Human Anatomy and Histology
Final Test Solutions
Course Introduction
Human Anatomy and Histology provides a comprehensive introduction to the structure and function of the human body, focusing on the relationship between anatomical form and physiological processes. The course covers the major organ systems, emphasizing their macroscopic (gross) anatomy alongside microscopic (histological) features. Students will learn to identify tissue types, organs, and organ systems using laboratory techniques, including specimen dissection and microscopic analysis. By integrating anatomical and histological knowledge, the course lays a strong foundation for clinical studies, understanding disease mechanisms, and further exploration in biomedical sciences.
Recommended Textbook
Histology and Cell Biology An Introduction to Pathology 3rd Edition by Abraham L Kierszenbaum
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23 Chapters
246 Verified Questions
246 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Epithelium
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following proteins composes the majority of the basal lamina?
A) Collagen
B) Fibrin
C) Fibronectin
D) Integrin
E) Laminin
Answer: E
Q2) Maintaining actin filament length occurs through a process called treadmilling. Which of the following proteins severs actin filaments and then caps the severed end, preventing further polymerization?
A) Cofilin
B) Gelsolin
C) Phalloidin
D) Profilin
E) Thymosin
Answer: B
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3
Chapter 2: Epithelial Glands
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6 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is the site of steroid hormone synthesis?
A) Golgi apparatus
B) Mitochondria
C) Ribosomes
D) Rough endoplasmic reticulum
E) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Answer: E
Q2) Which phrase does NOT describe one of the functions of proteins of the plasma membrane?
A) Acting as a receptor for substances external to the cell
B) Binding to a substance to carry it through the membrane
C) Forming a channel through the membrane
D) Increasing the rate of a chemical reaction
E) Initiating the replication of the genetic material
Answer: E
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4
Chapter 3: Cell Signaling
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Sample Questions
Q1) The binding of a ligand to a G protein--coupled receptor will result in activation of adenylyl cyclase, which in turn will initiate which of the following pathways?
A) Ca<sup>2+</sup> -calmodulin
B) cAMP
C) cGMP
D) MAP kinase
E) Phospholipase C-Ca<sup>2+</sup>
Answer: B
Q2) A ligand binding to a(n) _____ receptor directly results in phosphorylation
A) Cytokine
B) G protein-coupled
C) Intracellular
D) Threonine kinase
E) Tyrosine kinase
Answer: E
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Chapter 4: Connective Tissue
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23 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The shaft of long bones is called the ____ and is composed mostly of ____ bone
A) Diaphysis compact
B) Diaphysis spongy
C) Epiphysis compact
D) Epiphysis spongy
E) Metaphysis spongy
Q2) Connective tissue called _____ lines the _____ cavity of long bones
A) Endosteum epiphyseal
B) Endosteum medullary
C) Perichondrium medullary
D) Periosteum diaphyseal
E) Periosteum medullary
Q3) What are mature cartilage cells called?
A) Chondroblasts
B) Chondrocytes
C) Chondrogenic cells
D) Osteoblasts
E) Osteocytes
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6
Chapter 5: Osteogenesis
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Sample Questions
Q1) Each of the following statements about epiphyseal plates is correct EXCEPT
A) Appositional growth occurs on the epiphyseal side
B) Bone replaces cartilage on the diaphyseal side
C) Mitotically active chondrocytes are distributed throughout the zone of reserve cartilage
D) Epiphyseal plates are required for lengthening of long bones
E) Epiphyseal plates contain a portion of healthy hyaline cartilage
Q2) During the lengthening of long bones, the zone in which cartilage cells undergo cell division and become organized into rows of isogenous cells is the
A) Calcification zone
B) Hypertrophic zone
C) Proliferative zone
D) Reserve zone
E) Vascular invasion zone
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Chapter 6: Blood and Hematopoiesis
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14 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Where is the primary site of hemopoiesis?
A) Adipose tissue
B) Blood vessels
C) Bone marrow
D) Liver
E) Lymph nodes
Q2) Which of the following hematopoietic growth factors stimulates the production of eosinophils?
