Honors Research Seminar in Psychology
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Course Introduction
The Honors Research Seminar in Psychology offers an advanced, immersive experience for students pursuing in-depth research within the field of psychology. Through a combination of seminar discussions, methodological training, and individual project development, students will refine their research questions, conduct literature reviews, and design empirical studies under faculty supervision. Emphasis is placed on ethical considerations, critical analysis of psychological theories, and the effective presentation of research findings both in written and oral forms. This course is ideal for honors students seeking to prepare for graduate study or research-oriented careers in psychology.
Recommended Textbook
Research In Psychology Methods and Design 7th Edition by C. James Goodwin
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Chapter 1: Scientific Thinking in Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Scientific thinking by psychologists is characterized by all of the following except A) they realize that conclusions are tentative and could change depending on future research
B) they are most interested in finding answers to the "big" questions (e.g., mind-body)
C) they expect claims to be supported by data collected in a systematic fashion
D) they assume that behavior has causes that can be discovered using scientific methods
Answer: B
Q2) Questions that can be answered through systematic observation and data collection are called
A) introspective questions
B) authoritative questions
C) empirical questions
D) nonempirical questions
Answer: C
Q3) Peirce called the use of logical arguments to fix a belief the _________ method. Answer: a priori
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3
Chapter 2: Ethics in Psychological Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) The late British psychologist Cyril Burt has been suspected of scientific fraud in the reporting of some of the data from his famous twin studies. What does his case illustrate about data falsification?
A) if fraudulent results are virtually the same as legitimate results (other twin studies), the fraud may go undetected
B) most scientific fraud can be detected because the results will not be replicated when other scientists study the phenomenon
C) scientific fraud is often uncovered during the peer review process for journal publication
D) scientific fraud generally happens when researchers become mentally unbalanced
Answer: A
Q2) The formulation of the APA code of ethics included collecting data about possible ethical violations; the procedure used was called the _________ method. Answer: critical incidents
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4
Chapter 3: Developing Ideas for Research in Psychology
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Q1) A researcher, before starting a study, proposes that as the number of bystanders increases, the chances that any one of them will help an injured victim decreases. This statement is a good example of a(n) ___________.
Answer: hypothesis
Q2) What do the following discoveries have in common: Skinner's extinction curve and Hubel and Wiesel's feature detectors?
A) both examples of research ideas resulting from everyday observations
B) both examples of research deduced logically from theory
C) both examples of a serendipitous finding
D) both examples of failures to replicate
Answer: C
Q3) Basic research is concerned with ______ while applied research tries to
A) experimental realism; accomplish mundane realism
B) establishing essential principles; solve practical problems
C) the laboratory only; use field studies only
D) mundane realism; accomplish experimental realism
Answer: B
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5
Chapter 4: Measurement, Sampling, and Data Analysis
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following sequences of "time (in seconds) spent looking" suggests that habituation is occurring?
A) 14, 10, 8, 12
B) 6, 6, 6, 6
C) 10, 6, 10, 6
D) 10, 8, 6, 4
Q2) On a reaction time test, which of the following factors could contribute to measurement error?
A) subject attentiveness
B) equipment irregularities
C) increased boredom if the task lasts too long
D) all of the above
Q3) Compare and contrast effect size and confidence intervals as tools researchers may use to describe their results in more depth.
Q4) If a test has _________, then its scores can be used to estimate what behaviors will occur in the future.
Q5) A graph summarizing the number of times that a score occurs in a data set is called a(n) ________.
Q6) Give an example of each of the four types of measurement scales.
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Introduction to Experimental Research
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Q1) Self-esteem would be considered a manipulated independent variable if A) two groups in a study were composed of those with high self-esteem and low self-esteem
B) a procedure was designed so that some people succeeded and others failed in a task
C) only moderate self-esteem participants were picked for the study
D) none of the above - as a personality variable, self-esteem is by definition a subject variable
Q2) In the Bobo doll study by Bandura, Ross, and Ross,
A) children saw different degrees of aggression; there was no control group used
B) both a manipulated and a subject variable were included
C) the size of the Bobo doll was kept the same for both adult models and child participants
D) the dependent variable was sex
Q3) The simplest way to evaluate threats to internal validity due to history, maturation, and regression is to
A) include a control group
B) include a pretest as well as a postest
C) use only subject variables
D) use a subject pool
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Control Problems in Experimental Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the research example that used Starbucks coffee, participants did not know whether they were drinking regular or caffeine. They were later tested for memory by experimenters who did not know which group the participants were in. Which of the following is true about this study?
A) it failed to control for experimenter expectations
B) it illustrates the good subject effect
C) the participants were senior citizens, so it showed an especially high level of evaluation apprehension
D) the design was an example of a double blind procedure
Q2) In a memory study, each subject learns six lists of words. A researcher decides to use a Latin square to determine the order in which lists will be shown. Which of the following is true?
A) if ten subjects are to be assigned to each row of the Latin square, then 600 subjects will be needed to complete the study
B) participants will see each list more than once
C) six different orders of list presentation will be used
D) the Latin square will have 36 (6x6) rows
Q3) The creation of equivalent groups is the major design problem for __________ designs.
