History of Psychology Solved
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Course Introduction
History of Psychology provides an in-depth examination of the major movements, figures, and concepts that have shaped the field of psychology from its philosophical roots to its emergence as a scientific discipline. This course explores the evolution of psychological thought, tracing developments from early Greek philosophers through the rise of experimental psychology in the nineteenth century, and up to modern-day approaches. Students will investigate the contributions of influential psychologists, analyze shifts in theoretical perspectives, and discuss the social, cultural, and technological contexts that have influenced the progression of psychological theories and methodologies.
Recommended Textbook
Pioneers of Psychology A History 4th Edition by Raymond
E. Fancher
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Chapter 1: Foundational Ideas from Antiquity
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Sample Questions
Q1) The hydraulically-operated mechanical statues at St.Germain were important to Descartes because:
A) the mythological scenes they represented directed his attention toward important psychological problems.
B) they suggested the idea that animal bodies could be understood mechanistically as automata.
C) they inspired him to construct some experimental hydraulic models of his own.
D) all of the above
Answer: B
Q2) Princess Elizabeth of Bohemia had an important intellectual friendship with Descartes and,while she was highly impressed by Descartes' writings,she disagreed with him on:
A) how the immaterial mind and the material body interacted.
B) his theory of doubt.
C) the importance of the reflex in his theory of mind.
D) his theory of emotion.
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: Pioneering Philosophers of Mind:
Descartes,Locke,and Leibniz
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Q1) Leibniz agreed with Locke that "There is nothing in the intellect that was not first in the senses," with the exception of what?
A) the emotions
B) the intellect itself
C) the bare monads
D) both a and b
Answer: A
Q2) Locke and Leibniz were alike in that both of them:
A) were trained as lawyers.
B) were trained as physicians.
C) were dependent on wealthy patrons.
D) both b and c
Answer: C
Q3) Leibniz defined monads as:
A) units that contain within themselves directed energies or forces.
B) units that have capacities to perceive and register impressions of the rest of the world.
C) the ultimate units making up the universe.
D) all of the above
Answer: D
Page 4
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Chapter 3: Physiologists of Mind: Brain Scientists from Gall to Penfield
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Sample Questions
Q1) A rare condition in which patients' only linguistic symptoms are frequent mispronunciations and an inability to repeat back what has been said to them is called:
A) Broca's aphasia.
B) sensory aphasia.
C) conduction aphasia.
D) oral aphasia.
Answer: C
Q2) Penfield showed that auditory hallucinations such as Beethoven symphonies or complete conversations could be produced by stimulating the:
A) interpretive cortex.
B) sensory strip.
C) primary auditory area.
D) secondary auditory area.
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: The Sensing and Perceiving Mind: From Kant
through the Gestalt Psychologists
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Q1) A notion which David Hume's skeptical philosophy challenged,and which Immanuel Kant tried to rescue in his philosophical reformulation,was:
A) specific nerve energies.
B) analytic geometry.
C) the soul.
D) causality.
Q2) Relative to Kant in his theory of visual perception,Helmholtz was more:
A) Nativist.
B) Rationalist.
C) Idealist.
D) Empiricist.
Q3) For stimuli such as electric shocks,where the jnd's become smaller with higher intensities,the psychophysical relationship is best expressed by:
A) Weber's law.
B) Fechner's law.
C) Steven's (power) law.
D) either b or c, which are mathematically equivalent.
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Chapter 5: Wundt and the Establishment of Experimental Psychology
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Q1) Wundt's introspective techniques called for:
A) restriction of the subject to relatively simple and immediately recallable stimulus situations.
B) a good deal of sensitivity and interest in their emotional life on the part of the subjects.
C) recall of many events from childhood.
D) both a and b above
Q2) Wundt's "thought meter" experiment challenged which of the following?
A) the commonsense assumption that when ideas are "registered" in consciousness, they also become subject to focused attention and rational analysis in terms of underlying principles and laws
B) the commonsense assumption that when two different stimuli strike our senses at the same time, we become consciously aware of both of them at the same instant
C) the commonsense assumption that apperceived ideas may be combined and organized in many different ways
D) the commonsense assumption that response times can be used to make inferences about consciousness and other central processes
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Chapter 6: The Evolving Mind: Darwin and His Psychological Legacy
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Q1) A Victorian-era theory holding that the mainly non?European,"savage" peoples represented a distinctly different species of being was known as:
A) Social Darwinism.
