History of Western Civilization
Exam Answer Key
Course Introduction
History of Western Civilization explores the major political, social, economic, intellectual, and cultural developments that have shaped Western societies from ancient times to the present. The course examines key events, influential figures, and transformative ideas across eras, including the Classical civilizations of Greece and Rome, the impact of Christianity, the Renaissance and Reformation, the Enlightenment, the Industrial Revolution, and the rise of modern democratic states. By analyzing primary sources and critical interpretations, students gain a comprehensive understanding of how Western traditions have influenced contemporary global culture and thought.
Recommended Textbook
Western Civilization 8th Edition by Jackson J. Spielvogel
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30 Chapters
3669 Verified Questions
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Page 2
Chapter 1: the Ancient Near East: the First Civilizations
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Sample Questions
Q1) The Egyptian Pyramids were
A) built during the period of the New Kingdom.
B) part of a large spiritual complex near Alexandria.
C) conceived and built as tombs for a city of the dead.
D) all dedicated to the god Aten.
E) the final resting places of the pharaohs of the New Kingdom
Answer: C
Q2) The word "theocracy" means "rule by the strongest."
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) According to Egyptian theology, the pharaoh derived his authority from A) democratic elections.
B) the assent of local governors.
C) the fact that he was perceived as a divine instrument of order and harmony.
D) hereditary descent.
E) military conquest.
Answer: C
Q4) Neanderthals
Answer: Not answer
Page 3
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Chapter 2: the Ancient Near East: Peoples and Empires
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Q1) Cyrus the Great, the founder of the Persian Empire, was a member of the Achaemenid dynasty.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Which of the following statements is not true of the Chaldean Empire?
A) Babylon was its great central city.
B) It was the longest-lasting of the great Near Eastern empires.
C) The Hanging Gardens was created in its time.
D) The people of the empire welcomed its fall to the Persians.
E) Nebuchadnezzar II was its most successful ruler.
Answer: B
Q3) Assyrian art was primarily concerned with
A) outshining the remnants of Sumerian and Babylonian culture.
B) illustrating the gods, especially Marduk.
C) glorifying the king, hunting, and war.
D) displaying the virtues of women and female priests.
E) showing the lives of ordinary Assyrian subjects.
Answer: C
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Page 4
Chapter 3: the Civilization of the Greeks
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Q1) The civilization of Minoan Crete
A) enjoyed great prosperity due to extensive sea trade and commerce.
B) was poor and isolated.
C) developed elaborate skills in art and architecture, visible in their great palaces.
D) flourished after 1450 B.C.
E) a and c
Answer: E
Q2) The establishment of the hoplite military system based upon the phalanx formation was an entirely a military phenomenon, having no impact on the political or social life of the Greek city-state.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Greek culture in the Archaic Age was represented in life-size stone statues of nude males known as kouros figures.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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5
Chapter 4: the Hellenistic World
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Q1) Alexander of Macedon personally killed the Persian king Darius III soon after the Battle of Guagamela.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Alexander the Great
Q3) The Greek god of healing, thought responsible for miraculous cures in the Hellenistic period, was
A) Hippocrates.
B) Asclepius.
C) Herophilus.
D) Erasistratus.
E) Euclid.
Q4) Judas Maccabaeus
Q5) Compare and contrast the artistic, literary, and scientific achievements of the Hellenistic age with those of the classical age. How do you account for the differences?
Q6) Archimedes
Q7) Darius III
Q8) "Hellenistic"
Q9) cults of Eleusis and Isis
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Chapter 5: the Roman Republic
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Q1) For the Romans, ius gentium was that part of the law that applied to both Romans and foreigners, or was the law of nations and not just for the Romans.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The Twelve Tables was/were
A) the meeting place of the Roman Senate.
B) used to record and inspire a new religious cult in Rome.
C) arts of the Roman festival celebrating spring's arrival.
D) the only place in Rome where patricians and plebeians could meet together.
E) the first formal codification of Roman law and customs.
Q3) nomen, praenomen, gens, cognomen
Q4) The reforms of Gaius and Tiberius Gracchus
A) helped create a system of absolute political domination by the optimates.
B) eliminated the position of tribune of the plebs.
C) resulted in further instability and violence as they polarized various social groups.
D) were a total success, bringing some more egalitarian laws and customs.
