History of Psychology Practice Questions
Course Introduction
History of Psychology explores the development of psychological thought and practice from its philosophical roots to the emergence of psychology as a scientific discipline. The course traces major schools of thought, including structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, psychoanalysis, humanism, and cognitive psychology, highlighting key figures and landmark experiments that shaped our understanding of the mind and behavior. Students will examine how social, cultural, and technological changes influenced psychological theories and methods, and reflect on how historical perspectives inform contemporary psychology.
Recommended Textbook
Pioneers of Psychology A History 4th Edition by Raymond E. Fancher
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15 Chapters
450 Verified Questions
450 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Foundational Ideas from Antiquity
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30 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Galileo,the qualities of matter,shape,quantity,and motion were called:
A) primary qualities.
B) secondary qualities.
C) innate qualities.
D) rational qualities.
Answer: A
Q2) The only "simple natures" Descartes discerned when he applied his method to the analysis of the physical world were the concepts of:
A) subjects and objects.
B) sensations and perceptions.
C) minds and bodies.
D) extension and motion.
Answer: D
Q3) Legend has it that Descartes did much of his best thinking:
A) in the library.
B) during long walks on the moors.
C) in bed.
D) while debating others.
Answer: C
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Pioneering Philosophers of Mind:
Descartes,Locke,and Leibniz
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Sample Questions
Q1) Leibniz referred to the rules of arithmetic,the geometrical axioms,and the rules of logic as examples of what he called:
A) necessary truths.
B) rational monads.
C) primary qualities.
D) innate ideas.
Answer: A
Q2) The hypothetical question of whether a man who was blind from birth but suddenly granted the gift of sight would immediately be able to distinguish a sphere from a cube without touching them was posed to Locke by _________,whose answer was
A) Thomas Willis; no he could not
B) Gottfried Leibniz; yes he could
C) Gottfried Leibniz; no he could not
D) William Molyneux; no he could not
Answer: D
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4
Chapter 3: Physiologists of Mind: Brain Scientists from Gall to Penfield
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30 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Karl Lashley tried to test the localization of memory hypothesis by observing the effects of ablations on:
A) the natural behavior of birds.
B) human beings suffering from incurable diseases.
C) rats who had previously learned to run mazes.
D) all of the above
Answer: C
Q2) Which of the following assumptions was an error of Gall's in his phrenological theory?
A) Specific psychological functions may be localized in specific brain parts.
B) The shape of the skull accurately reflects the shape of the brain lying beneath.
C) The language function is localized near the front of the cortex.
D) all of the above
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: The Sensing and Perceiving Mind: From Kant
through the Gestalt Psychologists
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Sample Questions
Q1) Eleanor Gibson's studies of the responses of visually inexperienced animals and human infants to the "visual cliff" seem to:
A) support Helmholtz's nativist perceptual theory.
B) refute Helmholtz's trichromatic theory.
C) disconfirm aspects of Helmholtz's empiricist perceptual theory.
D) support Helmholtz's theory of unconscious inference.
Q2) According to Helmholtz's distinction,the discontinuous patches of colored light you experience when viewing a landscape are your ____________________,while the "trees," "grass," and "sky," etc.,you are aware of are_________________.
A) unconscious inferences; conscious inferences
B) perceptions; sensations
C) sensations; perceptions
D) primary colors; perceptions
Q3) Which of the following is not a name applied to Helmholtz's theory of color vision?
A) the component theory
B) the opponent theory
C) the trichromatic theory
D) the Young-Helmholtz theory
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Chapter 5: Wundt and the Establishment of Experimental Psychology
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Q1) Which were the four basic dimensions of sensations in Wundt's scheme?
A) size, clarity, interest, direction
B) height, width, depth, time
C) mode, quality, intensity, duration
D) activity, tension, agreeableness, frequency
Q2) According to Wundt,voluntaristic psychology was:
A) a non-experimental branch of psychology that focused on the communal and cultural products of human nature.
B) a type of experimental psychology that focused first on discovering the "structure" of the mental phenomena before looking at the "function."
C) an approach to psychology that described events working at the periphery of conscious experience; events such as apperception, creative synthesis, psychic causality, and will.
D) both a and b above
Q3) Ebbinghaus' innovative method for studying memory experimentally made use of:
A) directed association.
B) mental chronometry.
