History of Psychology
Final Test Solutions
Course Introduction
History of Psychology offers a comprehensive overview of the evolution of psychological thought and practice from its philosophical roots to its modern scientific framework. The course explores seminal theories, major schools of thought such as structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, psychoanalysis, humanism, and cognitive psychology, and highlights influential figures including Wilhelm Wundt, Sigmund Freud, B.F. Skinner, and Jean Piaget. Emphasis is given to how historical, social, and cultural contexts shaped the development of psychological ideas, the emergence of experimental methods, and the ongoing debates that continue to influence contemporary psychology. By tracing the progression of psychological concepts and methodologies, students gain a deeper understanding of the disciplines foundations and its significance in addressing human behavior and mental processes.
Recommended Textbook
An Introduction to the History of Psychology 6th Edition by B. R. Hergenhahn
Available Study Resources on Quizplus
21 Chapters
1689 Verified Questions
1689 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/study-set/2992
Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
81 Verified Questions
81 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/59469
Sample Questions
Q1) Zeitgeist is described as "spirit of the times."
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Which of the following is not emphasized by the physical determinist?
A)conflicts
B)genes
C)environmental stimuli
D)cultural customs
Answer: A
Q3) Zeitgeist means :
A)the spirit of the times
B)about the same thing as presentism
C)that the history of anything must be selective
D)about the same thing as historicism
Answer: A
Q4) A monist tries to explain everything in terms of one type of reality.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Page 3
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
Chapter 2: The Early Greek Philosophers
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
80 Verified Questions
80 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/59458
Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following was true of Aristotle's philosophy?
A)it followed in the Pythagorean rather than in the Hippocratic tradition
B)it assumed that knowledge could be attained only by studying nature directly
C)it assumed that the body was a hindrance in the search for knowledge
D)it assumed that gaining knowledge was a matter of remembering the contents of the soul
Answer: B
Q2) Xenophanes believed that:
A)religious and moral "truths" were innate
B)if animals could convey their impression of gods,those gods would have animal characteristics
C)using the techniques of inductive definition,objective truth could be ascertained
D)the only way to arrive at truth was to introspect on the contents of the soul
Answer: B
Q3) For Aristotle,the essence of an object could be known by experiencing individual manifestations of the object.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 4
Chapter 3: After Aristotle: A Search for the Good Life
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
80 Verified Questions
80 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/59455
Sample Questions
Q1) Briefly compare and contrast the philosophies of Skepticism,Cynicism,Epicureanism,and Stoicism.
Answer: The Skeptics suspended their belief in anything.Skepticism proposed that arguments for and against any philosophical doctrine are equally compelling.The Cynics,unlike the Skeptics,did not believe in societal conventions.The Cynics also believed that nature should guide behavior and that self-sufficiency was best.The Epicureans were similar to the Cynics in that they believed in a life focusing on pleasure without excess.They also believed that humans have free will.However,the Epicureans did not believe in supernatural influences or life after death.The Stoics did not believe in free will and that to live in accordance with nature was the ultimate virtue,which resembles the Cynics.Joy in life,for the Stoics,was the knowledge that they were living in accordance with nature's plan.
Q2) For the Stoics,the basic moral choice a person makes is:
A)to act or not to act in accordance with nature's plan
B)to live or not to live in accordance with God's will
C)to seek pleasure or to avoid pain
D)to follow one's personal impulses or to conform to society's values
Answer: A
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 5
Chapter 4: The Beginnings of Modern Science and Philosophy
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
80 Verified Questions
80 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/59454
Sample Questions
Q1) Briefly describe the major themes of Renaissance humanism.
Q2) Among the Renaissance humanists,Skepticism was most clearly demonstrated by:
A)Montaigne
B)Pico
C)Petrarch
D)Luther
Q3) Galileo made a sharp distinction between objective and subjective reality.These concepts refer to which respectively?
A)primary;secondary qualities
B)secondary;primary qualities
C)experiences of color;experiences of shape
D)consciousness;unconsciousness
Q4) Skinner and his followers adopted Bacon's positivistic view of science.
A)True
B)False
Q5) According to Bacon,scientific theory:
A)acted as an effective guide for scientific research
B)biased observations
C)was useful only if it was nonmathematical
D)was useful only if it yielded useful deductions
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 6
Chapter 5: Empiricism,Sensationalism,and Positivism
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
86 Verified Questions
86 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/59453
Sample Questions
Q1) Condillac felt that Locke:
A)was too materialistic
B)emphasized innate ideas too much
C)had given the mind unnecessary powers
D)should have been classified as a French sensationalist
Q2) All of the British empiricists following Hobbes used the concept of ____ to explain why mental events are experienced or remembered in a particular order.
