History of Western Society Test Preparation
Course Introduction
History of Western Society explores the political, social, economic, and cultural development of Western civilizations from antiquity to the modern era. The course examines key periods such as Ancient Greece and Rome, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, the Enlightenment, and the contemporary West, emphasizing the evolution of societal structures, ideas, and institutions. Students will analyze primary and secondary sources to understand historical events, influential figures, and significant movements that have shaped Western society, while also considering the interactions between the West and the wider world. The course aims to develop critical thinking skills and a deeper appreciation for the complexities of Western historical development.
Recommended Textbook Making Europe The Story of the West 2nd Edition by Frank L. Kidner
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Chapter 1: The Origins of Western Civilization in the Ancient
Near East,3000-1200 BCE
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Q1) The most visible building in Mesopotamian cities was the A) Temple of An.
B) marketplace.
C) palace of the king.
D) ziggurat.
E) stele of justice.
Answer: D
Q2) One reason that the Egyptians had a more optimistic outlook than the Sumerians was
A) They had more gold than Sumeria.
B) They developed writing earlier than the Sumerians.
C) Their afterlife was open to all Egyptians, even slaves.
D) The weather was extremely predictable.
E) Their agriculture was more extensive.
Answer: D
Q3) Sargon defeated the Hyksos.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Q1) Prophets derived leadership status by their ability to converse with God.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) One of the main reasons why the Hebrews' religion was so constant was because
A) they wrote it down in scripture.
B) they had a dedicated cult of oral recitation.
C) it became widespread and popular.
D) it fully integrated religion and government into a theocracy.
E) None of these.
Answer: A
Q3) The death of King Solomon led to
A) a split into two different Hebrew kingdoms, Judah and Israel.
B) a complete collapse of Hebrew society.
C) overthrow by the Egyptians.
D) a period known as the Dark Ages.
E) destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem.
Answer: A
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Q1) Compare the approaches to history writing by Herodotus,Thucydides,and Xenophon.Which one is the true father of history?
Answer: Herodotus wrote extensively about the Peloponnesian War and portrayed it as a struggle between civilizations.He was the first to use evidence in his analysis,and he drew morally based conclusions from myths and legends of the war.Thucydides provided a history of the Peloponnesian War that examined the causes and effects from both sides and questioned thematically the nature of war and humans' responses to it.Xenophon wrote a great narrative style of history that conveyed events chronologically and became the standard of historical accounting.Because Thucydides wrote with greater objectivity than either of the others,he is more deserving of the title father of history.
Q2) In Greek unconditional warfare,the losing men were
A) sold as slaves.
B) retained as prisoners of war for ransom.
C) forced to join their captors' armies.
D) killed without mercy.
E) shamed and humiliated.
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: From Polis To Cosmopolis: The Hellenistic
World,387-30 BCE
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Q1) What happened to Judaism in the Hellenistic era after Alexander's death?
A) The Ptolemaic kingdom allowed freedom of religion.
B) The Antigonid kingdom demanded adherence to Stoicism.
C) Conservative Jews rejected Hellenized Judaism as too compromised.
D) There was widespread conversion to Judaism in the religiously tolerant Hellenistic world.
E) Syncretism with other religions led to Christianity.
Q2) From the more Hellenistic perspective,analyze the transition in the Greek world from polis to cosmopolis.
Q3) Merchants in the Hellenistic area opened trade for the first time with which area?
A) Arabia
B) Africa
C) India
D) China
E) All of these
Q4) How can we explain the growth of mystery cults and the changes to the spiritual world in the Hellenistic Age?
Q5) Explain the significance of the Maccabean revolt.
Q6) What measures did Alexander take to try and create a unified empire?
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Chapter 5: The Rise of Rome,753-27 BCE
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Q1) In which of the following ways were women in Rome better off than women in Greece?
A) They could work in a variety of jobs.
B) They could appear in public without a chaperone
C) They could serve in the military.
D) They could hold public office.
E) They were exempt from slavery.