A) Erythropoietin
B) Flt3 ligand
C) Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor
D) Stem cell factor
E) Thrombopoietin
Q3) Which of the following cell types are functionally related to mast cells in that they release histamine and other vasoactive substances?
A) Basophils
B) Eosinophils
C) Erythrocytes
D) Monocytes
E) Neutrophils
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Chapter 7: Muscle Tissue
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9 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT a structural component of a triad?
A) Myofibril
B) Sarcolemma
C) Sarcoplasmic reticulum
D) Terminal cisterna
E) Transverse tubule
Q2) When comparing skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle structure
A) Cardiac muscle contains triads while skeletal muscle contains diads
B) Sarcomere structure in smooth muscle and cardiac muscle are the same
C) Skeletal muscle thin filaments have actin, troponin, and tropomyosin; smooth muscle lacks troponin
D) Skeletal muscles consume more energy than cardiac muscle as a result of the abundance of mitochondria
E) T-tubule diameter in smooth muscle is smaller than in cardiac muscle
Q3) The degree of tension and force in a muscle contraction is monitored by
A) Golgi tendon organs
B) Motor neurons
C) Muscle spindles
D) Nuclear bag fibers
E) Terminal cisternae
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Chapter 8: Nervous Tissue
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Sample Questions
Q1) The _____ receives external signals and transmits the information to the neuronal cell body.
A) Axon
B) Dendrite
C) Soma
D) Synaptic terminal
E) Telodendron
Q2) Which of the following surrounds individual neurons within a nerve?
A) Endoneurium
B) Endoplasmic reticulum
C) Epineurium
D) Myelin
E) Perineurium
Q3) Which of the following neuroglial cells is phagocytic?
A) Astrocytes
B) Ependymal cells
C) Oligodendrocytes
D) Microglial cells
E) Satellite cells
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Sensory Organs: Vision and Hearing
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10 Verified Questions
10 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The muscle responsible for accommodation is found in the
A) Cornea
B) Inner tunica
C) Retina
D) Sclera
E) Uvea
Q2) When auditory vibrations enter the cochlear duct, the _____ membrane remains stationary, resulting in a shearing action of the vibrating hair cells, leading to the stimulation of the cochlear nerve
A) Basilar
B) Reissner's
C) Sacular
D) Tectorial
E) Tympanic
Q3) Most of the aqueous humor produced by the ciliary body drains into the
A) Aqueous veins
B) Canal of Schlemm
C) External collecting channel
D) Scleral plexus
E) Trabecular meshwork
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Chapter 10: Immune-Lymphatic System
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8 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Activated B cells proliferate in the _____ of a lymph node.
A) Capsule
B) Germinal center
C) Mantle zone
D) Subcapsular sinus
E) Trabeculae
Q2) Which of the following is found in the red pulp of the spleen?
A) B and T cells
B) Central arteriole
C) Corona
D) Periarteriolar lymphoid sheath
E) Splenic cords
Q3) When a child develops measles and acquires immunity to a subsequent infection, this type of immunity is called
A) Adaptive immunity
B) Artificial immunity
C) Inherited immunity
D) Natural immunity
E) Passive immunity
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Integumentary System
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11 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) These cells are responsible for producing a pigment that protects underlying tissue from ultraviolet radiation
A) Basal (satellite) cells
B) Keratinocytes
C) Langerhans cells
D) Melanocytes
E) Merkel cells
Q2) Which of the following sensory receptors is activated by painful stimuli?
A) Mechanoreceptors
B) Meissner corpuscles
C) Merkel disks
D) Nociceptors
E) Pacinian corpuscles
Q3) Nail production occurs at the nail _____.
A) Bed
B) Body
C) Eponychium
D) Hyponychium
E) Matrix
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Cardiovascular System
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12 Verified Questions
12 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Purkinje fibers of the conductive system of the heart are embedded in the
A) Epicardium
B) Myocardium
C) Subendocardium
D) Subepicardium
E) Visceral pericardium
Q2) Vessels that regulate blood flow into capillary beds are
A) Arterioles
B) Elastic arteries
C) Muscular arteries
D) Veins
E) Venules
Q3) Which of the following is not a component of the tunica intima of a muscular artery?
