History of Modern Europe Question
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Course Introduction
This course explores the major political, social, economic, and cultural transformations that have shaped Europe from the late eighteenth century to the present. Students will examine key events such as the French Revolution, the Industrial Revolution, the rise of nationalism, imperialism, the world wars, the Cold War, and the process of European integration. The course places particular emphasis on the interplay between historical forces and everyday life, considering the experiences of diverse groups across Europe. Through primary and secondary sources, students will analyze how ideas, movements, and conflicts have influenced the development of modern European societies.
Recommended Textbook Making Europe The Story of the West 2nd Edition by Frank L. Kidner
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Chapter 1: The Origins of Western Civilization in the Ancient
Near East,3000-1200 BCE
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Q1) Compare early human perspectives on death and the afterlife.Include preliterate societies,Egypt,and Mesopotamia.How do these civilizations demonstrate the importance of death?
Answer: Students should be able to discuss the different perspectives on the afterlife in prehistorical societies,such as burial chamber findings,and contrast these with the organized religious perspective of Egypt and Mesopotamia.In Egypt,access to the afterlife was limited,in the Old Kingdom,to the pharaohs and their immediate family;thus,access was an indication of status.Their burial in huge pyramids was also a marker of social importance.The transition or democratization of access to the afterlife in Egypt is noted in the Middle Kingdom.In Mesopotamia,the afterlife was unpleasant for all;they believed that burial goods were stolen by demons on the journey to the underworld,and the dead spent eternity eating dust and weeping.
Q2) Which form of writing was found in Crete until approximately 1400 B.C.E.?
A) linear B
B) linear A
C) ogan
D) hieroglyphics
E) cuneiform
Answer: B
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Q1) What was one of the Nebuchadnezzar's accomplishments in fortifying Babylon?
A) He built the Ishtar gate.
B) He created a system of irrigation ensuring continuous fresh water to the city
C) He built ziggurats for central planning.
D) He established a quota of maximum numbers of people who could enter the city at any time.
E) He erected twelve walls around the city, each headed with a symbol of the zodiac.
Answer: A
Q2) One of the unique products that the Phoenicians traded was
A) coffee from Africa.
B) lobsters from Crete.
C) hemp rope from Persia.
D) cotton from India.
E) purple dye from Tyre.
Answer: E
Q3) Persian kings saw themselves as divine.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 3: The Rise of Greek Civilization,1100-387 BCE
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Q1) According to Homer's Iliad,during the Dark Ages,Greece was at war with which area?
A) Persia
B) Rome.
C) Phoenicians
D) Troy
E) Thrace
Answer: D
Q2) Greek reemergence during the Archaic Age led to the cultural adoption of A) the Phoenician alphabet.
B) Lydian coinage.
C) Eastern artistic influences in pottery and sculpture.
D) All of these.
E) None of these.
Answer: D
Q3) Homer's accounts of the Trojan War provide us with a detailed history of life during the Greek Dark Ages.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 4: From Polis To Cosmopolis: The Hellenistic
World,387-30 BCE
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Q1) The influential scientist who proposed that the earth revolves around the sun was
A) Aristotle.
B) Euclid.
C) Eratosthenes.
D) Aristarchus.
E) Ptolemy.
Q2) Explain the significance of the Maccabean revolt.
Q3) What happened to Judaism in the Hellenistic era after Alexander's death?
A) The Ptolemaic kingdom allowed freedom of religion.
B) The Antigonid kingdom demanded adherence to Stoicism.
C) Conservative Jews rejected Hellenized Judaism as too compromised.
D) There was widespread conversion to Judaism in the religiously tolerant Hellenistic world.
E) Syncretism with other religions led to Christianity.
Q4) Aristotle was a student of Socrates.
A)True
B)False
Q5) How can we explain the growth of mystery cults and the changes to the spiritual world in the Hellenistic Age?
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Chapter 5: The Rise of Rome,753-27 BCE
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Q1) Who were Romulus and Remus?
A) The two Spartan kings who ruled the northern and southern peninsulas of Italy.
B) Mythologic twin sons of Mars who came to rule Rome.