Q2) The final conflict between Octavian and Marc Antony was the Battle of A) Lepidus.
B) Philippi.
C) Zama.
D) Actium.
E) Charonaea.
Q3) The slave revolt in the late Republic,which created a large crisis,was led by A) Spartacus.
B) Crassus.
C) Marcus Aurelius.
D) Scipio Africanus.
E) Tiberius Gracchus.
Q4) What crises faced by Rome led to the development of dictatorships?
Page 7
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Q1) Caracalla granted citizenship to everyone,including slaves.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What was considered the most dangerous frontier in the Empire under Augustus?
A) The Germanic border
B) Dacia
C) Britain
D) Thrace
E) Egypt
Q3) Most religions within the empire were
A) monotheistic.
B) polytheistic.
C) agnostic.
D) focused on the imperial cult.
E) henotheistic.
Q4) The reign of Emperor Antoninus was so uneventful that it is undocumented.
A)True
B)False
Q5) How did Roman trade with those outside their empire bring benefit or decline to the Roman Empire?
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Chapter 7: Late Antiquity,284-527
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Q1) What occurred at the Council of Nicaea?
A) Constantine was declared supreme authority of the church.
B) Arianism was condemned as a heresy.
C) Factionalism split the Eastern and Western churches
D) The Pope was chosen to make all subsequent ecumenical decisions.
E) Constantine was excommunicated from the Church.
Q2) Diocletian's plan for governance of the empire was called the A) triumvirate.
B) triptych.
C) tetrarchy.
D) quadratium.
E) quadrarchy.
Q3) What was the significance of Constantine shifting the capital of the Roman Empire to Constantinople from Rome?
Q4) Under Theodosius II,the Byzantine Empire was
A) entirely isolated from western Europe.
B) completely identified with the East, with Greek as the preferred language.
C) very militarily focused.
D) immune from assault by barbarians.
E) None of these.
Page 9
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Q1) Which was the most costly of Justinian's economic expenses?
A) retaking Italy
B) building fortifications to fend off the Slavs
C) maintaining armies against Persia
D) building the Hagia Sophia cathedral
E) None of these
Q2) In the struggle for power between Irene and Constantine VI,she received support from
A) iconoclasts.
B) court eunuchs appointed to key government positions.
C) her son's second wife, Theodote.
D) the military aristocracy.
E) None of these.
Q3) In the seventh century,the Byzantine Empire lost territory to all of the following invading forces except the
A) Persians.
B) Slavs.
C) Turks.
D) Avars.
E) The Byzantine Empire lost territory to all of these.
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Chapter 9: The Kingdoms of Western Europe,500-1000
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Q1) The Byzantines were expelled from northern Italy by which group?
A) the Visigoths
B) the Ostrogoths
C) the Franks
D) the Lombards
E) the Fruili
Q2) A dividing issue between the Eastern and Western churches was
A) bishops taking on more secular authority.
B) the use of icons in worship.
C) lack of compliance with the mandates of the Council of Nicaea.
D) how much authority the pope should have.
E) whether the bishop of Rome was really St. Peter.
Q3) The first Carolingian king of all Franks was
A) Clovis.
B) Charles Martel.
C) Pepin.
D) Carolus Magnus.
E) Albertus.
Q4) Explain the significance of the Treaty of Verdun.
Q5) Why were the Vikings so problematic for western Europe?
Page 11
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Chapter 10: The High Middle Ages,1000-1300
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Q1) The Peace of God
A) declared that knights could not take weapons into church.
B) declared that fighting had to be approved by an oath before God.
C) ended the conflicts among the various monastic orders.
D) allowed fighting only on certain days of the week.
E) prohibited violence against women, the poor, and clergy.
Q2) How did the rise of commercialism in Western Europe affect labor specialization?
Q3) What contributed to the growth of universities in the Middle Ages?
Q4) Gothic architecture made much greater use of stained glass than Romanesque style.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The reason why the French king was not required to consult with a parliament for raising money,like the English,was that he
A) did not have a constitution.