A) Internal elastic lamina
B) Simple squamous epithelia
C) Smooth muscle
D) Subendothelial connective tissue
E) All of the above compose the muscular artery tunica intima
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14
Chapter 13: Respiratory System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Among other cells, goblet cells and cells of Kulchitsky are located in which structure?
A) Alveoli
B) Bronchioles
C) Larynx
D) Nasopharynx
E) Trachea
Q2) Keratinized epithelium becomes nonkeratinized at which of the following structures?
A) Nasal vestibule
B) Nasopharynx
C) Olfactory region of nasal cavity
D) Oropharynx
E) Posterior nasal cavity
Q3) Alveolar cells that manufacture and secrete pulmonary surfactant are
A) Alveolar macrophages
B) Clara cells
C) Endothelial cells
D) Type I alveolar cells
E) Type II alveolar cells
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Chapter 14: Urinary System
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14 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The loop of Henle
A) Comprises the macula densa
B) Descends into the renal medulla
C) Is lined by cuboidal or columnar epithelium
D) Is the longest section of the renal tubule
E) Is where glomerular filtrate is produced
Q2) Following filtration, most water and solutes are reabsorbed in the
A) Bowman's capsule
B) Distal convoluted tubule
C) Glomerulus
D) Loop of Henle
E) Proximal convoluted tubule
Q3) Which of the following statements about the juxtaglomerular apparatus is incorrect?
A) Afferent arteriole cells are modified to become macula densa cells
B) Cells of the macula densa are taller and narrower than normal
C) The juxtaglomular apparatus helps regulate blood pressure
D) The juxtaglomular apparatus is partly composed of modified cells from the distal thick segment
E) Juxtaglomerular cells are modified smooth muscle cells
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Page 16
Chapter 15: Upper Digestive Segment
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15 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What do the surface mucous cells of the stomach do?
A) They are regenerative
B) They help reabsorb vitamin B12
C) They secrete a substance that protects the stomach lining from acid
D) They secrete hydrochloric acid
E) They secrete into the base of the gastric pit
Q2) What cell type is most likely to be stimulated following G-cell secretion?
A) Chief cells
B) Mucous neck cells
C) Parietal cells
D) Stem cells
E) None - G-cells secrete an inhibitory substance
Q3) Which of the following are not mucosal specializations that increase absorptive surface area?
A) Enterocytes
B) Microvilli
C) Plicae circularis
D) Rugae
E) Villi
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Chapter 16: Lower Digestive Segment
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following are not mucosal specializations of the small intestine?
A) Peyer's patches
B) Villi
C) Plicae circulares
D) Microvilli
E) Rugae
Q2) The ____ secrete(s) an alkaline fluid to protect the duodenum from acidic chyme.
A) Brunner's glands
B) Gallbladder
C) Goblet cells
D) Liver
E) Peyer's patches
Q3) Which of the following is not true of the crypts of Lieberkühn?
A) Their bases may contain Paneth cells
B) They are found between the intestinal villi
C) They are intestinal glands
D) They are simple tubular glands
E) They are unique to the small intestine
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18
Chapter 17: Digestive Glands
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is not a function of the liver?
A) Gluconeogenesis
B) Iron storage
C) Protein and lipid synthesis
D) Storage of bile
E) Toxin degradation
Q2) Sublingual glands
A) Are the largest salivary glands
B) Contain protein-rich granules
C) Contain serous but not mucous cells
D) Have a well-defined capsule
E) Have poorly developed intercalated ducts
Q3) Portal triads are made up of vessels carrying all of the following EXCEPT
A) Bile away from the liver cells
B) Deoxygenated blood away from the liver cells
C) Deoxygenated blood to the liver cells
D) Nutrient-rich blood to the liver cells
E) Oxygenated blood to the liver cells
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19
Chapter 18: Neuroendocrine System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which endocrine structure does not directly synthesize any hormones but instead stores hormones and secretes them following a nervous signal from the hypothalamus?
