Human Anatomy and Physiology
Chapter Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Human Anatomy and Physiology is an in-depth exploration of the structure and function of the human body, examining how its systems work individually and together to support life. This course covers the foundational principles of anatomy, such as the organization of cells, tissues, and organs, as well as physiological processes including homeostasis, metabolism, and regulation. Students will study major body systems including the musculoskeletal, nervous, cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, endocrine, and reproductive systems emphasizing their roles in maintaining health and responding to disease. Through lectures, laboratory activities, and interactive resources, learners will develop a comprehensive understanding necessary for careers in health and biological sciences.
Recommended Textbook
Structure and Function of the Body 15th Edition by Kevin T.
Patton PhD
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Chapter 1: Introduction to the Body
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Q1) A group that does not get what is being tested
A)Hypothesis
B)Scientific method
C)Theory
D)Experimentation
E)Control group
F)Test group
Answer: E
Q2) A process used to test a hypothesis
A)Hypothesis
B)Scientific method
C)Theory
D)Experimentation
E)Control group
F)Test group
Answer: D
Q3) Anterior and proximal are opposite terms.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 2: Chemistry of Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is not true of phospholipids?
A) The molecule contains three fatty acids.
B) The molecule has a water-attracting part.
C) The molecule has a water-repelling part.
D) It is important in the structure of the cell membrane.
Answer: A
Q2) The terms energy level and electron orbital are interchangeable.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Which of the following contributes to the atom's atomic number?
A) Proton
B) Neutron
C) Electron
D) Both proton and neutron
Answer: A
Q4) Water is the most abundant solute in the body.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Page 4
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Chapter 3: Cells
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Sample Questions
Q1) Differentiate between active transport and passive transport and give two examples of each.
Answer: Active transport and passive transport are two different processes by which substances move across the cell membrane.
Active transport requires the cell to use energy, usually in the form of ATP, to move substances against their concentration gradient. This means that the substances are moved from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration. Two examples of active transport are the sodium-potassium pump, which moves sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell, and the proton pump, which moves hydrogen ions out of the cell.
Passive transport, on the other hand, does not require the cell to use energy and relies on the natural movement of substances from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. This can occur through processes such as diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion. Two examples of passive transport are the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the cell membrane through simple diffusion, and the movement of water across the cell membrane through osmosis.
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Tissues
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Sample Questions
Q1) A flat,scalelike epithelial cell would be called squamous.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Epithelial tissue made up of a single layer of thin,irregularly shaped cells
A)Simple squamous epithelium
B)Cartilage
C)Areolar tissue
D)Skeletal muscle
E)Pseudostratified epithelial
F)Neurons
G)Hematopoietic tissue
H)Simple columnar epithelium
I)Smooth muscle
J)Bone tissue
K)Adipose tissue
L)Cuboidal epithelial
M)Glia cells
N)Cardiac muscle
Q3) Name the four general types of tissues in the body and give two examples of each.
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Chapter 5: Organ Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) The structure in the male reproductive system that produces fluid and nutrients is the
A) prostate gland
B) penis
C) testes
D) scrotum
Q2) List the 11 organ systems discussed in the chapter and provide a major function of each.
Q3) The cardiovascular system includes the heart and blood vessels.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The organs of the muscle system are unique because they are made of only one type of tissue.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Special signals called nerve impulses are used by the nervous system.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Explain the similarity in the function of a nerve impulse and a hormone.
Q7) Explain the relationship between organs and systems.
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Chapter 6: Skin and Membranes
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Sample Questions
Q1) Skin helps cool the body by producing sweat that evaporates and by constricting the blood vessels near the surface of skin.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Skinfold that covers the root of the nail
A)Keratin
B)Stratum germinativum
C)Stratum corneum
D)Hair papilla
E)Hair shaft
F)Lunula
G)Cuticle
H)Nail bed
I)Eccrine gland
J)Apocrine gland
Q3) As we age,the amount of collagen in skin decreases and the amount of elastic fibers increases.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Briefly describe the structure of the hair.
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Chapter 7: Skeletal System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Canaliculi are small canals that help supply the bone cells with food and oxygen.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The lambdoidal suture is formed by the joining of the
A) occipital bone and the temporal bones
B) temporal bones and the frontal bone
C) parietal bones and the occipital bone
D) parietal bones and the frontal bone
Q3) In the adult skeleton,red bone marrow is found in the A) diaphysis
B) medullary canal
C) epiphysis
D) endosteum
Q4) The bone at the back of the skull is called the A) temporal
B) parietal
C) sphenoid
D) none of the above
Q5) What is osteoporosis? How can it be prevented or treated?