B) was not dependent on the nobility for money
C) signed a contract limiting his authority
D) had a stronger dynasty
E) made his inner circle all members of his family by blood or marriage
Q6) What was accomplished by the Crusades? Would you rate them as successful or not?
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Chapter 11: Reversals and Disasters,1300-1450
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Q1) The Russian prince Alexander Nevsky ruled from A) Moscow.
B) Kiev.
C) Crimea.
D) Novgorod.
E) Saint Petersburg.
Q2) Analyze the reasons and outcome of the Hundred Years' War.Why was this war different from previous wars in Europe?
Q3) One of the significant weapons used at the Battle of Crécy by the British was the A) crossbow.
B) cannon.
C) longbow.
D) javelin.
E) trebuchet
Q4) How did the differences between the French and English armies compare during the Hundred Years' War?
Q5) Discuss the treatment of Jews in Europe in the Middle Ages,and contrast it with the treatment of Jews in the Ottoman Empire.
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Chapter 12: The Renaissance in Italy and Northern
Europe,1350-1550
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Q1) At the end of the fifteenth century,the strongest power in the East was
A) Bohemia.
B) Poland-Lithuania.
C) Moscow.
D) Hungary.
E) the Ottoman Empire.
Q2) The duties of the condotierri in northern Italian cities included
A) overseeing and regulating fairness in trade.
B) acting as patrician council members
C) serving as peacekeepers and professional soldiers.
D) working as conductors of gondolas in Venice.
E) negotiating between rival families to settle vendettas.
Q3) In what way did Flemish painting differ from Italian painting?
A) The Flemish used oil paint.
B) The Italians used tempera paint.
C) Flemish painters used a viewpoint that put the viewer in the painting with the subject.
D) Italian painters used a frame to differentiate the painting from the viewer.
E) Flemish painting differed from Italian in all of these ways.
Q4) What problems did the papacy confront during the Renaissance period?
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Chapter 13: Europes Age of Expansion, 1450 1550
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Q1) Hernán Cortés led the conquest of the Inca Empire.
A)True
B)False
Q2) How did the invention of the astrolabe further maritime exploration?
A) It allowed sailors to calculate their latitude.
B) It redirected the wind into differently cut sails.
C) It revised the ways maps were printed.
D) It charted the currents in the Atlantic Ocean which allowed more accurate timing of journeys.
E) It calculated the speed of a vessel in water by Archimedes' theory of water displacement.
Q3) The definition of work changed in the fifteenth century,and it came to mean
A) anything that produced income for the family.
B) anything that produced goods for the market economy.
C) anything that perpetuated self-sufficiency for rural families.
D) that women's work in the family was considered secondary.
E) the division of class and social stratification assigned value to work based on hourly labor.
Q4) How did European exploration lead to imperialism?
Q5) What problems faced Russia at the time of Ivan IV's death?
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Reform in the Western Church,1490-1570
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Q1) Protestant beliefs on marriage,sexuality,and religion
A) viewed marriage more positively as a partnership.
B) abolished all convents and monasteries insisting on celibacy.
C) could be seen as limiting women's choices in society.
D) allowed divorce in some rare cases.
E) All of these.
Q2) Ignatius Loyola's Spiritual Exercises was designated at the Council of Trent as a means for former heretics to regain their standing in the Catholic Church.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The three major areas targeted for social reform in the sixteenth century by Protestants and Catholics were
A) children's education, catechism, and urban poverty.
B) poverty, sexual vice, and alcoholism.
C) labor exploitation, high taxes, and education.
D) education, poverty, and family life.
E) women's rights, religious hierarchy, and vice.
Q4) Analyze the intentions and effects of the missionary movement overseas within the Catholic Church.
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Chapter 15: A Century of Crisis,1550-1650
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Q1) Analyze the causes of the English civil war.Why was it ultimately resolved with the restoration?
Q2) Under the Ottoman Empire's organization of millets,Jews were excluded and encouraged to
A) go to Poland
B) go to Turkey
C) join the Janissary corps
D) convert to Islam
E) None of these.