E) made Rome more democratic.
Q5) Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus
Q6) Julius Caesar
Page 7
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Chapter 6: the Roman Empire
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Q1) Livy was best known in the Augustan Age for his A) Aeneid.
B) Metamophoses.
C) Satires.
D) Meditations.
E) History of Rome in 142 books.
Q2) Which of the following trends developed during the reigns of the Julio-Claudian emperors?
A) Emperors took more and more actual ruling power away from the old Senate.
B) All efforts to achieve bureaucratic organization of imperial government eventually failed.
C) Emperors turned over more and more of the daily affairs of government to the Senate.
D) The power of imperial military forces stationed in Rome declined.
E) The Senate seized political power, against the wishes of the weak emperors.
Q3) Jesus and Christ
Q4) Caligula and Nero
Q5) legates
Q6) Paul of Tarsus
Q7) Septimius Severis
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Chapter 7: late Antiquity and the Emergence of the Medieval World
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Q1) Saint Jerome, is known for all of the following except
A) his mastery of Latin prose.
B) his skills as a linguist.
C) his translations of the Old and New Testaments from Hebrew and Greek into Latin.
D) his final return to pagan heresy and rejection of key Christian doctrines.
E) becoming one of the Latin Fathers of the Church.
Q2) Procopius
Q3) jihad
Q4) Muhammad
Q5) Huns
Q6) Edict of Milan
Q7) monasticism
Q8) trivium and quadrivium
Q9) Irish monasticism from the sixth through eighth centuries tended to be highly
A) ascetic.
B) isolationist.
C) scornful of pagan practices.
D) scornful of classical education.
E) anti-monastic.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: european Civilization in the Early Middle Ages, 750-1000
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Q1) Orthodox Christianity
Q2) The Slavic people of the Rus were best known for
A) their defeat of Rurik, head of the Swedish Vikings, in 862.
B) their preoccupation with cleanliness.
C) their unflinching loyalty to the Roman Catholic church.
D) founding the state that became known as Russia.
E) their monastic tradition and practice of celibacy.
Q3) How should the Vikings be remembered, and why?
Q4) feudalism
Q5) Otto I
Q6) The Magyars
A) helped end Muslim expansion in northern Spain. B) were originally from western Asia.
C) won their most successful victory at the battle of Lechfeld against German troops. D) were wiped out as a people in the tenth century for their rejection of Christianity. E) became Muslims.
Q7) Vladimir
Q8) Louis the Pious
Page 11
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Chapter 9: the Recovery and Growth of European Society in the High Middle Ages
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Q1) Saint-Denis
Q2) three-field system
Q3) artium baccalaureus
Q4) Thomas Aquinas' Summa Theologica
Q5) Abbot Suger
Q6) Which of the following statements does not apply to the revival of Roman law?
A) It was short-lived as the orderliness of Roman law no longer appealed to Europeans.
B) It sparked creation of an elaborate, systematic compilation by Italian jurists of all previous legal commentaries known as "the ordinary gloss."
C) It contributed to the decline of older, more barbaric forms of conflict resolution.
D) It changed how professors in law school taught their subject.
E) It replaced the old system of the ordeal by a rational process based upon the collection and analysis of evidence.
Q7) What were some of the reasons for the revival of trade and the growth of cities in the Middle Ages?
Q8) Gothic
Q9) Eleanor of Aquitaine
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Chapter 10: the Rise of Kingdoms and the Growth of Church
Power
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Q1) The investiture controversy concerned the issue of
A) the meaning of the communion sacrament.
B) the nature of the Holy Spirit in the Trinity.
C) who could bestow a church position on a man.
D) how church funds would be invested.
E) how popes would be chosen.
Q2) the Reconquista
Q3) The Magna Carta could best be described as
A) a promise to work to develop democratic institutions.
B) an affirmation of the traditional rights of barons.
C) a guarantee of religious freedom for all Englishmen.
D) a guarantee of civil rights for all Englishmen.
E) the first feminist legislation of King John's reign.
Q4) The Mongol invasions of eastern Europe and Russia eventually led to
A) the dominance of Alexander Nevsky's descendants over all of Russia.
B) a cultural legacy that had great influence on eastern Europe.
C) the Mongols' defeat at the hands of the Teutonic Knights in Silesia in 1241.
