Human Anatomy and Physiology
Exam Answer Key
Course Introduction
Human Anatomy and Physiology is an introductory course that explores the structure and function of the human body. Students will learn about the major organ systems including the skeletal, muscular, nervous, cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, urinary, endocrine, and reproductive systems focusing on how they work individually and together to maintain homeostasis. The course emphasizes the relationship between anatomical form and physiological processes, incorporating foundational concepts in cell biology and tissue organization. Practical components may involve laboratory exercises, dissection, and interactive models to deepen understanding of human body systems and their clinical relevance.
Recommended Textbook
Maders Understanding Human Anatomy and Physiology 8th Edition by Susannah Longenbaker
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19 Chapters
2160 Verified Questions
2160 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Organization of the Body
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Sample Questions
Q1) The spinal cord is __________ to the esophagus.
A)anterior
B)posterior
C)ventral
D)inferior
Answer: B
Q2) Which of the following is NOT a component of a homeostatic mechanism?
A)A nerve pathway
B)A control center
C)A sensor
D)An effector
Answer: A
Q3) Homeostasis refers to
A)changing external conditions.
B)stable external conditions.
C)changing internal conditions.
D)stable internal conditions.
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: Chemistry of Life
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112 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A monosaccharide of five carbons is a
A)hexose sugar.
B)glycerol.
C)fatty acid.
D)pentose sugar.
Answer: D
Q2) Which of the following is NOT true of RNA?
A)It is single-stranded
B)It has uracil instead of thymine
C)It has ribose sugar
D)It contains the blueprint for assembling a protein
Answer: D
Q3) Which of the following is NOT a property of water?
A)High heat capacity
B)Low heat of vaporization
C)Solvent for polar and ionic compounds
D)Cohesiveness
Answer: B
Q4) List the four macromolecules found in cells.
Answer: Carbohydrates,lipids,proteins,and nucleic acids
Page 4
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Chapter 3: Cell Structure and Function
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe the functions of cilia and flagella,and give examples of the activities of each in the body.
Answer: Cilia and flagella both produce movement.
Example:Cilia sweep debris upward and out of the respiratory tract.
Example:Flagella help sperm cells move.
Q2) Bringing solutions into a cell is called
A)facilitated diffusion.
B)pinocytosis.
C)exocytosis.
D)phagocytosis.
Answer: B
Q3) The chemical nature of phospholipids will cause them to form a single layer in a water environment.
The chemical nature of phospholipids will cause them to form a double layer in a water environment.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 4: Body Tissues and Membranes
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Sample Questions
Q1) Actin and myosin are found in A)muscle.
B)bone.
C)blood.
D)cartilage.
Q2) Which of the following is NOT a danger signal for cancer?
A)A sore that heals quickly.
B)A change in bowel habits.
C)An obvious change in a wart or mole.
D)A nagging cough.
Q3) The peritoneum
A)is a serous membrane.
B)is found in the abdomen.
C)forms the mesentery.
D)All apply.
Q4) What type of cartilage makes up the intervertebral disks?
A)Fibrocartilage
B)Hyaline cartilage
C)Elastic cartilage
Q5) Why are carcinomas more common than other forms of cancer?
Page 6
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Chapter 5: The Integumentary System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Adipose tissue
A)is for insulation.
B)gives a rounded appearance to the body.
C)in excess results in obesity.
D)All apply.
Q2) In the ABCDE rule for melanoma,which of the following is NOT a warning sign?
A)Uneven coloration
B)Diameter greater than 3mm
C)Perfectly round
D)Changing size,shape,and elevation
Q3) What percentage of a person's skin would be involved if they had burned their left arm,front of the trunk,and the front of their left leg?
A)45%
B)40.5%
C)36%
D)31.5%
Q4) Which layer of the skin contains blood vessels AND nerve fibers?
A)Epidermis
B)Dermis
C)Epidermis and dermis
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Chapter 6: The Skeletal System
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Sample Questions
Q1) A bone that is broken but does not pierce the skin is a(n)
A)simple fracture.
B)complete fracture.
C)compound fracture.
D)incomplete fracture.
Q2) What structure is the site of bone growth in length?
A)Primary ossification center
B)Epiphyseal plates
C)Periosteum
D)None apply.
Q3) Which type of joint is correctly matched with the amount of movement they allow?
A)Synarthrosis - slight movement
B)Amphiarthrosis - immovable
C)Diarthrosis - freely movable
Q4) A ________ is a sharp,slender process on a bone for muscle attachment.
A)crest
B)spine
C)tubercle
D)head
Q5) How would you determine if skeletal remains are female or male?
