Human Anatomy and Histology
Final Exam
Course Introduction
Human Anatomy and Histology explores the structure and organization of the human body from both macroscopic and microscopic perspectives. The course covers the major organ systems, their anatomical features, and physiological significance, with a detailed examination of tissues at the cellular level. Through lectures, laboratory sessions, and hands-on activities, students gain an integrated understanding of how organs and tissues function together to maintain homeostasis, laying a strong foundation for further study in health and biomedical sciences.
Recommended Textbook
Histology and Cell Biology An Introduction to Pathology 3rd Edition by Abraham L Kierszenbaum
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23 Chapters
246 Verified Questions
246 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Epithelium
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Sample Questions
Q1) Epithelia that play a protective function and line the esophagus are
A) Pseudostratified columnar
B) Simple columnar
C) Simple squamous
D) Stratified columnar
E) Stratified squamous
Answer: E
Q2) The surface of the ovaries contains which type of epithelium
A) Pseudostratified columnar
B) Simple columnar
C) Simple cuboidal
D) Simple squamous
E) Stratified squamous
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Epithelial Glands
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Sample Questions
Q1) Exocrine glands are derived from
A) Connective tissue
B) Endocrine glands
C) Epithelial tissue
D) Muscle tissue
E) Nervous tissue
Answer: C
Q2) The mode of exocrine gland secretion in which the secretory product is released in a pinched-off piece of the plasma membrane is
A) Apocrine
B) Eccrine
C) Endocrine
D) Holocrine
E) Merocrine
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Cell Signaling
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following functions by diffusing across the cell membrane to bind to intracellular protein receptors, resulting in gene activation or repression?
A) Acetylcholine
B) Insulin
C) Nitric oxide
D) Prostaglandin
E) Testosterone
Answer: E
Q2) A ligand binding to a(n) _____ receptor directly results in phosphorylation
A) Cytokine
B) G protein-coupled
C) Intracellular
D) Threonine kinase
E) Tyrosine kinase
Answer: E
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Chapter 4: Connective Tissue
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following characteristics makes cartilage an unusual connective tissue?
A) It functions in mechanical support
B) It has a ground substance
C) It contains both mature and immature cells
D) It is avascular
E) It contains protein fibers
Q2) Identify the INCORRECT statement
A) Connective tissue cells such as fibroblasts are the dominant tissue component in dense connective tissues.
B) Glycosaminoglycans are a dominant component of connective tissue ground substance
C) The generation of heat by the oxidation of fatty acids is a special feature of brown adipose tissue.
D) The highly viscous character of connective tissue ground substance is largely due to the proteoglycans
E) Type I and type V collagen fibers can be found in dense regular connective tissue and bone
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Chapter 5: Osteogenesis
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Sample Questions
Q1) Parathyroid hormone
A) Decreases calcium levels in the blood
B) Increases calcium excretion in the kidneys
C) Inhibits osteoclast activity
D) Is released by the thyroid gland
E) Stimulates osteoclast activity
Q2) In bone remodeling, osteoclasts perform lamellar resorption just prior to
A) Maturation of osteoblasts into osteocytes
B) Mineralization of osteoid tissue
C) Osteoclast activation
D) Osteoclast to osteoblast reversal
E) Trapping of osteoblasts in bony matrix
Q3) What occurs in the hypertrophic zone during endochondral ossificiation?
A) Chondrocytes in the center of the cartilage undergo mitosis and growth
B) Invasion of empty lacunae by osteoprogenitor cells
C) Penetration of calcified septa by blood vessels
D) Programmed cell death of chondrocytes
E) Proliferating chondrocytes organize into parallel columns
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Chapter 6: Blood and Hematopoiesis
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Sample Questions
Q1) All of the following are true of blood clotting EXCEPT
A) Heparin enhances the action of thrombin
B) Prothrombinase catalyzes the prothrombin conversion
C) Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin
D) Thrombin is converted from prothrombin
E) Vitamin K is needed for the liver to synthesize prothrombin
Q2) Which cell type differentiates into macrophages?
A) Basophil
B) Eosinophil
C) Lymphocyte
D) Monocyte
E) Neutrophil
Q3) Which of the following hematopoietic growth factors stimulates the production of eosinophils?
