas deferens
C) prostate gland
D) testes
Q3) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
A) is secreted by the ovaries and testes.
B) is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland.
C) exerts its effects primarily on the endometrium.
D) stimulates the female and male gonads.
Q4) The acrosome
A) secretes testosterone.
B) is the tail of the sperm.
C) contains enzymes that assist the sperm to fertilize an ovum.
D) is an ovarian structure.
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Chapter 27: Human Development and Heredity
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Q1) Who or what determines the gender of the baby?
A) placenta
B) zygote
C) father
D) mother
Q2) What term describes the ectoderm,mesoderm,and endoderm?
A) inner cell mass
B) extraembryonic membranes
C) primary germ layers
D) blastomeres
Q3) Afterbirth refers primarily to this structure.
A) morula
B) zygote
C) fetus
D) placenta
Q4) The fimbriae suck the ovum into this structure immediately following ovulation.
A) uterus
B) fallopian tube
C) vagina
D) ovary
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