C) nonsense syllables.
D) structural introspection.
Page 7
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Chapter 6: The Evolving Mind: Darwin and His Psychological Legacy
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Sample Questions
Q1) Darwin's view that males surpass females intellectually while females are stronger than men in the moral virtues is sometimes called:
A) the variability hypothesis.
B) the complementarity hypothesis.
C) the comparative hypothesis.
D) the continuance hypothesis.
Q2) A Victorian-era theory holding that the mainly non?European,"savage" peoples represented a distinctly different species of being was known as:
A) Social Darwinism.
B) Polygenism.
C) Monogenism.
D) Sociobiology.
Q3) Herbert Spencer is known for being:
A) a promoter of the theory of social Darwinism.
B) a promoter of the phrase "survival of the fittest."
C) a promoter of sociobiology.
D) both a and b above
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Measuring the Mind: Galton and Individual Differences
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Sample Questions
Q1) The first major study of separated twins was done in 1937 by a biologist,a psychologist,and a statistician. Which of the following is true about their study?
A) There was a positive correlation between the twins' IQ, indicating a significant role for heredity.
B) Those twin pairs who had been most completely separated and reared in different environments showed the greatest IQ differences, indicating a significant role for environment.
C) It was difficult to find identical twin pairs who had been fully separated.
D) all of the above
Q2) Galton's personal conviction that differences in intellectual ability are largely innate arose in part because:
A) in school he found himself easily surpassing other students who came from much more privileged backgrounds than himself.
B) in school he found that he could not compete successfully against the very top students, despite his own privileged background.
C) he observed that the top scientists tended to come from specific countries.
D) males tended to outperform females in academic tasks.
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Chapter 8: American Pioneers: James, Hall, Calkins, and Thorndike
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which the following was not one of James's eminent students?
A) G. S. Hall
B) Mary Whiton Calkins
C) Edward Thorndike
D) James Roland Angell
Q2) According to the James-Lange theory of emotion,which of the following sequences is correct?
A) We lose our fortune, weep, and feel sorry.
B) We meet a bear, run, and feel frightened.
C) We are insulted by a rival, get angry, and strike.
D) both a and b above
Q3) James's Principles asserted the following about human acts of will:
A) The sense of willing is completely an illusion as all human behavior is predetermined.
B) Acts of will are strongly accompanied by attention, and he left it an open question as to whether they are mechanistically determined or "free."
C) They are clear examples of behavior that is not mechanistically determined.
D) The sensation of freely willing one's own behavior becomes stronger as a person matures.
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Chapter 9: Psychology as the Science of Behavior:
Pavlov,Watson,and Skinner
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Q1) In Pavlovian conditioning,if two different tones are randomly presented many times each,but only one of the tones is reinforced each time by the presentation of food powder,a process called ________________gradually occurs so that only the reinforced tone retains the capacity to elicit a conditioned salivary response.
A) backwards conditioning
B) differentiation or discrimination
C) extinction
D) generalization
Q2) In a typical Pavlovian experiment,the sound of a bell immediately precedes the feeding of the dog,for several feedings. Then the bell is sounded alone,and the dog salivates. In such an experiment,the food is called the_____________.
A) conditioned stimulus
B) conditioned response
C) unconditioned stimulus
D) unconditioned response
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Chapter 10: Social Influence and Social Psychology: From
Mesmer to Milgram and Beyond
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Q1) The Royal Commission appointed to investigate Franz Mesmer concluded that:
A) Mesmer was an exorcist.
B) Mesmer's theory of animal magnetism was worthless, so his cures must have been imaginary.
C) there was no such thing as animal magnetism, but Mesmer's cures were genuine.
D) Mesmer's work should be continued by more competent scientists.
Q2) Binet and Henri's experiments showed that children's reported recall of recently observed stimuli:
A) was remarkably accurate even in young children.
B) was influenced by "leading questions" but not by neutral ones.
C) was strongly unreliable under all conditions.
D) was most accurate when they were simply given paper and a pencil and asked to write down what they remembered
Q3) An incorrect implication of Mesmer's theory of animal magnetism was that:
A) the secret of hypnosis lies in the power of the hypnotist or magnetist.
B) illness is caused by disaligned magnetic fields in the body.
C) some people are natural healers because of their magnetic personalities.
