History of Western Art I Exam Bank
Course Introduction
History of Western Art I offers a comprehensive introduction to the development of visual art in Western civilization from prehistoric times through the late Gothic period. The course explores major artworks, artists, and architectural achievements, focusing on the cultural, religious, and historical contexts that shaped artistic production in ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, Rome, and medieval Europe. Through examining painting, sculpture, and architecture, students learn to analyze artistic styles, interpret iconography, and trace the evolution of artistic techniques and themes that laid the foundation for Western art traditions.
Recommended Textbook
Gardner s Art through the Ages The Western Perspective Volume I 13th Edition by Fred S. Kleiner
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Chapter 1: The Birth of Art: Africa Europe and the Near East
in the Stone Age
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Q1) Why is Stonehenge significant?
Answer: It was developed as a kind of astronomical observatory and was a remarkably accurate solar calendar.It attests to the rapidly developing intellectual powers of Neolithic humans.
Q2) What is a ground line?
A) It is the baseline in which figures appear to stand
B) It is a measured line on the wall surface
C) It is an engraved line on the wall surface
D) It is a baseline in which figures appear to move around
Answer: A
Q3) What is the importance of the Lascaux caves and the wall paintings?
Answer: Side by side the two basic approaches to painting and drawing are found.
Q4) Explain the significance of the Neolithic period.
Answer: Humans began to settle in fixed abodes and began to domesticate plants and animals.
Q5) Explain the importance of the profile view in representing animals in Paleolithic art.
Answer: Only the profile view is completely informative of the animals' shapes.
Q6) Who discovered the cave paintings at Altamira in Spain?
Answer: Don Marcelino Sanz de Sautuola.
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Chapter 2: The Rise of Civilization
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Q1) Describe three stylistic conventions found in Sumerian sculpture.
Answer: Sumerian relief sculpture uses the convention of showing figures in profile with shoulders full frontal,and the poses are regularized and repeated.An oval shape is used for full round sculpture;eyes are large,and hands are often clasped.
Q2) A predominant theme or themes found in the narrative reliefs of the Assyrians was or were:
A) the sun disk, Aton
B) war and hunting
C) scenes of the afterlife
D) animal fables
Answer: B
Q3) What is the purpose of a votive figure?
Answer: It offers constant prayers to the gods on behalf of the donor
Q4) The Ziggurat at Ur can best be described as a:
A) Sumerian burial ground
B) fortified city-state
C) palace for Naram-Sin
D) Sumerian temple base
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: Pharoahs and the Afterlife
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Q1) How does the painting from the tomb of Nebamun differ from the relief on the tomb of Ti when both portray the same type of scene,a hunt?
Answer: The portrayal of Ti is stiff and still,and he does not interact with the scene,while Nebamun vigorously engages in the activity.Also Nebamun's wife and daughter are enjoying the activity with him.
Q2) How does the portrait of Khafre seated on his throne represent the godlike nature of pharaoh?
Answer: He sits on his throne with a body of flawless perfection and a face of serenity and majesty.The ancient Egyptian did not need to see a facsimile of the man,this work was not meant as a portrait but rather the summation of the divinity of pharaoh,the brother of the gods and the ruler of ancient Egypt.
Q3) The many-columned hall found in an Egyptian temple is called a(n)_____________?
A) pylon hall
B) hypostyle hall
C) sanctuary hall
D) colonnade
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Minos and the Heroes of Homer
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Q1) The Old Palace Period in Minoan art came to an end around 1700 BCE.What was the probable cause?
A) invasion by the Egyptians
B) invasion by the Mycenaeans
C) tidal wave
D) earthquake
Q2) Evaluate the difference between Minoan palace frescoes and the Hagia Triada sarcophagus.
Q3) Tiryns was:
A) a fortified citadel
B) an Egyptian outpost
C) a market
D) a shrine to the Minoan goddess
Q4) Which of the following is a palace on Crete?
A) Knossos
B) Troy
C) Tiryns
D) Sparta
Q5) When was the potter's wheel introduced,and how did it influence the shape of pottery?
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Chapter 5: Gods,Heros,and Athletes
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Q1) How does the Corinthian capital eliminate the "corner" problem of the ionic capital?
Q2) Describe the features of each work and how are they different.
Q3) Discuss the evolution of relief sculpture.How did it reflect the political motivations of the period? What does relief sculpture tell us about the society of Greece in the ancient world? Use specific examples to support your essay.