A)free will
B)association
C)rationality
D)intelligence
Q3) All of the following were true of Comte's proposed utopian society except:
A)humanity replaced God
B)scientists and philosophers replaced priests
C)it relied heavily on the natural selflessness and moral resolution of women
D)its political philosophy was utilitarianism
Q4) Empiricism stresses the importance of experience in attainment of knowledge.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Discuss Bain's description and analysis of how voluntary behavior develops.
Page 7
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
Chapter 6: Rationalism
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
80 Verified Questions
80 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/59452
Sample Questions
Q1) Thomas Reid proposed a commonsense philosophy.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following is not consistent with Herbart's advice to teachers?
A)Review the material that has already been learned.
B)Prepare the student for new material by giving an overview of what is coming next.
C)Relate new material to what has already been learned.
D)Show applications of new material before the concepts have been describeD.
Q3) According to Kant,our phenomenological experience resulted from:
A)sensory experience alone
B)innate ideas
C)categories of thought alone
D)the interaction between sensations and the categories of thought
Q4) According to Reid,if Hume's logic caused him (Hume)to conclude that we could never know the physical world,then:
A)we had an example of the folly of unabated rationalism
B)we could probably never know the physical world
C)something was wrong with Hume's logic
D)we must rely on God to reveal the nature of the physical world to us
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 8
Chapter 7: Romanticism and Existentialism
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
80 Verified Questions
80 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/59451
Sample Questions
Q1) Describe Goethe's ideas and views and their impact on the development of psychology.
Q2) According to Kierkegaard:
A)God was dead
B)for most people a genuine,personal relationship with God did not exist
C)more emphasis needed to be placed on logic and rationality
D)it was correct that the government of Denmark elevated the clergy to the status of civil servants
Q3) Romantics believed that rational thought had led humans astray in search for valid information about human behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The book,Emile,was written about education in the form of a novel.Who was the author?
A)Schopenhauer
B)Kierkegaard
C)Nietzsche
D)Rousseau
Q5) Describe Schopenhauer's concept of the will to survive.
Q6) Describe Kierkegaard's ideas on truth and knowing God.
Page 9
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
Chapter 8: Early Developments in Physiology and the Rise of Experimental Psychology
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
80 Verified Questions
80 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/59450
Sample Questions
Q1) Hering's theory of color vision proposed receptors that would respond in two ways.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Describe and discuss phrenology,its claims,and why it gained popularity.
Q3) Fechner attempted to quantify the variables that determine the extent to which a work of art is appealing and in so doing he created the field of:
A)psychophysics
B)experimental esthetics
C)phrenological art
D)art psychology
Q4) Weber found that subjects could detect much smaller weight differences when they lifted the weights than when the weights were simply placed in their hands.He attributed this increased sensitivity to:
A)kinesthesis
B)the two-point threshold
C)the method of adjustment
D)unconscious inference
Q5) Describe the psychophysical methods developed by Fechner.
Page 10
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
Chapter 9: Voluntarism,Structuralism,and Other Early
Approaches to Psychology
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
80 Verified Questions
80 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/59449
Sample Questions
Q1) Titchener defined ____ as the sum total of mental experience at any given moment.
A)the mind
B)the consciousness
C)the apperceptive mass
D)general impression
Q2) Discuss what Titchener saw as the set of goals for psychology.
Q3) For Stumpf,the proper objects of study for psychology were:
A)the elements of thought
B)elemental feelings
C)mental phenomena
D)physiological mechanisms
Q4) Titchener:
A)excluded women from membership in his organization,"The Experimentalists"
B)supervised the research of the first woman to receive a Ph.D.in psychology
C)supervised the research of more female Ph.D.s than any psychologist of his generation
D)all of these choices
Q5) Describe the similarities and differences in the phenomenologies of Brentano and Stumpf.
11
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
Chapter 10: The Darwinian Influence
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
81 Verified Questions
81 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/59468
Sample Questions
Q1) Spencer's social Darwinism was rejected in the United States.
A)True
B)False
Q2) When Wissler evaluated Cattell's measures of intelligence he found that they:
A)were not highly correlated with each other B)were unable to predict success in college
C)predicted success in college with considerable accuracy
D)both were not highly correlated with each other and were unable to predict success in college
Q3) Who formulated a theory of evolution similar to Darwin's at about the same time that Darwin formulated his own theory?
A)Lamarck
B)Spencer
C)Malthus
D)Wallace
Q4) Correlational analysis of the relationship between Cattel's mental tests and various tests and measures of academic performance found little correlation.