Q3) What was the cause of the war in Poland-Lithuania that broke out in 1648?
A) The Cossack rebellion in Ukraine.
B) The attempt by Russia to force Russian Orthodoxy on Catholic Poland.
C) A violent dispute over access to the Baltic that opened hostilities with Sweden.
D) The expulsion from Poland of German merchants.
E) Poland's refusal to participate in the Peace of Westphalia.
Q4) The Edict of Nantes expelled the Huguenots from France after the St.Bartholomew's Day Massacre.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 16: State-Building and the European State System,1648-1789
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Q1) In settling the War of Austrian Succession,Maria Theresa lost which territory?
A) Habsburg Netherlands
B) Silesia
C) Hungary
D) Bohemia
E) Bavaria
Q2) Pugachev's rebellion was significant because
A) it involved numerous people of various social orders.
B) Catherine responded by abolishing serfdom.
C) it ended the conscription of peasants into the army.
D) it was the first successful demonstration against taxation in Europe.
E) it unified the church, nobility, and government against the peasantry.
Q3) A significant way that Frederick William I funded his army that was different than other nations was that he
A) increased taxes.
B) used capitation.
C) did not borrow money to pay his expenses.
D) did not require soldiers to equip themselves.
E) granted serfs their freedom if they served in the military.
Q4) Why is Peter the Great seen as the modernizer of Russia?
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Chapter 17: The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment,1550-1790
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Q1) Abbé Raynal believed that Europeans were manifesting God's destiny in colonizing North America.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The underlying debate in the Calas affair was
A) how much power a government should have.
B) how corrupt religion was in France.
C) whether it was appropriate for torture to be used in legal proceedings.
D) whether people should have the right to switch religions.
E) the necessity of the government to remain separate from religious concerns in the area of legal justice.
Q3) Descartes and Locke argued that,via Cartesian dualism,men and women were of equal intellectual potential.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Denis Diderot believed that all human knowledge could be compiled and catalogued into an encyclopedia.
A)True
B)False
Page 19
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Chapter 18: Trade and Empire,1700-1800
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Q1) One of Britain's most expedient methods of dealing with petty crime and felons was exile to Australia.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What did England have to contribute to greater venture capital that other European nations did not?
A) A greater middle class of investors
B) More inventors to promote new technology
C) A greater surplus of coal to fuel steam technology
D) A centralized banking system that could make loans to smaller businesses
E) A well-organized guild system
Q3) How did the putting-out system transform commercial manufacturing?
Q4) Of the four major consumer items added to European diets,which was not a major product of the Consumer Revolution?
A) Coffee
B) Tea
C) Rum
D) Sugar
E) Chocolate
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Chapter 19: Revolutionary France and Napoleonic
Europe,1775-1815
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Q1) All of the following were demands of the sans-culottes except A) universal suffrage.
B) state-sponsored welfare.
C) universal public education.
D) government price controls.
E) government regulation of private property rights.
Q2) Discuss the first constitution presented by the National Assembly in 1791.To whom did this document this appeal? Who found it unsatisfactory and why?
Q3) The beginning of the constitutional revolution happened in June 1789 when
A) Louis XVI suspended the Estates General for their failure to reach a consensus.
B) the Third Estate broke away from the Estates General and formed the National Assembly.
C) the First and Second Estates overruled the Third Estate by corporate vote.
D) all three estates formed the National Assembly.
E) peasants and poor urban workers formed a protest outside the Estates General, and riots began.
Q4) What preconditions existed in France that provoked revolution in 1789?
Q5) What were the effects of the Napoleonic Code?
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Chapter 20: Restoration and Reform: Conservative and Liberal Europe,1814-1847
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Q1) A significant source of contention at the Congress of Vienna had to do with the partitioning of Poland.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Liberalism advocated voting rights for all of the following except A) property owners.
B) people of moderate education.
C) women.
D) bourgeoisie.
E) middle classes.