Q4) Compare and contrast a Classical temple with the Temple of Apollo at Didyma.Be sure to cite specific features of both to support your discussion.
Q5) Compare and contrast the pedimental sculptures from the Parthenon and the frieze from the Altar of Zeus at Pergamon.What allusions are made by the mythological themes presented? How does each group reflect its period?
Q6) The origins of the Greeks or Hellenes,as they called themselves,appear to be the product of which two groups of peoples?
A) Mycenaeans and Egyptians
B) Indians and Aegeans
C) Aegeans and Indo-Europeans
D) Indo-Europeans and Egyptians
Q7) Describe the fusion of Ionic and Doric elements in the Parthenon.
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Chapter 6: Italy Before the Romans
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Q1) During the sixth century BCE,Etruscans favored monumental sarcophagi that contained which of the following?
A) bones of the deceased
B) bones of the entire family
C) ashes of the deceased
D) ashes of the deceased and his or her slaves
Q2) Explain the impact Rome had on late Etruscan art and society.Use examples to support your essay.
Q3) Which of the following allowed Etruscan society to transform itself in the 7<sup>th</sup> century BCE?
A) an alliance with Republican Rome
B) an alliance with Greek colonies in the South
C) great mineral wealth
D) a strong navy
Q4) What do the material and decoration of these pieces tell us about the Etruscans?
Q5) The Etruscans preferred what building material(s)for their temples?
A) marble
B) limestone
C) wood and mudbrick
D) glazed brick
Page 8
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Chapter 7: The Roman Empire
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Q1) What is a groin vault?
Q2) Describe Roman painting styles;how did they evolve? Use examples to support your essay.
Q3) Freed slaves often ordered portrait reliefs for their tombs.Which of the following is the best reason for this?
A) celebrate their new status as free
B) reminder of their former status as slaves
C) commemorate their status as Roman citizens
D) celebrate their immortality via portraiture
Q4) Which style of wall painting was least characteristic of Roman wall painting?
A) architectural frames
B) illusionism
C) mathematical linear perspective
D) eclecticism
Q5) How does this work typify Roman architecture?
Q6) The Emperor Trajan commissioned which of the following?
A) the Colosseum
B) an Arch of Triumph now in Paris
C) the Ara Pacis
D) the column depicting his victories
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Late Antiquity
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Q1) A man,a woman,and at least one child can be seen in the praying position found in the lunette of the Catacomb of Sts.Peter and Marcellinus.Which of the following presents the best explanation for the placement of these people in the lunette?
A) They represent the Christian family seeking their heavenly reward.
B) They represent the ideal Christian family.
C) They represent the Christian family who own that section of the catacomb.
D) They represent nothing specific, just figures to fill the space.
Q2) The Roman State persecuted the Christians.Which of the following would account for this persecution?
A) Christians refused to pay homage to the State's gods
B) Christians fomented revolt against the Roman state
C) Romans knew the Christians would be their downfall
D) Romans didn't approve of anything originating in Judea
Q3) Which of the following is an architectural element found in Santa Sabina?
A) domed interior
B) timbered ceiling
C) groin vault
D) double apse interior
Q4) How does Sta.Costanza mirror Imperial Roman architecture?
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Chapter 9: Byzantium
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Q1) Whose relics were obtained from Egypt for Venice?
A) St. Matthew
B) St. Mark
C) St. Luke
D) St. John
Q2) Explain the evolution of the depiction of Christ in Byzantine art.How was the depiction changed and modified? Consider the political and social climate of each period and area.What influences shaped each work? How did these works,in turn,influence subsequent works? Use specific examples to support your essay.
Q3) Compare the mosaic programs developed for church interiors during the Early through Middle Byzantine periods.Include in your essay the political as well as religious significance of the themes and depictions.Use specific examples to support your essay.
Q4) What is St.Catherine's,Mount Sinai?
Q5) Describe the contributions of Justinian during the Early Byzantine period.
Q6) Explain the importance of Basil I.
Q7) Why is it significant that the Anastasis is found in the parekklesion,a side chapel,in this instance a funerary chapel,of the church of Christ in Chora?
Q8) Why is Eulalios significant?
Page 11
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Chapter 10: The Islamic World
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Q1) The Malwiya minaret in Samarra was too tall to have been used to call the faithful to prayer and was clearly visible for a considerable distance.Which of the following is a possible explanation?