D) the temporary destruction of the Russian church.
E) the destruction and disappearance of the Kingdom of Poland.
Q5) Peter the Hermit
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Chapter 11: the Later Middle Ages: Crisis and Disintegration in the
Fourteenth Century
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Q1) Modern Devotion
Q2) All of the following were reactions to the great plague except
A) an increase in violence and murder due to a sense of life's cheapness.
B) the formation of groups like the flagellants, who physically maimed themselves to save the world.
C) a reduction in the persecution of religious minorities because of the displeasure it caused God.
D) morbidity and preoccupation with death in everyday life.
E) economic depression.
Q3) The Italian condottieri were
A) political leaders supporting the pope.
B) bankers with branch banks throughout much of Western Europe.
C) merchants working in northern Europe.
D) reformers within the Catholic Church.
E) leaders of mercenary bands, occasionally ruling as military dictators.
Q4) pneumonic plague
Q5) Avignon
Q6) condottieri
Q7) the Battle of Agincourt
Q8) Council of Ten and the doge Page 14
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Page 15
Chapter 12: recovery and Rebirth: the Age of the Renaissance
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Q1) condottieri
Q2) The Third Estate of the fifteenth century was
A) predominantly urban.
B) essentially free from the manorial system, especially in eastern Europe.
C) relatively free from violence and disease in urban areas.
D) overwhelmingly made up of peasants.
E) made up of clergy and nobles.
Q3) Machiavelli's The Prince advocates that a successful ruler must
A) strive to earn the love of his people.
B) follow Christian principles in all his endeavors.
C) care for the weak, poor, and helpless.
D) kill all opposition immediately.
E) act without scruples for the good of the state.
Q4) Constantinople and 1453
Q5) Leonardo da Vinci
Q6) Jan van Eyck
Q7) Michelangelo was a painter and sculptor but never tried his hand at architecture.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 13: reformation and Religious Warfare in the
Sixteenth Century
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Q1) The Reformation affected the development of education in Europe by
A) broadly expanding Jesuit principles of higher education.
B) aiming Protestant schooling only at the nobility and wealthier urban patricians.
C) eradicating all humanist influences in schooling.
D) expanding public access to primary schooling and improving secondary schooling through gymnasiums and ministerial training.
E) the exclusive use of textbooks in Latin.
Q2) Jesuits
Q3) The Peasants' War of 1524-1525
A) was led by a radical ex-follower of Luther, Philip Melanchthon.
B) furthered the spread of Lutheranism throughout all of Europe.
C) as praised by Luther as it destroyed the great Catholic princes of Germany.
D) was strongly opposed by Luther who saw it as a social revolution from below against God's divine order.
E) had no connection with any of Luther's ideas and beliefs.
Q4) Compare and contrast the chief ideas of Zwinglianism, Anabaptism, and Lutheranism. What did they have in common? How were they different?
Q5) Ignatius Loyola
Page 17
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1500-1800
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Q1) The first European nation to establish formal diplomatic relations with China was A) England.
B) Russia.
C) the Dutch.
D) Venice.
E) Portugal.
Q2) British East India Company
Q3) Nagasaki and the Dutch
Q4) The primary motive for European exploration during the Renaissance was
A) social, to relieve the population pressure on Europe.
B) religious, to spread the Gospel.
C) psychological, the quest for new experiences to transform a dull existence.
D) military, to provide new bases for an army.
E) economic, the desire for precious metals and new areas for trade.
Q5) Marco Polo
Q6) the Inca and Pachakuti
Q7) House of Fugger
Q8) joint-stock trading companies
Q9) Ming and Qing dynasties
Page 18
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Page 19
Chapter 15: state Building and the Search for Order in the
Seventeenth Century
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Q1) absolutism
Q2) The English Bill of Rights
A) laid the foundation for a constitutional monarchy.
B) resolved all of England's seventeenth-century religious questions.
C) reaffirmed the divine-right theory of kingship while limiting the king's power.
D) confirmed the king's right to raise standing armies without parliamentary consent. E) stated that taxes could only be approved by the House of Lords, not the House of Commons.
Q3) Define absolutism and determine to what extent France's government in the seventeenth century can be labeled an absolute monarchy.
Q4) Under the liberum veto, an act of the Polish Sejm could be vetoed by A) any member of the Sejm.