Q3) What form did the territories of the German states take in the redrawing of the map at the Congress?
A) All territories were restored to pre-1800 boundaries.
B) The German states were put under the rule of the Prussian King.
C) Lichtenstein was granted sovereignty.
D) A confederation of states was organized into a group of thirty-nine.
E) Austro-Hungary was divided but incorporated territories in the Balkans.
Q4) One of the greatest speakers for conservativism in Britain was Edmund Burke.
A)True B)False
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Chapter 21: Industrialization and Society,1800-1850
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Q1) Marx believed that the best means to understand the world was through
A) economics.
B) class structures.
C) philosophy.
D) nationality.
E) cultural orientation.
Q2) Reform Judaism was strongest in Poland.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which was the first region in continental Europe to industrialize?
A) Belgium
B) Germany
C) France
D) Holland
E) Austria-Hungary
Q4) What changes in western Europe had the longest lasting effect in the nineteenth century?
Q5) Why was eastern Europe significantly slower to implement industrialization than western Europe? How did this affect the social classes and economy?
Page 23
Q6) What role did women play in middle class society?
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Chapter 22: The Triumph of the Nation-State,1848-1900
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Q1) Compare the processes of unification in Germany and Italy.
Q2) As part of nation building,many European nations extended voting rights.Which was the first country in Europe to extend suffrage to women?
A) Finland
B) Russia
C) Germany
D) France
E) Great Britain
Q3) Russian was the primary language of instruction in Polish schools in the nineteenth century.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What was the main reason that Louis Philippe was forced to abdicate the French throne in 1848?
A) His repressive policies and censorship alienated the Chamber of Deputies.
B) There was a shortage of grain led to bread riots.
C) Most of the French population was excluded from the political process.
D) His policy of conscription for the army was targeted at the lower classes.
E) He placed the burden of taxation on the middle classes.
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Chapter 23: The Culture of Industrial Europe,1850-1914
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Q1) The transmission of news through a telegram was accomplished by means of what?
A) Morse Code
B) numeric code
C) voice transmission.
D) electrical impulses graphed on ticker tape
E) radio waves
Q2) How did the chemical developments of the late nineteenth century work together to transform industrialization and production of goods?
Q3) One of the cheapest and most widely available means of transportation in the nineteenth century was the
A) train.
B) trolley bus.
C) automobile.
D) steamship.
E) tram.
Q4) How did the consumption of popular art come to embody the diversity of its audience? How was this change affected by technology?
Q5) Discuss the importance of the early petroleum industry and its effects on civilization.
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Chapter
24: The Age of Imperialism,1870-1914
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Q1) The conflict over interests in Korea between Russia and Japan was primarily focused on what?
A) Russian naval presence in Port Arthur.
B) Russian settlement in Vladivostok.
C) Russia's Trans-Siberian Railway annex.
D) Russian military bases in China.
E) Occupation of small islands in the Pacific.
Q2) The Sepoy Rebellion took place when the
A) British refused to recognize a holy day for the Indian Muslims.
B) native troops were fearful they were going to have to convert to Christianity.
C) province of Sepoy did not meet its quota of productivity and the British sent in troops.
D) local Raj pushed for independent rule from the British.
E) British enraged the Sepoy unit of the military by offending its members' religious sensibilities.
Q3) Compare the arguments of Hobson and Lenin on the effects of capitalism and imperialism.
Q4) Why did the weakening of the Ottoman empire pose a diplomatic problem for Europe?
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Chapter 25: War and Revolution,1900-1918
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Q1) Why was the United States brought into World War I officially in 1917?
A) Germany's sinking of ships violated neutrality treaties.
B) Trade agreements with Britain enriched U.S. arms manufacturers.
C) The general population supported the war.
D) To make the world safe for democracy
E) Germany imposed a trade embargo on chemicals and machinery.
Q2) Among the uses of propaganda to inspire popular support of the war were
A) songs
B) postcards.
C) movies.
D) recruitment posters.
E) All of these.
Q3) What were the significant reasons for tension in the Balkans?