A) Erythropoietin
B) Flt3 ligand
C) Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor
D) Stem cell factor
E) Thrombopoietin
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Muscle Tissue
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Sample Questions
Q1) The H-zone of a sarcomere contains which of the following proteins?
A) Myosin only
B) Actin only
C) Troponin and tropomyosin
D) B and C only
E) All of the above
Q2) When comparing skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle structure
A) Cardiac muscle contains triads while skeletal muscle contains diads
B) Sarcomere structure in smooth muscle and cardiac muscle are the same
C) Skeletal muscle thin filaments have actin, troponin, and tropomyosin; smooth muscle lacks troponin
D) Skeletal muscles consume more energy than cardiac muscle as a result of the abundance of mitochondria
E) T-tubule diameter in smooth muscle is smaller than in cardiac muscle
Q3) Which of the following is NOT a structural component of a triad?
A) Myofibril
B) Sarcolemma
C) Sarcoplasmic reticulum
D) Terminal cisterna
E) Transverse tubule
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Chapter 8: Nervous Tissue
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Sample Questions
Q1) The neuroglial cells responsible for myelinating axons in the central nervous system are
A) Astrocytes
B) Ependymal cells
C) Microglial cells
D) Oligodendrocytes
E) Schwann cells
Q2) The _____ receives external signals and transmits the information to the neuronal cell body.
A) Axon
B) Dendrite
C) Soma
D) Synaptic terminal
E) Telodendron
Q3) Interneurons are found
A) Only in the brain
B) Only in the central nervous system
C) Only in the peripheral nervous system
D) Only in the spinal cord
E) Throughout the nervous system
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Chapter 9: Sensory Organs: Vision and Hearing
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Sample Questions
Q1) When auditory vibrations enter the cochlear duct, the _____ membrane remains stationary, resulting in a shearing action of the vibrating hair cells, leading to the stimulation of the cochlear nerve
A) Basilar
B) Reissner's
C) Sacular
D) Tectorial
E) Tympanic
Q2) The membrane that separates the fluid-filled cochlear chamber from the air-filled middle ear, helping to regulate pressure in the inner ear, is called the _____
A) Cochlear duct
B) Cochlear membrane
C) Oval window
D) Round window
E) Tympanic membrane
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Chapter 10: Immune Lymphatic System
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8 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Macromolecules that induce the immune system to make certain responses are called
A) Antibodies
B) Antigens
C) Complement
D) Cytokines
E) Interferons
Q2) The humoral immune response is carried out by
A) B lymphocytes
B) Erythrocytes
C) Neutrophils
D) T lymphocytes
E) Thrombocytes
Q3) When a child develops measles and acquires immunity to a subsequent infection, this type of immunity is called
A) Adaptive immunity
B) Artificial immunity
C) Inherited immunity
D) Natural immunity
E) Passive immunity
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Chapter 11: Integumentary System
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Sample Questions
Q1) These cells are responsible for producing a pigment that protects underlying tissue from ultraviolet radiation
A) Basal (satellite) cells
B) Keratinocytes
C) Langerhans cells
D) Melanocytes
E) Merkel cells
Q2) These merocrine simple coiled tubular glands are found all over the body
A) Apocrine sweat glands
B) Ceruminous glands
C) Eccrine sweat glands
D) Sebaceous follicles
E) Sebaceous glands
Q3) The _____ is a vascularized, innervated structure where new hair growth occurs
A) Arrector pili
B) Dermal papilla
C) Hair follicle
D) Hair root plexus
E) Hair shaft
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Cardiovascular System
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12 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Lymphatic vessels
A) Are open-ended
B) Eventually drain into one of the subclavian veins
C) Have fewer valves than veins
D) Have simple squamous epithelial cells separated by tight junctions
E) Merge with capillary networks throughout the body
Q2) In the heart's conduction system, the electrical signal travels from the atrioventricular node to the
A) Atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)
B) Bundle branches
C) Junctional fibers
D) Purkinje fibers
E) Sinoatrial node
Q3) Pericytes are found in association with
A) Arterioles
B) Capillaries
C) Elastic arteries
D) Muscular arteries
E) Veins
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Respiratory System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Where are Bowman's glands located?