B) Polygenism.
C) Monogenism.
D) Sociobiology.
Q2) Darwin's view that males surpass females intellectually while females are stronger than men in the moral virtues is sometimes called:
A) the variability hypothesis.
B) the complementarity hypothesis.
C) the comparative hypothesis.
D) the continuance hypothesis.
Q3) Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection,as presented in his Origin of Species,presupposed the existence of:
A) inheritable psychological characteristics in human beings.
B) several fixed groups of species.
C) inheritable small individual differences.
D) all of the above
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Chapter 7: Measuring the Mind: Galton and Individual Differences
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Q1) Francis Galton's first entrée into the British scientific world came primarily through his: A) contacts with Charles Darwin.
B) African exploration and affiliation with the royal Geographical Society.
C) fingerprinting work and collaboration with Scotland Yard.
D) prize-winning work in mathematics as a Cambridge undergraduate.
Q2) The fact that physical variables such as height or weight fall into normal distributions when measured in large numbers of people was initially documented by:
A) Adolph Quetelet.
B) Charles Darwin.
C) Francis Galton.
D) Karl Pearson.
Q3) Which of the following represents the strongest correlation coefficient?
A) - .5
B) + .7
C) 0
D) +10
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Chapter 8: American Pioneers: James, Hall, Calkins, and Thorndike
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Q1) Who was the first President of the American Psychological Association?
A) William James
B) G. Stanley Hall
C) Edward Lee Thorndike
D) Mary Calkins
Q2) William James clearly established himself as an outstanding teacher of psychology with the publication of his 1890 book entitled:
A) Handbook of Physiological Psychology.
B) The Principles of Psychology.
C) Varieties of Religious Experience.
D) Pragmatism.
Q3) The "Metaphysical Club," to which James belonged as a young man,was devoted to:
A) philosophical discussion of questions such as Darwinism and the pragmatic evaluation of scientific ideas.
B) critical discussion of the "new" experimental psychology, its methods and techniques.
C) discussion of new books and their literary as well as scientific value.
D) informal discussions between Harvard teachers and their best students on current topics.
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Chapter 9: Psychology as the Science of Behavior:
Pavlov,Watson,and Skinner
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Q1) The three unconditioned emotional reactions that Watson was able to find in human infants were:
A) fear, rage, and sorrow.
B) anger, love, and joy.
C) fear, rage, and love.
D) anger, fear, and joy.
Q2) Watson's major purpose in conducting the "Little Albert" experiment was to:
A) demonstrate the instinctive fears of a human infant.
B) show that human beings are not as conditionable as animals.
C) show that behavioristic methods could be used on humans as well as animals.
D) prove that he could produce a conditioned emotional fear response.
Q3) What did Watson say about unconscious thought in his textbook,Behaviorism?
A) It does not exist.
B) It is explainable as a sequence of non-verbal (kinesthetic or visceral) reactions.
C) It is explainable as a chain of low-level verbal or vocal responses.
D) It may exist, but it is incapable of being studied by a scientific psychology.
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Chapter 10: Social Influence and Social Psychology: From
Mesmer to Milgram and Beyond
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Q1) Which of the following is not a major characteristic of crowds,compared to individuals,according to Le Bon?
A) radical values
B) heightened suggestibility
C) intellectual inferiority
D) an increased likelihood of performing heroic actions
Q2) Floyd Allport made all of the following contributions to the establishment of social psychology except:
A) he completed the first PhD dissertation on an experimental social psychology topic.
B) he co-edited The Journal of Abnormal Psychology and added Social Psychology to its title and subject matter.
C) he wrote the first textbook devoted to experimental social psychology.
D) he created the first social psychology laboratory at Harvard University.
Q3) Those patients who responded most strongly to Mesmer's magnetic inductions:
A) passed quietly into a sleeplike trance.