A)True
B)False
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 12
Chapter 11: Functionalism
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
81 Verified Questions
81 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/59467
Sample Questions
Q1) What advice did James give for developing good habits?
A)develop good habits gradually
B)place yourself in situations that will test your resolve by encouraging habits contrary to those that you are trying to develop
C)force yourself to act in ways that are beneficial to you even if doing so at first is distasteful and requires considerable effort
D)think about acting in desirable ways and eventually you will
Q2) James' advice concerning emotional experience was:
A)in order to avoid frustration keep your goals reasonable
B)act the way you want to feel
C)use free will to inhibit such experience
D)give emotional experience full and uninhibited expression
Q3) Functionalism as a school eventually died out as its principles were proven wrong. A)True
B)False
Q4) Functionalism was a well-defined school with William James as the leader. A)True
B)False
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 13
Chapter 12: Behaviorism
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
80 Verified Questions
80 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/59466
Sample Questions
Q1) In their research on Albert,Watson and Rayner found that in addition to becoming fearful of the rat,Albert also became fearful of other furry objects.Albert's fear of furry objects other than the rat is an example of:
A)discrimination
B)disinhibition
C)generalization
D)spontaneous recovery
Q2) Watson's objective psychology had all of the following in common with Russian objective psychology except:
A)rejection of introspection as a research tool
B)rejection of mentalism in an explanation of behavior
C)an interest in brain physiology
D)rejection of the contention that consciousness could cause behavior
Q3) Describe Pavlov's view of unconditioned and conditioned reflexes,including excitation and inhibition,the phenomenon of extinction,spontaneous recovery,and disinhibition.
Q4) Discuss Sechenov's use of inhibition as the controlling concept in explaining both animal and human behavior.
Q5) Discuss McDougall's purposive behavior.
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 14
Chapter 13: Neobehaviorism
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
80 Verified Questions
80 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/59465
Sample Questions
Q1) Functional analysis of behavior avoids the use of mental events in explanations.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Hull borrowed the concept of ____ from Tolman.
A)intervening variables
B)latent learning
C)latent extinction
D)cognitive map
Q3) For Skinner,operant behavior is elicited by stimulus events.
A)True
B)False
Q4) According to Hull,the probability of a learned response was called ____ and was a function of both the amount of drive present and the number of times the response had been reinforced in the situation plus other intervening variables.
A)habit strength
B)reaction potential
C)operant level
D)reaction threshold
Q5) Describe and discuss Tolman's theory of purposive behavior.
Q6) Discuss logical positivism and its implications for the science of psychology.
Page 15
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
Chapter 14: Gesalt Psychology
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
80 Verified Questions
80 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/59464
Sample Questions
Q1) Wertheimer demonstrated that explanations of apparent movement based on learning were not plausible by showing that:
A)very young children experienced apparent movement
B)the phi phenomenon occurred in two directions at the same time
C)primitive humans who had never experienced real movement still experienced apparent movement
D)even nonhuman animals experienced apparent movement
Q2) Insightful learning has several characteristics.Which one of the following is not one of the characteristics?
A)the transition from presolution to solution is sudden and complete
B)performance is usually smooth and free of errors
C)a solution gained by insight is retained for long periods of time.
D)a principle gained by insight is not readily applied to other problems
Q3) For the Gestaltists,the proper subject matter for psychology was ____,or mental experience as it occurred to the naïve observer.
A)operant behavior
B)S-R associations
C)mental elements
D)phenomenological experience
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
Page 16
Chapter 15: Early Diagnosis, Explanation, and Treatment of Mental Illness
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
80 Verified Questions
80 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/59463
Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is true of Franz Mesmer?
A)through debating,he was able to help dispel exorcism as a form of "psychotherapy"
B)he believed that a person's health could be restored by redistributing the magnetic force field within the body
C)he believed that some people have stronger magnetic force fields than other people,these people with stronger magnetic fields are natural healers
D)all of these choices
Q2) Marquis de Puységur's method employed a sleeplike trance,which he called artificial somnambulism.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Benjamin Rush urged that patients be unchained,no longer punished,and be allowed to go for pleasant walks.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Homeopathic magic is based on the principle of similarity.
A)True
B)False
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 17
Chapter 16: Psychoanalysis
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
80 Verified Questions
80 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/59462
Sample Questions
Q1) For Freud,religion:
A)comes from the human feeling of helplessness and insecurity
B)keeps humans operating at a childlike,irrational level
C)is necessary for human growth
D)comes from the human feeling of helplessness and insecurity and keeps humans operating at a childlike,irrational level
Q2) When a patient expresses emotions toward the therapist that once were expressed toward another person,this is called ____.
