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History of the United States: Colonial to Reconstruction Final
Exam Questions
Course Introduction
This course explores the development of the United States from its earliest colonial beginnings through the end of the Reconstruction era. Students will examine the political, social, economic, and cultural forces that shaped colonial societies, the struggle for independence, the formation of the new nation, westward expansion, the rise of sectional conflict, the Civil War, and the subsequent attempts to reunite and redefine the nation during Reconstruction. Emphasis is placed on the experiences and contributions of diverse populations, the evolution of American identity, and the lasting impacts of historical events on modern society.
Recommended Textbook
The Brief American Pageant A History of the Republic Volume I To 1877 9th Edition by David M. Kennedy
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Chapter 1: New World Beginnings
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Sample Questions
Q1) Before the Portuguese arrived in Africa,
A) African and Arab merchants were already engaged in a lucrative slave trade.
B) they established sugar plantations in the Caribbean.
C) they signed the Treaty of Tordesillas with Spain.
D) conflicts between Arab and African slave merchants were common.
E) Spain controlled the water route to India.
Answer: A
Q2) Which ancient Indian people were responsible for building the large settlement at Chaco Canyon in New Mexico?
A) Cherokees
B) Aztecs
C) Mound Builders
D) Creeks
E) Anasazis
Answer: E
Q3) caravel
Answer: Answers will vary.
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Q1) How did primogeniture contribute to England´s transformation into an empire-building nation?
A) It prevented some landowners from enclosing their lands for sheep-grazing, thus encouraging them to seek a fresh start overseas.
B) It banned English buccaneers from plundering Spanish treasure on the high seas, leading them to seek wealth by establishing their own colonies.
C) It decreed that only eldest sons could inherit landed estates, which encouraged ambitious younger sons of wealthy landholders to seek their fortunes in colonizing adventures.
D) It required the English monarch to fund any reasonable proposal for establishing a colony, which virtually guaranteed a ready source of capital for colonial enterprises.
E) It decreed that wealthy fathers had to provide equal financial support to all of their sons, which included funding adventurers who might want to explore and colonize the New World.
Answer: C
Q2) Roanoke Island
Answer: Answers will vary.
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Chapter 3: Settling the Northern Colonies,1619-1700
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Q1) Which colony offered the most religious toleration?
A) New York
B) Massachusetts Bay
C) Plymouth Bay
D) Rhode Island
E) Connecticut
Answer: D
Q2) Which feature of New Netherland endured after the English gained control?
A) The autocratic spirit
B) Commitment to democracy
C) Widespread landholding among the laboring classes
D) Fierce defense of religious freedom
E) Theocratic government
Answer: A
Q3) "Bible Commonwealth"
Answer: Answers will vary.
Q4) King Philip´s War
Answer: Answers will vary.
Q5) heresy
Answer: Answers will vary.
Page 5
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Chapter 4: American Life in the Seventeenth
Century,1607-1692
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Q1) Nathaniel Bacon
Q2) headright system
Q3) What occurred by the end of the seventeenth century as the slave population grew and slavery as an institution expanded?
A) White owners became more comfortable living in a mixed race society.
B) There were large-scale slave rebellions across the colonies.
C) More and more slaves gradually purchased their freedom.
D) Indians were sold alongside blacks.
E) Slavery was increasingly shaped by racial discrimination.
Q4) The Half-Way Covenant
A) permitted half of the population of New England to attend church.
B) strengthened the distinction between the "elect" and all others.
C) brought an end to the jeremiads of Puritan ministers.
D) resulted in a decrease in church members.
E) admitted to baptism but not full membership the unconverted children of existing members.
Q5) Had something like an "American" way of life emerged by the end of the seventeenth century or were there two wholly distinct ways of life New England and southern in that period?
Q6) hierarchy Page 6
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Chapter
5: Colonial Society on the Eve of
Revolution,1700-1775
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Q1) George Whitefield
Q2) Great Awakening
Q3) The slave culture that developed in America
A) was derived exclusively from African roots.