A) Alveoli
B) Bronchioles
C) Nasal vestibule
D) Olfactory region of nasal cavity
E) Posterior nasal cavity
Q2) Inspired air moves from the _____ directly into the alveolar ducts.
A) Alveolar sacs
B) Alveoli
C) Respiratory bronchioles
D) Terminal bronchioles
E) Tertiary bronchi
Q3) Alveolar cells that manufacture and secrete pulmonary surfactant are
A) Alveolar macrophages
B) Clara cells
C) Endothelial cells
D) Type I alveolar cells
E) Type II alveolar cells
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Chapter 14: Urinary System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Urine enters the minor calyces from the A) Hilum
B) Major calyces
C) Renal columns
D) Renal papillae
E) Renal pelvis
Q2) The renin-angiotensin system is controlled by the
A) Afferent arteriole
B) Bowman's capsule
C) Glomerulus
D) Juxtaglomerular apparatus
E) Loop of Henle
Q3) Following filtration, most water and solutes are reabsorbed in the A) Bowman's capsule
B) Distal convoluted tubule
C) Glomerulus
D) Loop of Henle
E) Proximal convoluted tubule
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16
Chapter 15: Upper Digestive Segment
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following structures has three poorly defined layers in the muscularis externa?
A) Esophagus
B) Large intestine
C) Small intestine
D) Stomach
E) The muscularis externa of all of the above structures has three layers
Q2) Which of the following is true of the fungiform lingual papillae?
A) There are 8 to12 of them along the sulcus terminalis
B) They are single, evenly spaced, and are located on the tongue's margin
C) They are the largest lingual papillae and contain the most taste buds
D) They are the smallest and most numerous papillae and give the tongue its characteristic rough appearance
E) They help to clean oral surfaces as well as manipulate and process food
Q3) The muscularis externa of the ____ is partially striated and partially smooth.
A) Esophagus
B) Large intestine
C) Small intestine
D) Stomach
E) None of the above -- the entire alimentary canal is lined with smooth muscle
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Chapter 16: Lower Digestive Segment
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following cell types is not found in the small intestine epithelium?
A) Enterocytes
B) Microfold cells
C) Paneth cells
D) Parietal cells
E) None of the above (all of the above cells are found in the small intestine epithelium)
Q2) Which of the following is not true of the crypts of Lieberkühn?
A) Their bases may contain Paneth cells
B) They are found between the intestinal villi
C) They are intestinal glands
D) They are simple tubular glands
E) They are unique to the small intestine
Q3) Which of the following are not mucosal specializations of the small intestine?
A) Peyer's patches
B) Villi
C) Plicae circulares
D) Microvilli
E) Rugae
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Chapter 17: Digestive Glands
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sublingual glands
A) Are the largest salivary glands
B) Contain protein-rich granules
C) Contain serous but not mucous cells
D) Have a well-defined capsule
E) Have poorly developed intercalated ducts
Q2) All of the following are found in the islets of Langerhans EXCEPT
A) Cells that secrete a bicarbonate-rich alkaline fluid
B) Cells that secrete a hormone responsible for lowering blood glucose levels
C) Cells that secrete a hormone that results in the liver's breaking down glycogen
D) Cells that stimulate glycogen synthesis
E) Insulin-secreting cells
Q3) Which of the following has a mucosa that is rich in mitochondria, absorbs sodium, and is lined with columnar epithelium?
A) Anterior dorsal tongue
B) Intercalated intralobular salivary ducts
C) Interlobular salivary ducts
D) Striated intralobular salivary ducts
E) Vermilion aspect of the lips
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Page 19
Chapter 18: Neuroendocrine System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Prolactin secretion is _____ by _____.
A) Inhibited dopamine
B) Inhibited somatostatin
C) Stimulated dopamine
D) Stimulated growth hormone-releasing hormone
E) Stimulated nerve impulse from the hypothalamus
Q2) Which of the following statements about the neurohypophysis is not true?