B) the Holy Roman Emperor.
C) the King of Poland.
D) the Polish Supreme Court.
E) the King of Russia.
Q5) What was the relationship in the France of Louis XIV between pomp and rule?
Q6) Puritans
Page 20
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Q1) Among the following, who is not associated with major changes in sixteenth and seventeenth-century scientific research?
A) Vesalius
B) Harvey
C) Paracelsus
D) Galen
E) Boyle
Q2) geocentric universe
Q3) Isaac Newton had little to do with the invention of the calculus.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Rene Descartes
Q5) On the Fabric of the Human Body
A) was Andreas Vesalius' masterpiece on anatomical structure.
B) contained William Harvey's theories on blood circulation.
C) contained Paracelsus' theories on a macrocosm-microcosm universe.
D) was Galen's masterpiece that influenced so many doctors in the Middle Ages.
E) was Cavendish's theory of human dissection.
Q6) "natural philosophers"
Q7) the Inquisition Page 21
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Page 22
Chapter 17: the Eighteenth Century: an Age of Enlightenment
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Q1) The French philosophes
A) flourished in an atmosphere of government support.
B) sought no extension of Enlightenment to other disciplines.
C) were literate intellectuals who meant to change the world through reason and rationality.
D) supported state censorship of ideas contrary to their own.
E) were widely influenced by Jean Jacques Rousseau and his emphasis upon emotions.
Q2) Condorcet and Baron d'Holbach
Q3) For Rousseau, what was the source of inequality and the chief cause of crimes?
A) divine right monarchy
B) marriage
C) religion
D) ignoring the "general will"
E) private property
Q4) American Philosophical Society
Q5) deism
Q6) gin
Q7) Carnival
Q8) David Hume Page 23
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Page 24
Chapter 18: the Eighteenth Century: European States, International Wars, and Social Change
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Q1) The Austrian Empire under Joseph II
A) reversed the enlightened reforms of Joseph's mother, Maria Theresa.
B) rescinded all of Hungary's privileges.
C) saw the nobility's power permanently stripped away.
D) witnessed general discontent due to Joseph's enlightened but radical reforms.
E) saw Austria turn away from any sort of Enlightened Despotism.
Q2) Treaty of Paris
Q3) How and why did the nobility play a dominating role in the European society of the eighteenth century?
Q4) the United Kingdom
Q5) Given the numerous social and economic changes of the eighteenth century, those at the bottom of society often found themselves much worse off than in earlier centuries. Why?
Q6) Thomas Gainsborough
Q7) European diplomacy during the eighteenth century was predicated on the idea that A) sea power was the basis of real power.
B) in a balance of power, one state should not achieve dominance over another.
Page 25
C) a country's empire determined its greatness.
D) the charisma of a ruler determined a country's success in foreign policy.
E) the largest army always wins.
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Chapter 19: a Revolution in Politics: the Era of the French Revolution
and Napoleon
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Q1) The French revolutionary slogan neatly evoking the ideals of the rebellion was
A) "Down with the aristocracy!"
B) "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity!"
C) "Death to the king and queen!"
D) "Kill all priests and burn all churches!"
E) "The bourgeoisie will triumph!"
Q2) When the government called for the Estates General to meet,
A) it abolished the Third Estate.
B) it halved the number of representatives from the Third Estate.
C) it doubled the number of representatives from the Second Estate.
D) it doubled the number of representatives from the Third Estate.
E) it changed nothing.
Q3) Which revolution American or French has had the greatest influence during the last two centuries and why?
Q4) How revolutionary was the American War of Independence both domestically and in terms of its international heritage?
Q5) Temple of Reason
Q6) fraternite
Q7) the marquis de Lafayette
Q8) Thermidorean Reaction
Page 27
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Chapter 20: the Industrial Revolution and Its Impact on European Society
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Q1) The world's first industrial fair was held in Paris in 1851, commemorating the rebuilding the city under the leadership of Emperor Napoleon III.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Demographic changes that resulted from industrialization saw
A) the aristocracy move from cities to escape the ill effects of factory development.
B) the new middle class move to the suburbs of cities to escape the urban poor.
C) laboring classes become more affluent and varied in their places of residence. D) rich and poor more commonly living together in new suburban housing developments.