B) rejected Christianity.
C) was Muslim in its religious teachings.
D) contained many Western elements that remained thoroughly European.
E) was a uniquely New World creation.
Q4) Phillis Wheatley
Q5) power of the purse
Q6) Transportation in colonial America was
A) surprisingly fast for the time.
B) safer by road than by any other means.
C) slow by any of the means available.
D) enhanced by the introduction of the Pony Express.
E) most hazardous on the waterways.
Q7) Lord Cornbury
Q8) tenant farmers
Q9) "established" churches Page 8
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Chapter 6: The Duel for North America,1608-1763
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Q1) James Wolfe
Q2) The coureurs de bois were
A) French soldiers.
B) mixed-race descendants of French and Indians.
C) Jesuit priests.
D) French farmers.
E) French fur trappers.
Q3) The soldier and explorer whose leadership earned him the title "Father of New France" was
A) Samuel de Champlain.
B) Robert de La Salle.
C) Antoine Cadillac.
D) Pierre Des Moines.
E) Louis de Montcalm
Q4) guerrilla warfare
Q5) "Join,or Die"
Q6) Benjamin Franklin
Q7) Fort Duquesne
Q8) Edict of Nantes
Q9) coureurs de bois
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Chapter 7: The Road to Revolution 1763-1775
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Q1) Crispus Attucks
Q2) Samuel Adams
Q3) John Adams
Q4) Daughters of Liberty
Q5) "no taxation without representation"
Q6) The first Navigation Law of 1650 required that
A) the colonists transfer most of their profits from trade to Britain.
B) all commerce to and from the colonies be carried in British ships.
C) foster a colonial economy that would offer healthy competition with Britain's.
D) only specified agricultural products could be grown in the colonies.
E) ship traffic on the Atlantic follow specified routes.
Q7) How did the colonists resist Britain's efforts to tax them? What methods did they use,and which proved to be the most successful? Which proved to be the least successful? Why do you think that was? How might the seeds of revolution have been planted in these early forms of resistance?
Q8) Given that the Quebec Act did not apply to the thirteen seaboard colonies,why did the act create such a stir of protest among them?
Q9) Marquis de Lafayette
Page 12
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Q1) Baron von Steuben
Q2) Which group of Americans was LEAST likely to support the crown after 1776?
A) The well educated
B) The older generation
C) The Anglican church and its members
D) New Englanders
E) The wealthy
Q3) What pushed Britain to negotiate an end to the Revolutionary War?
A) The "Armed Neutrality" was planning to join the war effort on the American-French side.
B) There were indications that the Americans might settle for peace terms short of complete independence.
C) They were suffering heavy military losses against the French and Spanish elsewhere.
D) Their Indian allies on the American frontier abandoned them after Yorktown.
E) Their military strength in America had been completely crushed.
Q4) Patriots
Q5) John Jay
Q6) John Paul Jones
Q7) Horatio Gates
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Chapter 9: The Confederation and the Constitution,1776-1790
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Q1) Thomas Jefferson
Q2) Which group was NOT generally among the antifederalists?
A) The well educated
B) States' rights supporters
C) Backcountry dwellers
D) Paper money advocates
E) Debtors
Q3) What issue did the "three-fifths compromise" address?
A) Whether and how to include slaves when apportioning representation based on population
B) How many states were required to ratify Constitutional amendments
C) How many future new states could be slaveholding areas
D) Whether and how to divide confiscated Indian lands between reservations and sales to American citizens
E) How many delegates would have to sign the Constitution to propose it for ratification
Q4) Land Ordinance of 1785
Q5) Great Compromise
Q6) Virginia Plan
Q7) Alexander Hamilton
Page 14
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Chapter 10: Launching the New Ship of State,1789-1800
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Q1) Compare and contrast the underlying principles and implications of the "loose" and "strict" construction of the Constitution.How did each theory regard the actual text of the Constitution itself?