C) Dualistic gods who were chosen by the Latins.
D) Satraps put in power by Darius the Great as Persia expanded westward.
E) Brothers from the Antigonid dynasty after the collapse of the Alexandrian Empire.
Q2) The greatest Roman virtue was considered to be
A) gravitas, or seriousness of mood.
B) modesty.
C) discipline.
D) pietas, or loyalty to family, friends, and state.
E) veritas, or honesty.
Q3) Which was the highest ranked elected official in the Republican Government?
A) praetor
B) quaestor
C) tribune
D) consul
E) magistrate
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Q1) Cities,even in provinces,became the focal point for disseminating Roman civilization.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What term best characterizes literature of the Silver Age in Rome?
A) Conservative
B) Fantastical
C) Practical
D) Philosophical
E) Fictional
Q3) For most Romans,participation in the imperial cult was considered
A) a political act.
B) an essential part of religious worship.
C) one more god in a polytheistic culture.
D) blasphemy.
E) none of these.
Q4) The highest ranking title in the Senate was princeps.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What were the major contributors to the weakening of the Roman Empire?
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Chapter 7: Late Antiquity,284-527
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Q1) Why did Constantine create a new capital city?
A) To keep a closer eye on the church.
B) The barbarians were overrunning western Europe and it was more prudent to retreat.
C) The sources necessary for economic and population support were located in the East.
D) The location of Constantinople was much easier to defend than Rome.
E) So he could build an entirely Christian city with new churches, untainted by polytheism.
Q2) Neoplatonism endorsed the idea of one overall god.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In what way was Theodosius I responsible for the advancement of Christianity within the Empire? How did this affect the relationship between Church and State?
Q4) The Vulgate was a translation of the Old and New Testament into English by Jerome. A)True
B)False
Q5) How did paganism differ from Christianity in late antiquity?
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Q1) What did Irene do to try and disqualify her son from ruling?
A) She kept him under house arrest his whole life.
B) She declared his divorce from Maria invalid.
C) She rallied the military to her side by marrying a powerful general.
D) She blinded him.
E) She had him kidnapped and sent to a monastery.
Q2) Islamic intellectual development in math included all of the following except A) the concept of a zero.
B) calculus.
C) algebra.
D) non-Euclidian geometry.
E) the system of Arabic numerals.
Q3) After the seventh century the main language in the Byzantine Empire was Greek. A)True
B)False
Q4) The Seljuk Turks moved in to attack the Byzantines and as a result the Byzantine Empire lost its core territory.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What are the origins of the Shiite and Sunni sects?
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Q1) The main thing that seemed to slow down the wars for power in the sixth and seventh centuries was
A) the designation of a church official to crown the next ruler.
B) the negotiation among all the potential candidates for collective rule.
C) the designation of a castle or town as the focal point for rule.
D) the treaty agreeing to specific titles in specific areas.
E) none of these; nothing slowed down warfare in that period.
Q2) Which was not a source of revenue for monasteries around 1000?
A) animal husbandry
B) agriculture
C) milling
D) mining
E) long-distance trade
Q3) Among the sources of income that bolstered a bishop's authority were
A) land ownership.
B) tithes.
C) commemorative masses
D) gifts from royal patrons.
E) All of these.
Q4) What was the difference between a serf and a peasant on a medieval manor?
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Chapter 10: The High Middle Ages,1000-1300
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Q1) Western monastic scholars trying to understand Aristotle were helped by A) better communication and less isolation among scholars.
B) the translation of Aristotle's works into Latin.
C) the commentaries of Muslim scholars.
D) Maimonides' interpretations of Aristotle in Hebrew and Arabic.
E) All of these.
Q2) How did the Capetian dynasty in particular engage in the centralization of authority?
Q3) The following are all characteristic of Gothic architecture in cathedrals except A) flying buttresses.
B) pointed arches.
C) extremely high windows and ceilings.
D) stained glass windows
E) large, unbroken spaces of solid walls.
Q4) Pope Urban II's call for the Crusades was spread throughout Europe by A) papal decree.
B) monks.
C) knights.