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Chapter 8: Muscular System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Draws lips together
A)Orbicularis oris
B)Orbicularis oculi
C)Sternocleidomastoid
D)Masseter
E)Frontal
F)Zygomaticus
G)Trapezius
Q2) This is a quick,jerky response to a stimulus seen in isolated muscles but is not important in normal muscle activity
A) twitch contraction
B) tetanic contraction
C) isometric contraction
D) isotonic contraction
Q3) All muscles specialize in contraction or shortening.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Prolonged inactivity in a muscle can result in disuse hypertrophy.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: Nervous System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Primary reflex center for the body
A)Brainstem
B)Hypothalamus
C)Thalamus
D)Cerebellum
E)Gyrus
F)Sulcus
G)Corpus callosum
H)Spinal cord
I)Occipital lobe
J)Temporal lobe
Q2) These types of neurons are sometimes called connecting neurons
A) sensory neurons
B) interneurons
C) afferent neurons
D) motor neurons
Q3) The knee-jerk reflex uses one more neuron than does the withdrawal reflex.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Describe the structure of the cerebrum.
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Chapter 10: Senses
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Sample Questions
Q1) The cones in the eye
A) are part of the retinal layer
B) respond to the colors red, green, and blue
C) are used to see in dim light
D) both a and b above
Q2) The vestibular nerve contains a nerve from the
A) semicircular canals
B) vestibule
C) cochlea
D) both a and b above
Q3) The cornea
A) is the colored part of the eye
B) produces tears
C) is the mucous covering of the eye
D) is the clear part of the sclera in the front of the eye
Q4) The innermost layer of the eye is the
A) conjunctiva
B) choroid
C) sclera
D) retina
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Endocrine System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Thyroid gland
A)Thyroxine
B)Insulin
C)Testosterone
D)Glucagon
E)Parathyroid hormone
F)Atrial natriuretic hormone
G)Cortisol
H)Estrogen
I)Epinephrine
J)Melatonin
K)Oxytocin
L)Leptin
M)TSH
Q2) Nonsteroid hormones can be made of
A) proteins
B) carbohydrates
C) nucleic acids
D) all of the above
Q3) What is the function of thyroxine and calcitonin?
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Chapter 12: Blood
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Sample Questions
Q1) A couple would have to worry about their next child having erythroblastosis fetalis if
A) both parents are Rh negative
B) both parents are Rh positive
C) their first child was Rh negative
D) none of the above situations would cause a child to have erythroblastosis fetalis
Q2) Plasma protein
A)Hematocrit
B)Anemia
C)Sickle cell
D)Polycythemia
E)Rh factor
F)Erythroblastosis fetalis
G)Leukocytosis
H)Leukopenia
I)Fibrinogen
J)Phagocytosis
K)Thrombosis
Q3) Explain fully the process of blood-clot formation.
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Chapter 13: Cardiovascular System
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Sample Questions
Q1) The heart is located
A) mostly to the left of the midline of the sternum
B) mostly to the right of the midline of the sternum
C) with the apex slightly below the clavicle
D) both a and c above
Q2) The "pacemaker" for the heart is usually the
A) sinoatrial node
B) Purkinje fibers
C) bundle of His
D) atrioventricular bundle
Q3) The apex of the heart is the most inferior and pointed part of the heart.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Name the three layers of the arteries and veins.Why is the middle layer thicker in the arteries? Which layer is frequently a factor in blood-clot formation?
Q5) Blood in the aorta
A) was ejected from the left ventricle
B) is rich in oxygen
C) has just passed through a semilunar valve
D) all of the above
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Lymphatic System and Immunity
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Sample Questions
Q1) The immune system is different from most systems because it is made up of cells and molecules rather than large organs.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Lymph from about one fourth of the body drains into the right lymphatic duct.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Antigens cause immature B cells to
A) become T cells
B) become macrophages
C) become plasma cells
D) activate complement
Q4) Memory B cells outlive plasma B cells.
A)True
B)False
Q5) An important role of the lymphatic system is fluid homeostasis.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Name and give the location of the three sets of tonsils.What is their function?
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Q7) Explain the formation of lymph and how it is returned to the circulatory system.
Chapter 15: Respiratory System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following tubes does not enter or exit the pharynx?