Q2) Declaration of the Rights of Man
Q3) Which statement about Hamilton´s plan for a Bank of the United States is FALSE?
A) It would be a private institution with the government as its major stockholder.
B) It would print an urgently needed and sound paper currency.
C) It would facilitate the federal government´s assumption of state debts.
D) It would serve as a depository for federal funds.
E) It would stimulate business by keeping currency in circulation.
Q4) Bank of the United States
Q5) Thomas Jefferson
Q6) In Jay's Treaty,the British
A) pledged to stop seizing American ships.
B) released Americans from their pre-Revolutionary War debt obligations to British merchants.
C) promised to evacuate the chain of forts in the Old Northwest.
D) refused to pay damages for seizures of American ships.
E) promised to stop supplying weapons to the Indians.
Page 15
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Chapter 11: The Triumphs and Travails of the Jeffersonian
Republic,1800-1812
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Q1) Thomas Jefferson's "Revolution of 1800" was most remarkable because it
A) finally brought the ideals of the Declaration of Independence to the White House.
B) marked the peaceful, orderly transfer of power based on election results accepted by both rival parties.
C) enabled poor farmers and the working class to overthrow the American elite.
D) brought the principles of the French Revolution to America.
E) occurred with violence in only a few places.
Q2) William Clark
Q3) Thomas Jefferson believed that under the Federalists virtue had A) decayed.
B) blossomed.
C) been only adequately defended.
D) proved its worth as a national value.
E) masked the underlying problems of republicanism.
Q4) Shawnees
Q5) Jefferson and Madison were both great scholars and theorists of American democracy as well as "Fathers" of the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution.How do their presidencies match up to their other achievements? Which of the two was the more skilled president,and why?
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Chapter 12: The Second War for Independence and the Upsurge
of Nationalism,1812-1824
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Q1) The Rush-Bagot agreement
A) required the Indians to relinquish tribal lands north of the Ohio River.
B) ended the War of 1812.
C) limited naval armaments on the Great Lakes.
D) established the U.S.-Canadian boundary.
E) provided for U.S. recognition of Canadian independence.
Q2) James Monroe
Q3) America's postwar nationalism manifested itself in
A) the debut of a new paper currency with patriotic designs.
B) the increase in school textbooks written by Americans for Americans.
C) the financial panic of 1819.
D) the Missouri Compromise debates.
E) the explorations of Lewis and Clark.
Q4) In what ways did John Marshall's approach to the Constitution shape enduring principles of American government? What would believers in adhering to the "original intent" of the Constitution say about Marshall's judicial philosophy?
Q5) Isaac Brock
Q6) peculiar institution
Q7) Fletcher v.Peck
Q8) Fort Michilimackinac Page 17
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Chapter 13: The Rise of a Mass Democracy 1824-1840
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Q1) Hickoryites
Q2) Martin Van Buren
Q3) Alexis de Tocqueville
Q4) Texas Revolution
Q5) Both the Democratic party and the Whig party
A) favored a third Bank of the United States.
B) opposed substantial federal involvement in economic and social affairs.
C) grew out of a shared heritage of Jeffersonian Republicanism.
D) promoted states' rights policies.
E) were essentially sectional parties.
Q6) How did campaigning and running for elective office change during and after the age of Jackson? What new tactics were implemented that may seem familiar in terms of elections today?
Q7) South Carolina Exposition
Q8) Most of the early American settlers in Texas came from A) New England.
B) the South and Southwest.
C) the Old Northwest.
D) New Mexico.
E) the Ohio Territory.
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Chapter 14: Forging the National Economy,1790-1860
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Q1) The growth of early-nineteenth-century American manufacturing was stimulated by the
A) War of 1812.
B) Peace of Ghent.
C) Louisiana Purchase.
D) Pony Express.
E) rise of the "Know-Nothing" Party.