A) Contains glial-like cells called pituicytes
B) It synthesizes, stores, and secretes antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin
C) Its axons derive from the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei
D) Secretion of its hormones is controlled by nerve impulses from the hypothalamus
E) The hypothalamohypophyseal tract runs through the infundibulum
Q3) Which endocrine structure is composed of several cell types, including chromophobe cells, acidophils, and basophils?
A) Adrenal gland
B) Anterior pituitary
C) Parathyroid gland
D) Pineal gland
E) Posterior pituitary
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Page 20
Chapter 19: Endocrine System
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Sample Questions
Q1) The trophic hormone that controls the release of T4 (thyroxine) and T3 (triiodothyronine) is secreted by
A) Acidophilic cells
B) Basophilic cells
C) Chromaffin cells
D) Chromophobic cells
E) Follicular cells
Q2) Sodium and water retention in the kidney is stimulated by a hormone secreted by
A) Chromaffin cells
B) Islets of Langerhans
C) Zona fasciculata
D) Zona glomerulosa
E) Zona reticularis
Q3) What happens immediately after insulin binds to the -subunit of the insulin receptor?
A) It activates the adjacent tyrosine kinase ( -subunit)
B) It increases glucose uptake by the cell
C) It stimulates glucagon secretion by the cells
D) It stimulates the synthesis of GLUT-4 (glucose transporter-4)
E) It transports the GLUT-4 protein to the cell membrane
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Chapter 20: Spermatogenesis
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Sample Questions
Q1) Diploid spermatogenic cells in direct contact with the basal lamina are
A) Sertoli cells
B) Spermatocytes
C) Spermatogenic cells
D) Spermatogonia
E) Spermatozoa
Q2) Testosterone is secreted by
A) Leydig cells
B) Principal cells
C) Sertoli cells
D) Spermatogenic cells
E) Spermatogonia
Q3) Which of the following is not true of Sertoli cells?
A) Their function is regulated by follicle-stimulating hormone
B) They are found in testicular interstitial tissue
C) They prevent cytotoxic agents from moving to the seminiferous tubules from the blood by forming tight junctions with adjacent Sertoli cells
D) They provide mechanical support for spermatogenic cells
E) They provide nutrition for spermatogenic cells
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Chapter 21: Sperm Transport and Maturation
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Sample Questions
Q1) Numerous tubuloalveolar glands that secrete a motility-enhancing substance constitute the
A) Bulbourethral gland
B) Ductus epididymidis
C) Prostate gland
D) Seminal vesicle
E) Testis
Q2) Which duct has a characteristic wavy lumen as a result of different epithelial cell heights?
A) Ductuli efferentes
B) Ductus epididymidis
C) Rete testis
D) Seminiferous tubules
E) Tubuli recti
Q3) What structure contributes a lubricating mucus substance to semen?
A) Bulbourethral gland
B) Epididymidis
C) Prostate
D) Seminal vesicle
E) Testis
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Chapter 22: Follicle Development and the Menstrual Cycle
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Sample Questions
Q1) Oocytes surrounded by granulosa cells are found in the A) Corona radiata
B) Corpus luteum
C) Cumulus oophorus
D) Theca folliculus
E) Zona pellucida
Q2) Which ovarian follicle has a simple cuboidal epithelium?
A) Mature follicle
B) Primary follicle
C) Primordial follicle
D) Secondary follicle
E) Both B and D have simple cuboidal epithelia
Q3) The layer of glycoproteins between the oocytes and granulosa cells is called the A) Corona radiata
B) Cumulus oophorus
C) Macula pellucida
D) Theca folliculus
E) Zona pellucida
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Chapter 23: Fertilization, Placentation, and Lactation
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Sample Questions
Q1) Rapid cell division without organismal growth is called
A) Cleavage
B) Implantation
C) Meiosis
D) Mitosis
E) Oogenesis
Q2) Which part of the spermatozoa contains digestive enzymes that aid in fertilization?
A) Acrosome
B) Basal plate
C) End piece
D) Neck
E) Tail
Q3) The opening of the uterus into the vagina is the _____.
A) Cervix
B) Infundibulum
C) Ovary
D) Oviduct
E) Uterine tube
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