D) royal messengers.
E) troubadors.
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Chapter 11: Reversals and
Disasters,1300-1450
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Q1) Approximately what percentage of the European population died in the Black Death?
A) 5 to 10 percent
B) 10 to 25 percent
C) 25 to 33 percent
D) 33 to 50 percent
E) More than 50 percent
Q2) When English kings lost land to France,they looked to which area to make up their losses?
A) Scotland
B) America
C) Spain
D) India
E) Poland
Q3) Avignon Popes found extra income in selling prepaid forgiveness for sins called indulgences.
A)True
B)False
Q4) How was the Florentine system of government unusual compared to the rest of Western Europe in the fourteenth century?
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Chapter 12: The Renaissance in Italy and Northern
Europe,1350-1550
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Q1) The humanist scholar who proved that the Donation of Constantine was a forgery was
A) Thomas More.
B) Lorenzo Valla.
C) Ludovico Sforza.
D) Desiderus Erasmus.
E) Leonardo da Vinci.
Q2) Machiavelli's famous treatise,The Prince,advised that a ruler treat his people with kindness and concern for popular matters of interest.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What were the significant differences between the Italian and the Northern Renaissance?
Q4) Machiavelli's work dedicated to the Medici was
A) In Praise of Folly.
B) Utopia.
C) The Prince.
D) Book of the Hours.
E) Lives of the Courtiers.
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Q5) What was the political structure of the Italian states during the Renaissance?
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Chapter 13: Europes Age of Expansion, 1450 1550
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Q1) The first European to circumnavigate the globe was
A) Ferdinand Magellan.
B) Christopher Columbus.
C) Hernán Cortés.
D) Francisco Pizarro.
E) Vaso Núñez de Balboa.
Q2) The origin of guilds was for
A) networking of professionals.
B) social clubs.
C) adoption of professional regulation.
D) dedication to charity.
E) None of the above.
Q3) Analyze the difficulties faced by Charles V in ruling his combined territories.What were the major issues that led to his downfall in 1555?
Q4) How did Francis I create a unified and centralized kingdom of France in the sixteenth century?
Q5) The founder of the Portuguese empire in Asia was Alfonso de Albuquerque. A)True B)False
Q6) How did European exploration lead to imperialism?
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Q1) Luther retained marriage as one of the necessary sacraments within Lutheranism.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Who was the missionary that had the most influence in China?
A) Matteo Ricci
B) Francis Xavier
C) Ignatius Loyola
D) Bartolome de las Casas.
E) Juan Luis Vives
Q3) How did local populations respond to European missionary efforts in the Americas and Asia?
A) They resisted cultural assimilation.
B) Some converted to Christianity and European customs.
C) Some compromised between indigenous religion and Catholicism in a type of syncretism.
D) They actively rejected foreign ways.
E) All of these.
Q4) Explain the way Christianity dealt with taking care of the poor.
Q5) Analyze the intentions and effects of the missionary movement overseas within the Catholic Church.
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Chapter 15: A Century of Crisis,1550-1650
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Q1) The initial trade between the Americas and Asia was aboard a ship known as the A) Armada.
B) Dhow.
C) Junk.
D) Manila galleon.
E) Flukeship.
Q2) Elizabeth I faced all of the following problems in England except
A) assurance of a peaceful transfer of succession.
B) competition and bad feelings from Spain.
C) rebellion in Ireland.
D) instilling a moderate form of Protestantism in England.
E) limitations in naval abilities.
Q3) What was the accord which settled the disputes of the Thirty Years' War called?
A) The Treaty of the Pyrenees
B) The Edict of Nantes
C) The Peace of Augsburg
D) The Peace of Westphalia
E) The Union of Brest Litovsk
Q4) How did the situation of western European Jews improve or decline during the Wars of Religion during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?
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Chapter 16: State-Building and the European State
System,1648-1789
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Q1) In his attempt to control the nobility,Peter the Great
A) disbanded the Imperial Diet.
B) outlawed serfdom.
C) implemented a Table of Ranks.
D) required his nobility to obtain a university education.
E) created a new nobility of the sword.