A)resistance
B)transference
C)countertransference
D)anticathexis
Q3) Freud thought that it was important for a person to be an effective psychoanalyst,he or she needs to be psychoanalyzed.Who psychoanalyzed Freud?
A)Breuer
B)Charcot
C)Brücke
D)Freud himself
Q4) Discuss the antecedents of the development of psychoanalysis.
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 18
Chapter 17: Early Alternatives to Psychoanalysis
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
80 Verified Questions
80 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/59461
Sample Questions
Q1) Anna Freud believed that the superego developed in the ____ stage,while Klein believed it developed in the ____ stage.
A)oral;phallic
B)phallic;oral
C)oral;anal
D)phallic;phallic
Q2) Adler believed that all humans started life with:
A)feelings of inferiority
B)weak organs
C)a tendency toward self-actualization
D)primordial guilt
Q3) When basic hostility is repressed it becomes:
A)the basic evil
B)basic anxiety
C)the feeling of being alone and helpless in a hostile world
D)both basic anxiety and the feeling of being alone and helpless in a hostile world
Q4) Discuss the conflict between Melanie Klein and Anna Freud regarding child analysis.
Q5) Describe/discuss Jung's concept of the collective unconscious and the archetype.
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 19
Chapter 18: Humanistic Third-Forcepsychology
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
80 Verified Questions
80 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/59460
Sample Questions
Q1) For Rogers,having conditions of worth placed upon us is conducive to becoming a fully functioning person.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In order for psychology to qualify as humanistic,it must:
A)study things of concern to humans
B)seek to improve the human condition
C)view humans as unique organisms capable of pondering their existence and giving it meaning
D)accept the continuity between human and nonhuman animals
Q3) Which of the following did Sartre mean by his statement,"Existence precedes essence"?
A)at the core,humans are like other animals
B)humans are created in God's image
C)humans have no essence at birth and therefore they become what they choose to be
D)humans are what they have been rewarded for being
Q4) Discuss the antecedent cultural conditions and the conditions in psychology that led to the development of third-force psychology.
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
Chapter 19: Psychobiology
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
80 Verified Questions
80 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/59459
Sample Questions
Q1) The attempt to explain psychological phenomena in biological terms is called psychobiology.
A)True
B)False
Q2) According to Jerre Levy,which of the following is true?
A)some people with normal brains are left-brain dominated and others right-brain dominated
B)educational practices can be designed that enhance either right-brain of left-brain performance
C)in normal people under normal circumstances,the functions of the left and right hemispheres of the brain are inseparable
D)all of these choices
Q3) Chomsky weakened the position of radical behaviorism by showing that:
A)language acquisition could not be explained using operant principles
B)learned behavior is eventually displaced by instinctual behavior
C)some associations are more easily learned than others
D)language is explained in the same way as any other form of learned behavior
Q4) Discuss Sperry's work with the split-brain preparation.
Q5) Describe Lashley's principles of mass action and equipotentiality.
Q6) Describe Hebb's work with cell assemblies and phase sequences.
Page 21
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
Chapter 20: Cognitive Psychology
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
80 Verified Questions
80 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/59457
Sample Questions
Q1) The person who developed a cognitive development theory and who was a more prolific writer than Wundt was:
A)Bartlett
B)Ebbinghaus
C)Piaget
D)Wiener
Q2) The neural networks use parallel distributed processing by which they process several sequences of information simultaneously.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The neural networks process one sequence of information at a time.
A)True
B)False
Q4) ____ and ____ argue against the usefulness of AI,while ____ argues for the potential usefulness of AI for understanding humans.
A)radical behaviorists and methodological behaviorists;humanists
B)methodological behaviorists and humanists;radical behaviorists
C)radical behaviorists and humanists;methodological behaviorists
D)radical behaviorists and humanists;physiological psychologists
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 22
Chapter 21: Contemporary Psychology
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
80 Verified Questions
80 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/59456
Sample Questions
Q1) Premodernism refers to the beliefs and ideas prior to 1950.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Those who argue that mental disorders are most effectively treated by medication are accepting the ____ model of mental illness.
A)medical
B)supernatural
C)psychological
D)economic
Q3) In contemporary psychology,a spirit of eclecticism is prominent.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Briefly describe the discussion in the text regarding psychology's two cultures.
Q5) For Wundt:
A)psychology's purpose was to explain the human mind in general
B)the study of individual differences was important
C)application was not part of psychology's purposes
D)psychology's purpose was to explain the human mind in general and application was not part of psychology's purposes
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 23