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Chapter 7: The Muscular System
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Sample Questions
Q1) The major flexor of the thigh that also keeps the trunk from falling backwards when erect is the
A)gluteus maximus.
B)sartorius.
C)iliopsoas.
D)adductor group.
Q2) When muscles are not used,they shrink or A)atrophy.
B)hypertrophy.
C)antagonize.
D)fatigue.
Q3) Which of the following structures are NOT involved with swallowing?
A)The hyoid bone
B)The masseter muscle
C)The suprahyoid muscles
D)The epiglottis
Q4) The biceps brachii and triceps brachii in the upper arm
A)are antagonistic.
B)are synergistic.
C)depend upon activity to determine antagonism or synergism.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: The Nervous System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Within the central nervous system,the myelin sheath is produced from A)Schwann cells.
B)neurolemmocytes.
C)oligodendrocytes.
D)All apply.
Q2) Which of the following is NOT part of the brain stem?
A)Thalamus
B)Medulla oblongata
C)Pons
D)Midbrain
Q3) What is the body's response of the knee-jerk reflex?
A)Contraction of the hamstring muscles
B)Contraction of the abdominal muscles
C)Contraction of the quadriceps femoris muscles
D)Contraction of the gastrocnemius muscle
Q4) A very strong stimulus produces a more intense action potential.
A very strong stimulus does not increase the intensity of the action potential.
A)True
B)False
Q5) List and describe the three types of functional areas in the cerebrum.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: The Sensory System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which ear component tells your brain that you are doing a sit-spin on the ice?
A)Semicircular canals
B)Utricle and saccule
C)Spiral organ
D)Ossicles
Q2) Nerve signals from the general body senses travel up the spinal cord to the thalamus and then to the
A)somatosensory area of the parietal lobe.
B)prefrontal area of the frontal lobe.
C)visual area of the occipital lobe.
D)primary motor area of the frontal lobe.
Q3) Describe the focusing process of the eye.
Q4) Photoreceptors are located in the A)retinA.
B)cornea.
C)choroids.
D)sclera.
Q5) The photopigment rhodopsin is found in A)rods. B)cones.
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Chapter 10: The Endocrine System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Parathyroid hormone is antagonistic to A)thyroxine.
B)calcitonin.
C)thyroid-stimulating hormone.
D)aldosterone.
Q2) What chemical is secreted by the kidneys when blood sodium is low and (or)blood pressure is low?
A)Renin
B)Angiotensin
C)ACTH
D)Aldosterone
Q3) Which of the following are types of chemical signals?
A)Hormones
B)Prostaglandins
C)Neurotransmitters
D)All apply.
Q4) Aldosterone will cause _______ of sodium,while ANH will cause ____ of sodium.
A)excretion;reabsorption
B)reabsorption;excretion
Q5) Explain what is meant by negative feedback in reference to hormone regulation.
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Chapter 11: Blood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Cross-matching blood is important before a transfusion is given because there are other blood antigens that could cause agglutination.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A clot that forms in an unbroken blood vessel is a(n) A)embolus.
B)stem cell.
C)plasmin.
D)thrombus.
Q3) When erythrocytes are broken down,the heme group is excreted as A)amino acids.
B)bile pigments.
C)iron.
D)erythropoietin.
Q4) What is needed for hemostasis?
A)Platelets
B)Proteins
C)Vitamin K
D)All apply.
Q5) Compare plasma,tissue fluid,and serum with regard to composition.
Page 13
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Chapter 12: The Cardiovascular System
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Sample Questions
Q1) In an ECG,the T wave represents
A)depolarization of the atriA.
B)depolarization of the ventricles.
C)repolarization of the atria.
D)repolarization of the ventricles.
Q2) What is the name of the extensions of the ventricular myocardium that prevent the valves from opening into the atria?
A)chordae tendinae
B)interventricular septum
C)interatrial septum
D)papillary muscles
Q3) What initiates the heartbeat and is called the pacemaker?
A)nerves
B)AV node
C)SA node
D)brain
Q4) The longer a blood vessel,the peripheral resistance will
A)increase.
B)decrease.
C)have no change.
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Chapter 13: The Lymphatic System and Body Defenses
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT true of a category B stage of an HIV infection?
A)helper T count is less than 200 per mm<sup>3</sup>
B)severe fatigue
C)persistent cough,fever,diarrhea
D)swollen lymph glands for over 3 months
Q2) The red pulp in the spleen contains A)macrophages.
B)lymphocytes.
C)worn out red blood cells.
D)All apply.