Q2) What role did Cardinal Mazarin play in Louis XIV's early years?
A) He was commander of the king's body guard.
B) He was the prime minister.
C) He was the tax collector.
D) He was the king's personal confessor.
E) He was the representative of the pope.
Q3) Why did Louis XIV start a war with the Netherlands in 1672?
A) He wanted to conquer the territory.
B) He wanted to enforce Catholicism.
C) The Dutch threatened his colonial holdings in North America.
D) He objected to their domination of trade and shipping in Europe.
E) He was allied with Spain through marriage to his wife, which was at war with the Dutch Republic.
Q4) Explain the rise of Prussia as a political entity in eighteenth-century Europe.
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Chapter 17: The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment,1550-1790
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Q1) How did the evolution of the coffee house and the salon advance ideas of the Enlightenment?
Q2) Montesquieu's Spirit of the Laws proposed that A) people must be ruled by enlightened kings.
B) the best government for France would be a republic.
C) there is no one form of government that is universally preferable.
D) a government can serve the needs of the people only through the establishment of a mutually understood constitution.
E) a social contract cannot be understood by people without an education.
Q3) A support for the removal of religion from science was found in the ideas of A) deism.
B) the Scientific Method.
C) materialism
D) heliocentrism
E) pure gospel in the Reformation.
Q4) How would you define and compare the Scientific Revolution to the Enlightenment?
Q5) Why was the effect of Rousseau's Social Contract so profoundly different from that of other philosophes?
Q6) Why is Voltaire felt to be emblematic of the Enlightenment movement?
Q7) How did Montesquieu suggest that the ideal form of government could be Page 19
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Chapter 18: Trade and Empire,1700-1800
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Q1) Sugar was one of the major staple crops of the Jamestown Company.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A primary belief in the mercantile system was that
A) merchants and traders should control the economy.
B) there was only a limited amount of wealth in the world and amassing it meant power.
C) the wealth of a state was the personal property of its Sovereign.
D) slavery was necessary to yield a profit.
E) social mobility was possible with economic increase.
Q3) One of Britain's most expedient methods of dealing with petty crime and felons was exile to Australia.
A)True
B)False
Q4) To create superior quality pottery,Josiah Wedgewood grouped potters wheels together in one place to concentrate labor and increase productivity.
A)True
B)False
Q5) How did the putting-out system transform commercial manufacturing?
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Chapter 19: Revolutionary France and Napoleonic
Europe,1775-1815
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Q1) All of the following were accomplished by the Constitution of 1791 except A) slavery was outlawed.
B) all titles of the nobility were abolished.
C) sovereignty rested in the nation rather than the king.
D) women had the right to vote.
E) ability, not birth, determined status.
Q2) All of the following were demands of the sans-culottes except
A) universal suffrage.
B) state-sponsored welfare.
C) universal public education.
D) government price controls.
E) government regulation of private property rights.
Q3) Who was the man elected as leader of the Committee of Public Safety in 1793?
A) Georges Danton
B) Jacques-Louis David
C) Jean-Paul Marat
D) Maximilian Robespierre
E) Napoleon Bonaparte
Q4) Discuss the first constitution presented by the National Assembly in 1791.To whom did this document this appeal? Who found it unsatisfactory and why?
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Chapter 20: Restoration and Reform: Conservative and Liberal Europe,1814-1847
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Q1) Romanticism in Poland was exemplified by which composer?
A) J.S. Bach.
B) George Handel
C) Frederic Chopin
D) Franz Liszt
E) Sergei Poliakov
Q2) What were the problems that undermined the Congress System in achieving a balance of power?
Q3) In what ways did the French Revolution continue to influence politics and culture?
Q4) Which of the following did liberals in nineteenth-century Europe not believe?
A) The government should not interfere in the private affairs of its citizens.
B) The government should not intervene in economic matters.
C) The best government was one moderated by a constitution and a parliament.
D) The government had a responsibility to alleviate the conditions of the poor and unemployed.
E) The government should promote the success of individuals and protect their civil rights.
Q5) By nineteenth-century standards,why was the French Revolution seen as a failure?