E) the abandonment of the central city.
Q3) Ten Hours Act of 1847
Q4) In the eighteenth century, India still struggled to find a viable industry for its labor force, given that cotton was not an option due to competition from England.
A)True
B)False
Q5) the American system
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Chapter 21: reaction, Revolution, and Romanticism,
1815-1850
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Q1) Which one of the following was the English political party in power until 1830, the party that represented tradition?
A) Tories.
B) Republicans.
C) Checkers.
D) Whigs.
E) Democrats.
Q2) The Romantic artist whose paintings were described as "airy visions, painted with tinted steam" was
A) Friedrich.
B) Turner.
C) Delacroix.
D) Watteau.
E) Berlioz.
Q3) Britain's New Poor Law of 1834 established workhouses for the unemployed where the living conditions were designed to be intentionally miserable and cruel so that people would be encouraged to leave the workhouse and find employment.
A)True
B)False
Page 30
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Chapter 22: an Age of Nationalism and Realism, 1850-1871
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Q1) Among Napoleon III's great domestic projects was
A) the building of the Eiffel Tower.
B) the rededication of the Cathedral of Notre Dame.
C) a reconstruction of Paris with broad boulevards, public squares, and municipal utilities.
D) the damming of the Seine River below Paris for flood control.
E) the construction of the Maginot Line against German militarism.
Q2) What was Napoleon III's most positive and most negative legacies to France's future, and why?
Q3) As a statesman, Bismarck can best be appreciated as
A) a determined nationalist who planned every move toward German unification.
B) a conservative but a traitor to his aristocratic class.
C) a consummate politician and opportunist capitalizing on unexpected events and manipulating affairs to his favor.
D) a narrow-minded tyrant incapable of mastering the art of negotiation vital to modern European diplomacy.
E) an enlightened despot.
Q4) Charles Darwin
Q5) Napoleon III
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Chapter 23: mass Society in an "Age of Progress," 1871-1894
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Q1) What do we mean by the phrase "mass society" and how was the growth of this mass society related to changes in the urban environment?
Q2) During the Second Industrial Revolution, working-class organizations emphasized the gender role of women as
A) doctors.
B) sexual objects.
C) housewives.
D) industrial managers.
E) breadwinners.
Q3) Between 1850 and 1910, European population
A) increased from 270 million to 460 million.
B) actually decreased slightly.
C) increased from 140 to 190 million.
D) stagnated, causing severe problems for the development of leisure industries.
E) declined significantly because of the pollution engendered by increasing urbanization.
Q4) Social Democratic Party
Q5) Public Health Act of 1875
Q6) Michael Bakunin and anarchism
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Chapter 24: an Age of Modernity, Anxiety, and Imperialism, 1894-1914
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Q1) Post-Impressionism
Q2) Which revolutionary leader helped overthrow the Manchu dynasty of China in 1912?
A) Mao Tse-tung
B) Chou En-lai
C) Sun Yat-sen
D) Chiang Kai-shek.
E) Mutsushito
Q3) The Triple Entente before 1914 included which of the following countries?
A) Great Britain, France, Russia
B) Austria, Germany, the Ottoman Empire
C) Turkey, Russia, Germany
D) France, Spain, Great Britain
E) Great Britain, France, and Italy
Q4) Post-Impressionist painters such as Cezanne and van Gogh differed from the Impressionists in shifting from an objective reality to a subjective reality, thus abandoning the artist's traditional task of portraying the external world.
A)True
B)False
Q5) "Bloody Sunday"
Q6) Suez Canal
Page 33
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Chapter 25: the Beginning of the Twentieth-century Crisis: War and Revolution
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Q1) the Schlieffen Plan
Q2) Central Powers
Q3) The women workers of World War I played an important role in
A) serving as support troops behind the front line trenches.
B) gaining equal industrial wages with men by the end of the war.
C) achieving permanent job security in the once male-dominated workplace.
D) all work areas except the textile industry.
E) gaining women the right to vote immediately following the war.
Q4) For Woodrow Wilson, the most important thing after the war was to
A) punish Germany by requiring economic sanctions.
B) assure acceptance of his Fourteen Points.
C) deepen America's isolationism from European affairs.
D) bring about the disintegration of the Soviet Union.