A) Adrenal cortex
B) Adrenal medulla
C) Anterior pituitary
D) Posterior pituitary
E) Thyroid gland
Q2) Melatonin
A) Is secreted by the neurohypophysis
B) Is secreted immediately following synthesis by acidophils
C) Is transported along pinealocyte axons
D) Production is stimulated by sunlight
E) Stimulates growth hormone secretion
Q3) Prolactin secretion is _____ by _____.
A) Inhibited dopamine
B) Inhibited somatostatin
C) Stimulated dopamine
D) Stimulated growth hormone-releasing hormone
E) Stimulated nerve impulse from the hypothalamus
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Page 20
Chapter 19: Endocrine System
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Sample Questions
Q1) The zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex produces
A) Androgens
B) Corticoids
C) Glucocorticoids
D) Mineralocorticoids
E) Steroids
Q2) Parathyroid hormone
A) Decreases blood calcium levels
B) Inhibits calcium resorption in the uriniferous tubules
C) Is released by parafollicular cells
D) Is secreted and synthesized by chief cells
E) Release is stimulated by an increase in serum calcium levels
Q3) Which endocrine structure secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine?
A) Adenohypophysis
B) Adrenal cortex
C) Adrenal medulla
D) Neurohypophysis
E) Thyroid gland
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21
Chapter 20: Spermatogenesis
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Sample Questions
Q1) During which phase of spermiogenesis does the manchette develop?
A) Acrosomal phase
B) Cap phase
C) Golgi phase
D) Maturation phase
E) Spermatid rotation phase
Q2) Spermatogenic cells and Sertoli cells are found in the
A) Epididymides
B) Prostate
C) Rete testes
D) Seminiferous tubules
E) Vas deferens
Q3) Meiosis II occurs in the
A) Primary spermatocyte
B) Secondary spermatocyte
C) Spermatid
D) Spermatogonia
E) Spermatozoa
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22
Chapter 21: Sperm Transport and Maturation
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sperm are matured and stored in what structure?
A) Epididymidis
B) Prostate
C) Seminal vesicle
D) Testis
E) Vas deferens
Q2) Sperm move from the tubuli recti into the
A) Ductuli efferentes
B) Epididymidis
C) Rete testis
D) Seminiferous tubules
E) Vas deferens
Q3) Which of the following structures secretes the largest component of seminal fluid?
A) Bulbourethral gland
B) Ductuli efferentes
C) Ductus epididymidis
D) Prostate gland
E) Seminal vesicle
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23
Chapter 22: Follicle Development and the Menstrual Cycle
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements about the corpus luteum is incorrect?
A) It degenerates into the corpus albicans approximately 14 days following fertilization
B) It forms following ovulation
C) It has increased vascularization
D) Its folded structure is formed by the collapsing of the follicular wall
E) The theca interna and granulosa cells accumulate lutein
Q2) The layer of glycoproteins between the oocytes and granulosa cells is called the
A) Corona radiata
B) Cumulus oophorus
C) Macula pellucida
D) Theca folliculus
E) Zona pellucida
Q3) Where is the bulbospongiosus muscle found?
A) In the cervix
B) In the ovary
C) In the oviduct
D) In the uterus
E) In the vagina
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Chapter 23: Fertilization, Placentation, and Lactation
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Sample Questions
Q1) Rapid cell division without organismal growth is called
A) Cleavage
B) Implantation
C) Meiosis
D) Mitosis
E) Oogenesis
Q2) What structure secretes estrogen and progesterone for approximately 3 months following fertilization?
A) Corpus albicans
B) Corpus luteum
C) Mature follicle
D) Placenta
E) Tunica albuginea
Q3) What cells are found between the basement membrane and the epithelium of the lactiferous ducts?
A) Columnar cells
B) Cuboidal cells
C) Fat cells
D) Myoepithelial cells
E) Secretory cells
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