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Experimental Design 1: Single Factor Designs
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Q1) If a 1-factor ANOVA has been completed in a study with one independent variable, you can be sure that
A) multiple t tests have already been completed first
B) the design involves repeated measures
C) post hoc testing will occur if the ANOVA is significant
D) the independent variable has at least five levels
Q2) In the research example that examined the effects of social skills training in children with autism, what was the matching variable and why was it chosen?
Q3) Which of the following studies would be most likely to use a waiting list control group?
A) a study evaluating the how waiting for the doctor produces frustration
B) a study testing the effects of different dosage levels of a new drug
C) a study evaluating the effectiveness of a new therapy for depression
D) a study comparing environments that differ in terms of how crowded they are
Q4) If matching is used in a single-factor study, you can be sure that A) repeated measures are involved
B) some type of confound exists
C) it is a multilevel design, not a two-level design
D) the independent variable is tested between subjects
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Chapter 8: Experimental Design II: Factorial Designs
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Q1) A 3x3x3 factorial design has
A) three independent variables, each with three levels
B) 27 different conditions
C) the potential for three different main effects
D) all of the above
Q2) If a study is a P x E factorial design, it could also be a
A) single-factor multilevel design
B) nonequivalent groups factorial design
C) independent groups factorial design
D) a mixed factorial design
Q3) All of the following are true about factorial designs except
A) they have at least two independent variables
B) the independent variables can be either between-subjects or within-subjects
C) they are best analyzed with a 1-factor ANOVA
D) if both main effects and interactions occur, interactions should be interpreted first
Q4) Use research example on closing times to illustrate the concept of a main effect.
Q5) Any experimental design that includes more than one independent variable is called a(n) ________ design.
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Correlational Research
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Q1) Suppose there is a high positive correlation between reading speed and reading comprehension. You suspect that IQ is a potential third variable. You complete a partial correlation procedure and, with IQ controlled statistically, the high correlation between speed and comprehension virtually disappears. What do you conclude?
A) IQ is an important third variable affecting the correlation
B) IQ can be ruled out as a third variable underlying the correlation
C) IQ must be the cause of the correlation
D) not enough information to decide
Q2) Ed took a Civil Service Test and was subsequently hired by the Post Office, where he performed well. The Civil Service Test was used because
A) it had been shown to be an effective predictor variable
B) it had been useful as a criterion variable
C) scores on the test correlated perfectly with IQ
D) scores on it regressed to the mean
Q3) A study using a ________ helps to solve the third variable problem.
A) cross-lagged panel correlation
B) partial correlation
C) multiple regression
D) factor analysis
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Page 11
Chapter 10: Quasi-Experimental Designs Applied Research
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Q1) In Wood and Bootzin's study of nightmares following earthquakes, what design was used?
A) interrupted time series
B) time series with a control group
C) formative evaluation
D) nonequivalent control group design
Q2) Consider Harry and Leta Hollingworth's Coca-Cola study. What important methodological features did they incorporate into their studies, and what were their conclusions about the effects of caffeine?
Q3) Describe the essential elements of the four main varieties of program evaluation research.
Q4) Interrupted time series designs
A) enable researchers to draw causal conclusions
B) are well suited for analyzing trends
C) aren't able to include control groups
D) require a minimum of 10 pretest scores and 10 posttest scores
Q5) Explain why a consistent failure to reject the null hypothesis can be a useful finding in program evaluation research.
Q6) Describe the defining feature a quasi-experimental design.
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Small N Designs
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Q1) A study by Wagaman et al. used a multiple baseline design to evaluate a program to help people reduce stuttering. The study is an example of baselines being established for
A) two or more behaviors within the same individual
B) the same behavior in two or more individuals
C) the same behavior in the same individual, in two or more settings D) two different treatments within the same person
Q2) Small N research designs
A) are a recent development, originating with Skinner's work B) began in the 1930s when Fisher developed ANOVA
C) characterized most of the early research in psychology
D) have never been popular with the majority of research psychologists
Q3) In an A-B-A design,
A) the first A is a baseline period
B) a treatment is put in place, then withdrawn, then put in place again
C) the two A's refer to two different baselines in a multiple baseline study
D) B = baseline
Q4) Describe the basic logic behind the use of a withdrawal design, and explain why an A-B-A-B design is preferred over an A-B-A design.
Q5) Describe how McMicken et al. used the case study method to evaluate boxer "AB."
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Chapter 12: Descriptive Research Methods
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are the advantages and disadvantages of collecting survey data through face-to-face interviews?
Q2) Nonresponse bias occurs when
A) the population from which the sample is taken is too small
B) response rate is lower than anticipated
C) those returning a survey differ in some important way from the initial sample
D) those responding to a survey fail to answer a significant number of questions on the survey
Q3) On surveys, subjects can try to present a positive image of themselves, a problem referred to as
A) experimenter bias
B) social desirability bias
C) question ambiguity
D) good subject bias
Q4) With ________, a specific set of events for observation is selected and other behaviors are ignored.
Q5) Distinguish between probability and nonprobability sampling techniques. Describe 3 types of probability sampling techniques and 3 types of nonprobability sampling techniques.
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