E) dismember the defeated German Empire back to its pre-1866 borders.
Q5) Ireland's Easter Rebellion
Q6) Yugoslavia
Q7) League of Nations
Q8) Battles of Tannenberg and Masurian Lakes
Q9) tanks Page 35
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Chapter 26: the Futile Search for Stability: Europe Between
the Wars, 1919-1939
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Q1) Treaty of Locarno
Q2) How many Italians are estimated to have died during World War I
A) zero (as they did not participate)
B) 1 millions
C) 700,000
D) 100,000
E) 50,000
Q3) Kellogg-Briand pact
Q4) Not associated with the new literary techniques of the 1920's was
A) the "stream of consciousness."
B) James Joyce.
C) Herman Hesse.
D) Ernest Rutherford.
E) Virginia Woolf.
Q5) the Unknown Soldier(s)
Q6) the Enabling Act
Q7) Mein Kampf
Q8) Marie Stopes' Married Love
Q9) Benito Mussolini Page 37
Q10) "Woman into the home"
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Chapter 27: the Deepening of the European Crisis: World
War Ii
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127 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) The idea of Lebensraum maintained that
A) a nation's power depended on the amount and kind of land it occupied.
B) only large populations could maintain a powerful country.
C) authority must be dictated from a powerful leader.
D) air power was the key to a successful military.
E) a pure race was necessary for national survival.
Q2) Domestic circumstances in the United States differed significantly from the situations in the Soviet Union and Great Britain because
A) Americans loved war.
B) many Americans were of German origin and had divided loyalties.
C) there was no threat of war faced on U.S. territory.
D) the United States had the backbone of a true democracy.
E) the United States had more money and hence more resources to last.
Q3) The Nationalist leader of China in the 1930s was
A) Mao Tse-tung.
B) Chiang Kai-shek.
C) Deng Xiaoping.
D) Hu Jintao.
E) Sun Yat-sen.
Q4) Erwin Rommel and the Afrika Corp
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Chapter 28: cold War and a New Western World, 1945-1965
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121 Verified Questions
121 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Ho Chi Minh
Q2) Bay of Pigs
Q3) European Coal and Steel Community
Q4) France's Fourth Republic collapsed and Charles de Gaulle came to power in 1958 because of disastrous French defeats in Vietnam.
A)True
B)False
Q5) the superpowers
Q6) World War II not only devastated the countries, cities, peoples, and cultures of Europe, but also destroyed
A) American commitment to globalism in foreign policy.
B) European supremacy in world affairs.
C) any commitment of old and new nations around the globe to supranational bodies of diplomacy and conflict resolution.
D) the capacity of western European nations to forge lasting economic and cultural ties in the post-war world.
E) the trans-Atlantic partnership.
Q7) Berlin Wall
Q8) Compare and contrast Stalin's policies with those of Khrushchev's.
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Chapter 29: protest and Stagnation: the Western World, 1965-1985
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Q1) Ferdinand de Saussure and structuralism
Q2) Second Vietnam War
Q3) The influential philosopher who believed that a small group of students could liberate the masses from their control of the capitalist ruling class was
A) Betty Friedan.
B) Herbert Marcuse.
C) Marshall McLuhan.
D) Jacques Derida.
E) Milan Kundera.
Q4) The Soviet Union's Yuri Andropov's most significant accomplishment was his support of Mikhail Gorbachev, a young reformer.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The "permissive society" is characterized by all of the following except A) sexual freedom.
B) experimentation with drugs.
C) decriminalization of homosexuality.
D) increasing rates of divorce.
E) declining rates of divorce.
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Chapter 30: after the Fall: the Western World in a Global Age
(Since 1985)
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Q1) the Gulf War/Persian Gulf War
Q2) The reunification of Germany was accomplished under the leadership of A) Willy Brandt.
B) Conrad Adenauer.
C) Helmut Schmidt.
D) Gunter Grass.
E) Helmut Kohl.
Q3) Czech Republic and Slovakia
Q4) The common currency that was initially adopted by eleven member states of the European Union is the A) continental.
B) euro.
C) maastricht.
D) francmark.
E) freipence.
Q5) Boris Yeltsin
Q6) The first president of the Soviet Union was Boris Yeltsin. A)True
B)False
Q7) grunge, hip-hop, gangsta rap Page 42
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