D) all of the above
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Chapter 11: Mind in Conflict: Freudian Psychoanalysis and Its
Successors
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Sample Questions
Q1) In Freud's theory,the dream work consists of which three processes?
A) primary, secondary, tertiary processes
B) displacement, condensation, and concrete representation
C) displacement, symbolization, and repression
D) displacement, hallucination, and resistance
Q2) Freud's theory of childhood sexuality emphasized the newborn infant's:
A) oral and anal sexuality.
B) polymorphous perversity.
C) repressed sexual impulses.
D) sexual purity.
Q3) In their early work on the nature of hysteria,Freud and Breuer concluded that hysterics suffer mainly from:
A) reminiscences.
B) anxiety.
C) the Oedipus complex.
D) sexuality.
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13
Chapter 12: Psychology Gets "Personality":
Allport,Maslow,and the Broadening Field
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Q1) Which of the following is a psychological approach that emphasizes the human need to overcome inferiority and achieve dominance,while still maintaining a sense of positive social interest
A) Alfred Adler's Individual Psychology
B) Abraham Maslow's Humanistic Psychology
C) Kurt Goldstein's Gestalt Neuropsychology
D) Harry Harlow's Prosocial Psychology
Q2) David McClelland and his colleagues measured the "needs" for affiliation,achievement,and power with which instrument?
A) the TAT
B) the Rorschach test
C) 16 PF test
D) the word association test
Q3) Hans Eysenck's personality theory emphasizes which three factors?
A) introversion/extraversion, emotionality, psychoticism
B) introversion/extraversion, neuroticism, trustworthiness
C) introversion/extraversion, neuroticism, psychoticism
D) introversion/extraversion, sociability, neuroticism
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Chapter 13: The Developing Mind: Binet,Piaget,and the Study of Intelligence
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Q1) Piaget believed all of the following except:
A) that intellectual, biological and social development were integrated.
B) that knowing about the sequence of developmental stages would potentially allow learning to be accelerated in children almost beyond limits.
C) that children should have a balance of direction and freedom in their development and learning.
D) that development cannot be accelerated beyond certain natural and biologically given limits.
Q2) Charles Spearman theorized that all intellectual tasks must entail two kinds of factors,a single common factor which he called ___________and a second kind that focused on__________.
A) comprehensive intelligence; specific abilities
B) abstract intelligence; practical intelligence
C) general intelligence; functional intelligence
D) general intelligence; specific abilities
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Chapter 14: Minds,Machines,and Cognitive Psychology
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Q1) Which of the following developments did Leibniz correctly anticipate would later lie at the heart of artificial intelligence technology?
A) that binary arithmetic could be used for digital calculators and computers
B) that a machine might be developed with the capacity to solve problems in logic
C) the general idea for a "stored program"
D) both a and b above
Q2) Neisser's approach to memory research adopted which of the following characteristics in response to James and Eleanor Gibson's "ecological" psychology?
A) a nativist approach
B) an empiricist approach
C) a concern for the environment
D) a focus on real events and natural settings
Q3) Alan Turing did all of the following except:
A) propose a test for determining if a calculating machine was "intelligent."
B) conceive of an architecture for a universal calculating machine.
C) help break German codes during World War II.
D) receive high honors from the British government for his wartime contributions.
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Page 16
Chapter 15: Applying Psychology: From the Witness Stand to the
Workplace
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Sample Questions
Q1) The following quotation - "The tradition emanating from the mystic and romantic novelists,that woman is a mysterious being,half hysteric,half angel,has found its way into scientific writing.Through the centuries gone those who wrote were men,and since the phenomenon of periodicity was foreign to them,they not unnaturally seized upon it as a probable source of the alleged 'mystery' and 'caprice' of womankind" - represents:
A) Lillian Gilbreth's assessment of scientists' belief in functional periodicity.
B) Leta Stetter Hollingworth's assessment of scientists' belief in functional periodicity.
C) a view supported by anthropologist Robert Lowie.
D) both b and c above
Q2) Three foci of Leta Stetter Hollingsworth's work were:
A) clinical psychology, the psychology of women, and professionalization.
B) purposive psychology, industrial psychology, and the psychology of women.
C) motion study research, clinical psychology, and the psychology of women.
D) professionalization, opening the first psychology clinic, and the psychology of women.
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Page 17