B) demonstrated heightened physical powers and clairvoyance.
C) continued to behave in apparently normal ways.
D) often experienced violent and painful "crisis states."
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Chapter 11: Mind in Conflict: Freudian Psychoanalysis and Its Successors
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Q1) In their early work on the nature of hysteria,Freud and Breuer concluded that hysterics suffer mainly from:
A) reminiscences.
B) anxiety.
C) the Oedipus complex.
D) sexuality.
Q2) A book Freud wrote toward the end of his life,in which he discussed some of the philosophical implications of his theories,and took a rather pessimistic view of the future of human civilization,is called:
A) Eros and Civilization.
B) The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense.
C) Myth and Reality.
D) Civilization and Its Discontents.
Q3) The case of Dora:
A) was one of Freud's early successes.
B) helped Freud develop the free association technique.
C) taught Freud the importance of transference.
D) all of the above
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Chapter 12: Psychology Gets "Personality":
Allport,Maslow,and the Broadening Field
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Q1) Besides personality theory,Gordon Allport made significant contributions to the study of:
A) religion and prejudice.
B) giftedness and retardation.
C) social facilitation and crowd behavior.
D) moral development.
Q2) Maslow found important allies in his establishment of a humanistic,third force in psychology in:
A) Gordon Allport and Henry Murray.
B) Carl Rogers and Rollo May.
C) Alfred Adler and William Sheldon.
D) Gardner Lindzey and Ross Stagner.
Q3) Maslow's mentors during his postgraduate experience in the "New Athens" of New York City included all of the following except:
A) Ruth Benedict.
B) Erich Fromm.
C) Karen Horney.
D) Clark Hull.
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Chapter 13: The Developing Mind: Binet,Piaget,and the Study of Intelligence
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Q1) A crucial,innovative idea of Jean Piaget's was that:
A) intelligence varies quantitatively with age.
B) intelligence varies qualitatively with age.
C) learning can be greatly accelerated through the use of creating teaching technologies.
D) all of the above
Q2) Lewis M.Terman became well known for:
A) revising the Binet-Simon Intelligence scale and researching children who were mentally retarded.
B) revising the Binet-Simon Intelligence scale and researching children who were mentally advanced.
C) revising Stern's IQ formula and researching children who were mentally retarded.
D) revising Stern's IQ formula and promoting the concept of "general intelligence."
Q3) What philosophical approach profoundly affected young Piaget?
A) Mill's associationism
B) Spinoza's pantheism
C) Bergson's creative evolution
D) Kant's idealism
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Chapter 14: Minds,Machines,and Cognitive Psychology
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Q1) "Flashbulb memories" refer to:
A) vividly recalled memories of emotional events.
B) memories that may be wrong on the surface but right in a deeper sense.
C) memories that are photo-perfect replicas of past events.
D) a and b above
Q2) Neisser's conception of Cognitive Psychology,as presented in his original textbook of that name,emphasized which of the following topics?
A) information processing
B) computer science
C) Gestalt psychology
D) artificial intelligence
Q3) What philosophical implications did the creation of the Pascaline have?
A) It challenged Descartes' assertion that only humans had the capacity for rational calculation.
B) It called Locke's theories about associationism into question.
C) It undercut Hobbes's argument that human reasoning was a form of mathematical calculation.
D) It caused Leibniz to be troubled by the thought of a machine that could calculate numbers better than a human being.
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Chapter 15: Applying Psychology: From the Witness Stand to the
Workplace
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Q1) _______'s life story was the basis for the popular book and movie Cheaper by the Dozen.
A) Lillian Gilbreth
B) Naomi Norsworthy
C) Leta Stetter Hollingworth
D) Augusta Fox Bronner
Q2) Hugo Münsterberg was a well-known proponent of applied psychology,but he opposed:
A) psychotherapy.
B) psychoanalysis.
C) intentional and conscious forgetting in therapy.
D) psychotechnics.
Q3) The goal of scientific management was to:
A) increase efficiency and productivity in factories.
B) overtake Taylorism.
C) allow scientists to profit from business.
D) bring German nationalism to the United States.
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