A) Larynx
B) Esophagus
C) Auditory tubes
D) All of these tubes enter or exit the pharynx
Q2) During inspiration,the size of the chest cavity enlarges.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In order for gas exchange to occur properly in the lungs
A) the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli must be greater than the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood
B) the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli must be greater than the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood
C) the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli must be less than the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood
D) both a and c above
Q4) What is the effect of cigarette smoking on the respiratory mucosa?
Q5) Explain the process of gas exchange in the tissues.
Q6) Differentiate between internal,external,and cellular respiration.
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Digestive System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Lipase
A) is made in the pancreas
B) is stored in the gallbladder
C) converts fatty acid and glycerol to fats
D) all of the above
Q2) Only the submandibular salivary gland produces both enzyme-containing saliva and mucus.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The hormone gastrin causes the contraction of the walls of the gallbladder and forces bile into the small intestine.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The ileum of the small intestine empties into the transverse colon of the large intestine.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The muscularis layer of the digestive tract is responsible for peristalsis.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 17: Nutrition and Metabolism
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Sample Questions
Q1) The liver assists in mechanical digestion,but not in chemical digestion.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Location in the body where anabolized fat is stored
A)Anabolism
B)Catabolism
C)Glycolysis
D)Citric acid cycle
E)Adenosine triphosphate
F)Glycogenesis
G)Nonessential amino acid
H)Essential amino acid
I)BMR
J)TMR
K)Adipose tissue
L)Nutrition
M)Metabolism
N)Assimilation
Q3) Explain three functions of the liver.
Q4) Define BMR and TMR.
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Chapter 18: Urinary System
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Sample Questions
Q1) The portion of the medulla between the renal pyramids is called the renal columns.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Tube that carries urine out of the body
A)Reabsorption
B)Secretion
C)ADH
D)Aldosterone
E)ANH
F)Suppression
G)Ureter
H)Urinary bladder
I)Urethra
J)Micturition
K)Incontinence
L)Retention
Q3) The pyramids are expansions of the upper end of the ureters.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 19: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
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Sample Questions
Q1) Tissue swelling as a result of too much interstitial fluid
A)Intracellular fluid
B)Interstitial fluid
C)Plasma
D)ADH
E)ANH
F)Electrolyte
G)Capillary blood pressure
H)Plasma proteins
I)Dehydration
J)Overhydration
K)Anions
L)Aldosterone
M)Extracellular fluid
N)Edema
O)Fluid compartments
P)Cations
Q2) Dehydration and overhydration occur in about equal frequency.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 20: Acid-Base Balance
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Q1) The lungs remove just under 10 liters of carbonic acid from the venous blood each day.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Hyperventilation can cause acidosis.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Explain the reaction of the carbonic acid-sodium bicarbonate buffer pair to an increase in hydroxide ions.
Q4) When the kidneys acidify the urine,they conserve sodium bicarbonate.
A)True
B)False
Q5) pH is a measurement of the
A) hydrogen ion concentration of a solution
B) hydroxide ion concentration of a solution
C) amount of buffer needed in a solution
D) both b and c above
Q6) What specifically is the cause of respiratory acidosis? What diseases or conditions can bring this about?
Q7) Explain why compensation is a clinically important concept.
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Chapter 21: Reproductive Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) When is the proliferative phase of the female reproductive cycle? What occurs during this phase?
Q2) After ovulation,the hormone-secreting remnant of the follicle is called the
A) corpus luteum
B) antrum
C) graafian follicle
D) granulosa cells
Q3) The part of the female reproductive cycle during which estrogen secretion reaches its highest level is
A) menarche
B) the secretory phase
C) the proliferative phase
D) menopause
Q4) The primary spermatocyte contains only 23 chromosomes.
A)True
B)False
Q5) LH stimulates the development of several immature ovarian follicles and is responsible for the release of estrogen.
A)True
B)False
23
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Chapter 22: Growth and Development
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Q1) Explain the concept of development as a biological process characterized by continuous modification and change.
Q2) The rupture of the amniotic membrane and the loss of amniotic fluid occur during the second stage of labor.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The yolk sac is an important food supply for the growing fetus.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of the following developmental periods is the shortest?
A) Embryo stage
B) Fetus stage
C) Neonatal stage
D) Infancy stage
Q5) In humans,one function of the yolk sac is to assist in the production of blood cells.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Describe what occurs in each of the three stages of labor.
Q7) What are the effects of aging on the cardiovascular system?
Page 24
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