Q2) "wage slaves"
Q3) Compare and contrast the economic development of the Northeast with that of the South.What were some of the reasons that those differences developed?
Q4) Consider the impact of the Industrial Revolution from the perspective of workers.How did life change for workers in the move from farm to factory? Which workers were most exploited? Which workers were most able to demand improvements in their working conditions and communities?
Q5) nativists
Q6) Isaac Singer
Q7) Molly Maguires
Q8) Tammany Hall
Q9) sewing machine
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Chapter 15: The Ferment of Reform and Culture,1790-1860
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Sample Questions
Q1) The Hudson River school excelled in the art of painting
A) portraits.
B) classical frescos.
C) still life.
D) domestic and workplace scenes.
E) landscapes.
Q2) The Second Great Awakening tended to
A) sharpen the lines between classes and regions.
B) open Episcopal and Presbyterian churches to the poor.
C) unite northern Baptists and Methodists against slavery.
D) draw the more prosperous and conservative eastern churches into the revivalist camps.
E) increase the influence of educated clergy.
Q3) Neal S.Dow
Q4) In early-nineteenth-century America,public schools "existed chiefly to educate the children of the poor." How did public schools come to be linked with the goals and ideals of American democracy? How successful were they?
Q5) transcendentalism
Q6) George Bancroft
Q7) American Temperance Society
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Chapter 16: The South and the Slavery
Controversy,1793-1860
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Q1) planter aristocracy
Q2) The great increase of the slave population in the first half of the nineteenth century was largely due to
A) the reopening of the African slave trade in 1808.
B) imports of slaves from the West Indies.
C) natural reproduction.
D) reenslavement of free blacks.
E) the deliberate "breeding" of slaves by plantation owners.
Q3) responsorial
Q4) After 1830,southerners increasingly argued that
A) slavery was a positive good endorsed by the Bible and Aristotle.
B) slavery was morally problematic but economically necessary.
C) slavery could not be ended because emancipation would deepen racial conflict.
D) poorer whites as well as blacks could be enslaved.
E) leading European intellectuals accepted slavery on racial grounds.
Q5) Theodore Dwight Weld
Q6) overseer
Q7) driver
Q8) American Colonization Society
Page 22
Q9) Amistad
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Chapter 17: Manifest Destiny and Its Legacy,1841-1848
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Q1) James K.Polk is often ranked as one of America's "near great" presidents.Do you agree that he should be so highly ranked? Why or why not?
Q2) Among opponents of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo were
A) Protestant leaders who worried about the annexation of Catholic subjects.
B) expansionists who wanted the United States to take all of Mexico.
C) anti-expansionists who worried about American exploitation of the Native peoples of northern Mexico.
D) labor union leaders who did not want to compete with cheaper Mexican labor in the Southwest.
E) environmentalists who worried about the American exploitation of such a vast tract of land.
Q3) Why did American foreign policy and expansionism rather suddenly become major concerns in the 1840s?
Q4) The Californios' political ascendancy in California ended
A) with the arrival of Franciscan friars.
B) when they were overwhelmed by the American gold rush.
C) when Mexico gained control of the area in 1826.
D) when agriculture became more profitable than mining.
E) when poorer Mexican immigrants began entering California.
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Chapter 18: Renewing the Sectional Struggle,1848-1854
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Q1) Considering that the Free Soil and Republican parties were both sectional parties born out of anti-slavery sentiment,why do you think the Free Soil party existed only briefly as a third party,while the Republican party almost immediately assumed major party status and endured?
Q2) Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850)
Q3) transcontinental railroad
Q4) "the immortal trio"
Q5) Explain the relationship between the Ostend Manifesto and the slavery controversy in the United States.
Q6) The event that threatened to destroy the longstanding balance between the number of free and slave states in the United States Senate was the
A) passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.
B) potential admission of Oregon as a free state.
C) attempt to acquire Cuba as a slave state.
D) proposed building of a southern transcontinental railroad.
E) discovery of gold in California.