Q6) Analyze the causes for revolution and social unrest in the 1830s.
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Chapter 21: Industrialization and Society,1800-1850
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Q1) Marx argued that history could be understood through A) elitist interpretation.
B) power structures.
C) class struggle.
D) political enfranchisement
E) oppression of original ideas.
Q2) Which of the following was a significant factor that contributed to the development of the European infrastructure for trade transport?
A) a pan-European postal system
B) the German Zollverein
C) water purification systems
D) development of Macadam road building
E) construction of the Suez canal
Q3) Examining the excerpt from Friedrich Engels in Learning From a Primary Source: Friedrich Engels Describes the Condition of the Working Class in England (page 643),what problems did he point to in industrialization that affected the workers? Why was he concerned?
Q4) What role did women play in middle class society?
Q5) What was different about the ideas proposed by socialism and communism?
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Chapter 22: The Triumph of the Nation-State,1848-1900
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Q1) Dmowski's National Democrats in Poland
A) represented the beginning of mass politics in Poland.
B) completely rejected socialism.
C) argued that national minorities must assimilate or leave Poland.
D) rallied Poles against Prussia and Russian occupation.
E) did all of these.
Q2) Zionism was defined as
A) the idea that Jews were not an ethnicity but a nation that needed a geopolitical state. B) a movement for cultural assimilation of Jews into other nation-states.
C) maintaining a separate cultural identification without compromising national identity.
D) a synthesis of cultural and ethnic concepts, for example, the combination of the languages of Hebrew and German to form Yiddish.
E) an official state program of anti-Semitism.
Q3) How did technology play a role in nation building?
Q4) Compare the independence movements of Hungary and Poland in terms of their respective success and failure.
Q5) What were the responses of the Catholic Church to nationalism?
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Chapter 23: The Culture of Industrial Europe,1850-1914
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Q1) In revolutionizing shopping as a consumer industry,Aristide Boucicaut's Bon Marché provided all of the following except
A) the ability to see merchandise without obligation to purchase.
B) catalogues.
C) a return policy.
D) seasonal sales.
E) buying on credit.
Q2) One of the cheapest and most widely available means of transportation in the nineteenth century was the A) train.
B) trolley bus.
C) automobile.
D) steamship.
E) tram.
Q3) The Panama Canal made it possible for English ships to reach India 50% faster.
A)True B)False
Q4) Morris' Arts and Crafts movements fused beautiful design with modern function. A)True B)False
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Chapter 24: The Age of Imperialism,1870-1914
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Q1) Turkmenistan was the division in the "spheres of influence" between British and Russian colonial holdings.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The British claim for their intentions in India included all of the following except A) creating a market economy.
B) instilling order and efficiency.
C) teaching individual self-development.
D) converting the Indians to Christianity.
E) introducing culture and hygiene.
Q3) The original establishment of the European settler colony in Africa was by the A) Dutch.
B) English.
C) French.
D) Italians.
E) Germans.
Q4) What made European colonialism in the nineteenth century different from earlier colonization efforts in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?
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Chapter 25: War and Revolution,1900-1918
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Q1) The Triple Alliance was a coalition among which countries?
A) England, France, and Germany
B) England, Italy, and Russia
C) Russia, Germany, and Austria
D) Austria, Germany, and Italy
E) Austria, England, and France
Q2) What miscalculation did each nation make in its war enthusiasm?
A) Underestimating the military prowess of Germany.
B) Assuming that all colonial territories would go to the victorious side from the losers.
C) Believing that the war would be over quickly.
D) The neutral nations believed that by staying out of it, they would be exempt from participation.
E) Each side counted on the United States to throw support towards them.
Q3) The immediate cause of World War I was
A) Germany's occupation of Belgium to get to France.
B) Russia's threat to Austria for annexing Bosnia-Herzegovina.
C) the assassination of the Austrian archduke Franz Ferdinand.
D) the German invasion of Poland.
E) the death of the Ottoman sultan.
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Chapter 26: A Decade of Revolutionary
Experiments,1918-1929
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Q1) Pro-natalism was embraced by most European nations for all of the following reasons except
A) Repopulation after war losses.