Q3) In __________,antibodies attack the neuromuscular junction.
A)rheumatoid arthritis
B)multiple sclerosis
C)myasthenia gravis
D)systemic lupus erythematosus
Q4) Lymphatic system vessels begin with A)lymphatic ducts.
B)lymphatic vessels.
C)lymphatic capillaries.
D)lymph nodes.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: The Respiratory System
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Sample Questions
Q1) The lungs' inability to recoil as we age,reduces the residual volume. The lungs' inability to recoil as we age,reduces the expiratory reserve volume.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What force creates the intrapleural pressure between the visceral and parietal pleurae?
A)air pressure
B)hydrostatic pressure
C)osmotic pressure
D)surface tension
Q3) Respiratory infections are increased because of reduced cilia activity of the respiratory tract.
A)True
B)False
Q4) __________ is a bacterial infection of the upper respiratory tract.
A)Pulmonary fibrosis
B)Strep throat
C)Pneumonia
D)Tuberculosis
Q5) Describe the events in ventilation.
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Chapter 15: Digestive System
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155 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Appendicitis and diverticulosis are associated with the A)small intestine.
B)large intestine.
C)stomach.
D)esophagus.
Q2) Which of the following is NOT a fat-soluble vitamin?
A)Vitamin B
B)Vitamin E
C)Vitamin A
D)Vitamin D
Q3) __________ is liver damage that can be caused by the use of alcohol.
A)Cirrhosis
B)Hepatitis
C)Jaundice
Q4) Which of the following vitamins is NOT correctly matched with its major function?
A)Vitamin A - helps in night vision
B)Vitamin D - helps absorb calcium from the small intestine
C)Vitamin K - helps to form collagen
D)Folic acid - helps to make hemoglobin in red blood cells
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Chapter 16: The Urinary System and Excretion
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Sample Questions
Q1) One of the most important blood buffers is
A)carbonic acid and hydrogen.
B)bicarbonate and hydrogen ions.
C)bicarbonate ions and carbonic acid.
D)water and hydroxide ions.
Q2) Which of the following parts of a nephron is NOT correctly matched with its epithelium type?
A)glomerular capsule - podocytes
B)proximal convoluted tubule - cuboidal with microvilli
C)loop of Henle - simple squamous
D)distal convoluted tubule - simple columnar with microvilli
Q3) What stimulus causes the hypothalamus to produce ADH?
A)decreased blood osmolality
B)increased blood osmolality
C)increased blood pressure
D)None apply.
Q4) Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy uses sound waves to break up kidney stones.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 17: The Reproductive System
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Sample Questions
Q1) List the structures of the seminal tract in the order that sperm would encounter them.
Q2) The first secretion from the breasts is a milky fluid rich in protein and antibodies called
A)prolactin.
B)oxytocin.
C)colostrum.
D)estrogen.
Q3) What structures produce the female sex hormones?
A)ovaries
B)follicle
C)corpus luteum
D)All apply.
Q4) The testes
A)produce gametes.
B)secrete hormones.
C)produce gametes and secrete hormones.
Q5) The corpus luteum forms from the follicle after ovulation.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 18: Human Development and Birth
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Sample Questions
Q1) The umbilical cord contains
A)the fetal intestine.
B)two umbilical arteries and one umbilical vein.
C)only muscle tissue.
D)two umbilical veins and one umbilical artery.
Q2) During the embryonic period,growth occurs through mitosis and enlargement of the daughter cells.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The function of the fertilization membrane is to aid in the entrance of the "winning" sperm into the ovum.
The function of the fertilization membrane is to prevent any other sperm from entering the ovum.
A)True
B)False
Q4) From which primary germ layer do both the skeletal and muscular systems develop?
A)ectoderm
B)endoderm
C)mesoderm
D)None of these choices are correct for both systems.
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Chapter 19: Human Genetics
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Sample Questions
Q1) XYY individuals are usually
A)super males.
B)sterile females.
C)males with speech and reading problems.
D)nonexistent.
Q2) If one parent has only dominant genes and the other has only recessive genes for a particular recessive genetic disorder,how many of their children should be affected by the disorder?
Q3) In which situation can a child born with a genetic disease have two normal parents?
A)when the disease gene is dominant and the parents are heterozygous
B)when the disease gene is recessive and the parents are heterozygous
C)when the disease gene is either dominant or recessive
D)it is not possible
Q4) When does nondisjunction occur?
A)anaphase of mitosis
B)telophase of mitosis
C)anaphase of meiosis I or II
D)metaphase of meiosis II
Q5) List the steps involved in the construction of a karyotype.
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