Q7) California gold rush
Q8) Gadsden Purchase
Q9) Treaty of Wanghia (1844)
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Chapter 19: Drifting Toward Disunion,1854-1861
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Q1) In his raid on Harpers Ferry,John Brown intended to
A) call upon the slaves to rebel and establish a kind of black free state.
B) arouse the South to secede from the Union.
C) stir West Virginia to break away from Virginia as a free state.
D) demonstrate that blacks could fight for their freedom.
E) seize weapons to start a guerilla war against the federal government.
Q2) Crittenden amendments
Q3) Jefferson Davis
Q4) Tariff of 1857
Q5) John C.Frémont
Q6) Lincoln-Douglas debates
Q7) American (Know-Nothing)Party
Q8) Republicans proclaimed that they were not bound by the Dred Scott ruling because A) Scott lacked standing to sue, as the Court determined, making the rest of the ruling null and void.
B) Chief Justice Roger B. Taney was no longer of sound mind.
C) the majority of the Supreme Court justices were southerners.
D) the Missouri Compromise had already been invalidated by the Kansas-Nebraska Act. E) popular sovereignty had proven its worth in Kansas.
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Chapter 20: Girding for War: The North and the
South,1861-1865
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Q1) The North's greatest strength in the Civil War was its
A) ethnic unity.
B) military leadership.
C) navy.
D) moral commitment to antislavery.
E) economy.
Q2) Assess the validity of the following statement: "The Civil War was really a rich man's war and a poor man's fight."
Q3) Lincoln's initial declaration that the North fought only to preserve the Union and not to abolish slavery
A) came as a disappointment to most northerners.
B) was designed essentially to keep the Border States in the Union.
C) was understood as politically necessary by most abolitionists.
D) contradicted the campaign promises of the Republican party.
E) cost him support in the "Butternut region" of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois.
Q4) It has been said that the South's devotion to states' rights was a major reason for its failure to win the Civil War.Do you agree? Why or why not?
Q5) Elizabeth Blackwell
Q6) Laird rams
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Chapter 21: The Furnace of Civil War,1861-1865
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Q1) If the Confederacy had superior military leaders throughout most of the war,why was it not the victor? What other factors came into play in determining the war's final outcome?
Q2) David G.Farragut
Q3) What was one of the reasons that the Union victory at Vicksburg was of major importance?
A) It reopened the Ohio River to Northern trade.
B) It began to deflate the South's overconfidence.
C) It showed the strategic importance of ironclad warships.
D) It cut off the supply of cattle and other goods from Texas and Louisiana to the main Confederate forces.
E) It showed the genius of General George McClellan's wait-and-see approach.
Q4) Ford's Theater
Q5) Battle of Shiloh
Q6) Why did the failure of McClellan's Peninsula Campaign actually alter the character and outcome of the Civil War? Would slavery have survived if the war had ended in 1862 with a Union victory by McClellan?
Q7) Wendell Phillips
Q8) Battle of Gettysburg
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Chapter 22: The Ordeal of Reconstruction,1865-1877
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Q1) Union League
Q2) Many feminist leaders were deeply disappointed with the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments because
A) they gave black women but not white women the right to vote.
B) they failed to give women the right to serve on juries.
C) contained restrictions on ex-Confederates but not on male supremacists.
D) failed to define what constituted equal national citizenship.
E) they gave equal rights to African American males but not to women.
Q3) One of the central issues in the struggle over how to carry out Reconstruction was
A) the treatment of the traitorous Copperheads.
B) how to reward the formerly slaveholding Border States for their loyalty.
C) civil and political rights for former slaves.
D) how to absorb the ex-slaves into political parties.
E) who should pay to rebuild Southern infrastructure, especially the railroads.
Q4) Tenure of Office Act
Q5) Seward's Folly
Q6) General Oliver O.Howard
Q7) Was the widespread hostility to Andrew Johnson primarily a result of his policies or his personality?
Page 29
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