Q4) How was the first impact of America's entry into World War I felt?
A) economically.
B) militarily.
C) politically.
D) socially.
E) provisionally.
Q5) Why was 1917 the most decisive year of the war?
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Chapter 26: A Decade of Revolutionary
Experiments,1918-1929
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Q1) How did the visual arts change in response to the effects of the war?
Q2) Mussolini's corporatist control over Italy extended to all of the following areas except A) the press.
B) the Catholic Church.
C) agricultural production.
D) nationalized industries.
E) parliament.
Q3) What were the difficulties encountered by the League of Nations in the interwar years?
Q4) Most European nations pursued a pro-natalist policy after World War I to repopulate each country.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Germany was crippled in the interwar years by A) hyper-inflation.
B) the growth of the Nazi (National Socialist) Party.
C) suppression of economic activity by the League of Nations.
D) the seizure of power by Bavaria in displacing Prussia.
E) a devastating influenza that killed millions.
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Chapter 27: Democracy Under Siege,1929-1945
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Q1) The French resistance movement was led by
A) François Mitterand.
B) Charles de Gaulle.
C) Henri Pétain.
D) Maurice Deschamps.
E) Paul Reynaud.
Q2) Which was the first concentration camp to deal with the undesirables in the German population?
A) Auschwitz.
B) Dachau.
C) Thieresenstad.
D) Bergen.
E) Treblinka.
Q3) The most important person promoting diplomacy in the USSR was
A) Leon Trotsky.
B) Maxim Litvinov.
C) Sergei Kirov.
D) Nikolai Bukharin.
E) Grigorii Zinoviev.
Q4) Explain the rise to power of Hitler and the Nazi Party.
Page 29
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Chapter 28: Europe Divided,1945-1968
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Sample Questions
Q1) The shift in post-war influence after the creation of Israel led to which country providing the primary military support?
A) Britain
B) USSR
C) France
D) U.S.
E) None of these.
Q2) With the rise of the Labour Party after World War II,England became a Socialist economy.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Under the terms of Home Rule,England withdrew from India and it was divided between the new states of
A) India and Tibet.
B) Pakistan and India.
C) Pakistan and Tibet.
D) Punjab and Pakistan.
E) Hindustan and Punjab.
Q4) What are the origins of the cold war?
Q5) How did Soviet economic control change in the post-war years?
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Chapter 29: Lifting the Iron Curtain,1969-1991
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Q1) Renewed interest in feminist politics in the 1970s was seen in
A) Simone de Beauvoir's study The Second Sex.
B) women's participation in left-wing politics.
C) greater concern over reproductive rights.
D) the embrace of the concept "the personal is political."
E) all of these.
Q2) What were the problems faced by the Eastern bloc nations in continuing communism in the 1970s and 1980s?
Q3) What ultimately was responsible for the collapse of communism?
Q4) What was the Velvet Revolution?
A) Solidarity's triumph in Poland
B) The destruction of the Berlin Wall
C) The collapse of communism in Czechoslovakia
D) The cultural acceptance of homosexuality on a more widespread level
E) None of these
Q5) What changes were brought to both Eastern and Western societies by the sexual revolution?
Q6) What was the difference between glasnost and perestroika as proposed by Gorbachev?
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Q7) What were the difficulties Gorbachev faced in implementing economic reform?
Chapter
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Sample Questions
Q1) Successful use of new communications technology was of significant aid in broadcasting which event?
A) The Arab Spring
B) The capture of Saddam Hussein
C) Human rights violations in China
D) Terrorist messages of south American drug cartels
E) The destruction of Chechnya
Q2) One of the significant test cases regarding enlargement of the EU membership has regarded the incorporation of which country as an "unfortunate precedent"?
A) Greece
B) Denmark
C) Latvia
D) Cyprus
E) Portugal
Q3) Madeline Albright was the first woman elected as chancellor of Germany.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What are some of the primary concerns of social activists since 1991?
Q5) Why is the admission of Turkey into the EU considered a problem?
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