A) It is patterned after the Tower of Babel.
B) It is based on the ancient ziggurat.
C)It is based on a Roman lighthouse.
D) Its announced the presence of Islam.
Q2) Briefly describe the Saminid mausoleum and its contribution to Islamic architecture.
Q3) Compare and contrast the Great Mosque in Córdoba with the Great Mosque in Isfahan.What are the stylistic differences and how does each mosque reflect its period?
Q4) The Arab proverb,"Purity of writing is purity of soul," describes calligraphy within the Islam world.Briefly explain the phrase,"Purity of writing" in terms of Islamic art.
Q5) Evaluate the development of the mosque and identify its significant architectural traits.How does it relate to the worship of the faith? How does it reflect the political change initiated by Islam? Use examples to support your essay.
Q6) What is the Koran?
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Early Medieval Europe
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Q1) Interpret the portrait of Otto III from the Gospel Book of Otto III.
Q2) Briefly describe a cross-inscribed carpet page from the Lindisfarne Gospels.What does it show?
Q3) The Lindau Gospels book cover displays an amalgamation of tradition and style.Which of the following describes that cmbination?
A) The work highlights the Byzantine tradition and Utrecht Psalter style.
B) The work highlights the Early Christian tradition and Utrecht Psalter style.
C) The work highlights the Early Christian tradition and Coronation Gospels style.
D) The work highlights the Byzantine tradition and Ebbo Gospels style.
Q4) The style of the Gospel Book of Otto III can best be described as
A) abstract interlace
B) antique illusionism
C) Byzantine formalism
D) Carolingian formalism
Q5) The portrait of St.Matthew from the Lindisfarne Gospels describes the union of Early Medieval Christian art and thought.Briefly explain that union.
Q6) Contrast the Lindau Gospels book cover and the Gero Crucifix.
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Chapter 12: The Age of Pilgrimages
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Q1) A more complex and efficient type of vaulting was needed that would admit light and at the same time be aesthetically pleasing.Which of the following systems would allow this adoption?
A) By elevating the side walls with additional buttressing
B) By eliminating the upper galleries or tribunes
C) By covering the nave with groin vaults
D) By eliminating the ambulatory from the apse
Q2) There is a diversity of regional styles in Romanesque church architecture.Which of the following is characteristic of the Northern French style found in St.-Étienne at Vignory?
A) It used small brick-like stones.
B) It used poured cement.
C) It used large sawn blocks of stone.
D) It used a wooden superstructure.
Q3) Which church was the burial place of the Holy Roman Emperors until the 12<sup>th</sup> century?
A) Palatine Chapel, Aachen
B) Speyer Cathedral
C) Sant'Ambrogio, Milan
D) St.-Étienne, Caen
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Chapter 13: The Age of Great Cathedrals
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Q1) Perpendicular style was popular in which of the following countries.
A) England
B) Spain
C) France
D) Italy
Q2) The intense color and elegance of the Psalter of Saint Louis expresses the courtly style.Which of the following can also be associated with this manuscript?
A) stained glass
B) Byzantine mosaics
C) Italian fresco
D) Early Christian manuscripts
Q3) How do stained glass windows function within the context of a cathedral?
Q4) Laon Cathedral retains many of its Romanesque features.Which of the following is one such feature?
A) pointed arches
B) sexpartite rib vaults
C) triforium
D) flying buttress
Q5) How did the cult of the Virgin impact Gothic society?
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Chapter 14: Italy,1200 to 1400
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Q1) How does the work of Simone Martini exemplify the International Style?
Q2) How does Giotto's Lamentation reveal the essentials of his style?
Q3) This artist projected on a flat surface the illusion of space.He also projected the illusion of solid bodies moving though that space.This description describes which of the following artists?
A) Duccio
B) Pietro Cavallini
C) Simone Martini
D) Giotto
Q4) How did Duccio reorganize the elements in the Virgin and Child Enthroned with Saints (Maestà)and yet maintain the functionality of the work?
Q5) Explain the impact of the Black Death on Italy.How did it affect the visual arts? Use examples to support your essay.
Q6) Giovanni Pisano's works show which of the following?
A) Classical antiquity influences
B) dark emotionalism
C) burgeoning naturalism
D) radiant color
Q7) How does Florence reflect the idea of the dominant city-state?
Page 16
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