B) Promotion of sexual satisfaction within marriage.
C) Maintaining traditional values of women in the household.
D) Providing a basis for universal democracy.
E) All of these.
Q2) Britain promoted full independence of which protectorate nation in 1932?
A) Palestine
B) Iraq
C) Iran
D) Arabia
E) Egypt
Q3) The Soviet policy to reduce illiteracy in Russia emphasized education of professionals from the bourgeoisie.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What were the difficulties encountered by the League of Nations in the interwar years?
Q5) How did the visual arts change in response to the effects of the war?
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Chapter 27: Democracy Under Siege,1929-1945
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Q1) Why did Stalin initiate and sustain the Great Purges in the 1930s and what effects did they have?
Q2) All of the following provided popular resistance to Hitler's ideas except
A) Thomas Mann.
B) Charlie Chaplin.
C) Léon Blum.
D) Cardinal Pacelli.
E) Dietrich Bonhoeffer.
Q3) Collaboration under Nazi direction was established in all of the following countries except
A) Vichy France.
B) Slovakia.
C) Finland.
D) Poland.
E) Croatia.
Q4) How did the Nazi Party in the 1930s begin to uncover its plans for Jewish extermination?
Q5) What was Hitler's two-stage approach to conquering Europe,and where did he fail most significantly?
Q6) In comparison to World War I,what made World War II truly global in context?
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Chapter 28: Europe Divided,1945-1968
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Q1) How did decolonization affect the balance of power in the world during the cold war?
Q2) What are the origins of the cold war?
Q3) Although there were significant advances for women in Britain in the recovery period,real wages still lagged behind men's wages by
A) 15 to 20 percent.
B) 20 to 30 percent.
C) 30 to 50 percent.
D) more than 50 percent.
E) nothing; wages were required to be equal under the Labour Party reforms.
Q4) Why was Ana Pauker called "the most powerful woman alive" by Time magazine?
A) She was the leader of the French resistance.
B) She was the first woman elected as president in the Western world.
C) She was the head of the Romanian Communist Party.
D) She was the first secretary-general of the United Nations.
E) She was the leader of the first Zionist community in Israel.
Q5) How did the Marshall Plan correlate to the extension of the Truman Doctrine as a reflection of Cold War diplomacy?
Q6) How did Soviet economic control change in the post-war years?
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following was one of Margaret Thatcher's less popular fiscal policies?
A) Maintaining an embargo against China
B) Curtailing social welfare programs
C) Increasing military expenditures despite rising unemployment
D) Centralizing government control of industries in Britain.
E) Withdrawal from the EEC.
Q2) What ultimately was responsible for the collapse of communism?
Q3) Gorbachev's biggest problem in initiating economic reforms was
A) getting the Communist Party to agree to a consumer market.
B) getting the factory managers and workers to follow the central dictates of the party.
C) rapidly rising inflation at the same time that savings were devalued.
D) union protests for fixed wage increases the government could not afford.
E) creating a streamlined method of production to eliminate inefficiency.
Q4) The Brezhnev Doctrine focused on suppressing any dissent against Communism in the Eastern bloc.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What was the meaning of the term "Velvet Revolution"?
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Chapter 30: Europe in a Globalizing World,1991 to the Present
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Q1) The Spanish centrist party lost to the leftists because of its unpopular participation in which of the following events?
A) Basque separatism
B) The Iraq War
C) The Olympics in Barcelona
D) Kosovo War
E) None of these.
Q2) Explain the origin of the policy of ethnic cleansing in the former Yugolav nations.
Q3) How did the Internet revolutionize communications at the end of the twentieth century?
Q4) Why did Croatia have more problems than Slovenia in making the economic transformation?
A) The government was seen as too liberal in its reform package.
B) Croatia refused to embrace democracy.
C) It was slow to participate in a free-market economy.
D) It remained primarily agricultural because it had little industrial capital.
E) It remained occupied by UN troops.
Q5) Why is the admission of Turkey into the EU considered a problem?
Q6) What are some of the primary concerns of social activists since 1991?
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