History of Modern Europe Exam Practice Tests
Course Introduction
This course offers a comprehensive examination of the major political, social, economic, and cultural developments that have shaped Europe from the late eighteenth century to the present day. Students will explore key events such as the French Revolution, the Industrial Revolution, the rise and fall of empires, the impact of nationalism, the world wars, the Cold War, integration efforts leading to the European Union, and contemporary challenges. Emphasis is placed on understanding how ideas, movements, and conflicts have influenced the evolution of modern European societies.
Recommended Textbook
Making Europe The Story of the West 2nd Edition by Frank L. Kidner
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30 Chapters
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Origins of Western Civilization in the Ancient
Near East,3000-1200 BCE
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Q1) The first phase of civilization properly began with A) The Bronze Age.
B) written language.
C) the transition to homo sapiens.
D) organization into city-states.
E) the discovery of fire.
Answer: A
Q2) In Sumerian representations,men with shaved heads were A) lugals.
B) priests.
C) warriors.
D) viziers.
E) slaves.
Answer: B
Q3) In your opinion,what is the most important characteristic necessary for civilization? Support your answer by comparing several civilizations and weighing their importance. Answer: Students can answer with a variety of choices,including law,technology,government,religion,economy,military,cultural,etc.They should be able to place certain elements in different regions and cultures.
Page 3
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Sample Questions
Q1) Zoroastrianism was based in a dualistic world that promised
A) an afterlife for everyone who could cross the River Styx.
B) separation of the dead into the good and bad, with the good rewarded.
C) rebirth into a new life cycle based on karma.
D) punishment for nonbelievers in eternal dust and torment.
E) paradise for those of noble birth.
Answer: B
Q2) The destruction of the First Temple in Jerusalem was accomplished by A) Halofernes.
B) Cyrus the Great.
C) Nebuchadnezzar.
D) Ashurbanipal.
E) Hammurabi.
Answer: C
Q3) Jews in Babylon after the end of the Babylonian Captivity were discriminated against and harassed by Persians.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 4
Chapter 3: The Rise of Greek Civilization,1100-387 BCE
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Q1) The year 776 B.C.E.is significant for the
A) end of the Trojan War.
B) first Olympics in honor of Zeus.
C) first meeting of the Athenian assembly.
D) start of the Persian Wars.
E) destruction of Crete.
Answer: B
Q2) Homosocialization among men included typically sexual relations between an older man and a teenage boy.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Cultural unification among the Greeks was found through
A) their self-identification as Hellenes.
B) disjointed identification by polis.
C) religious dedication through the Temple of Zeus.
D) promotion of the Olympics.
E) speaking Ionian Greek.
Answer: A
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Chapter 4: From Polis To Cosmopolis: The Hellenistic
World,387-30 BCE
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Q1) Greeks provided uniform,organized resistance to Alexander's armies.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The centers of culture in the Hellenistic world were found in
A) Greek colonies.
B) cities.
C) the palaces of the kings.
D) independent academic institutions.
E) places where Alexander had lived.
Q3) As a result of their discomfort due to cultural displacement,many Greeks looked to ____ to regain control in their lives.
A) building a powerful army
B) promoting Greek philosophy as the triumph of the western world
C) athletic prowess and personal fitness
D) embracing a multicultural perspective
E) religion
Q4) Because of exposure to the Hellenistic world,Greeks no longer believed that everything non-Greek was barbarian.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: The Rise of Rome,753-27 BCE
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Q1) The two powers held by early Roman kings were
A) taxation and dispensing justice.
B) declaring war and dividing the spoils.
C) consulting the gods and leading the army.
D) issuing death sentences and taking a census.
E) None of these.
Q2) What was the main reason the Romans won the wars in southern Italy against the Greek colonists?
A) Religious syncretism created a basis for a treaty under pax decorum.
B) The Greeks were dependent on the Athenian navy, which was destroyed in fighting Persians.
C) The Romans established a blockade that starved out the Greeks.
D) The Romans were willing to incur casualties more than the Greeks.
E) The Greeks had inferior military leadership.
Q3) The revolt of the Italian allies in 90 B.C.E.was caused by
A) Rome's refusal to grant citizenship.
B) Rome's seizure of lands in the provinces.
C) imposition of extremely high taxes.
D) an uprising of slaves.
E) the allies' refusal to learn Latin.
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Q1) The crucial aspect of ensuring a successor without violating the pretense of being a republic was met by
A) holding an election in the senate and army.
B) automatically picking the most senior senator as the next princeps.
C) passing the title to the emperor's son in his will.
D) making sure a successor was chosen before the current emperor died.
E) None of these.
Q2) Why is Augustus Caesar considered the greatest of the Roman emperors? What were his successes and failures?
Q3) How did the rule of Severus change from previous emperors?
A) He eliminated rivals for power and exiled them to far-flung provinces.
B) He appointed military commanders as proconsuls to ensure loyalty of both administrators and military.
C) He granted citizenship to the areas he conquered to quell violence.
D) He launched a war against the Celtic tribes in the north.
E) He abandoned the pretense of sharing power with the Senate.
Q4) How did Roman trade with those outside their empire bring benefit or decline to the Roman Empire?
Q5) What accounts for changes in the population of slaves in the Roman Empire?
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Chapter 7: Late Antiquity,284-527
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Q1) A significant problem that Constantine encountered in giving preferred status to Christianity within the Empire was that
A) Christians were not uniform in their beliefs.
B) Christians demanded the exclusion of all other religions.
C) Christians would not recognize Constantine as supreme authority.
D) Some of the Christian hierarchy accepted Constantine, others did not.
E) Christians wanted a tax exemption as a sign of favor from Constantine.
Q2) Which of the following arguments did the Arian heresy support?
A) Jesus was subordinate to God.
B) God and Jesus were the same entity.
C) Jesus could not have been both human and divine.
D) There was no such thing as a Holy Spirit.
E) The Holy Spirit represented a transitive being between life and death, available to all.
Q3) The Council of Chalcedon granted the Byzantine Patriarch the same status as the Pope.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What role did Christianity offer women? How did this contrast with opportunities in the Roman Empire?
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Q1) Theodora convinced Justinian to stay in Constantinople when what occurred?
A) The city was under attack from the Slavs.
B) A terrible plague hit the city.
C) The Blues and Greens started the Nika riots.
D) Procopius conspired to assassinate the royal family.
E) A rebellion among Monophysites spread through Constantinople.
Q2) The emperor's heightened authority in the church allowed him to participate in which part of church ceremonies that excluded the laity?
A) He was able to perform the Eucharist.
B) He was permitted to preach in church.
C) He was supreme in authority to the Patriarch.
D) He was not considered part of the laity.
E) He was able to rule on issues of canon law.
Q3) What contributed to the religious unity within the Byzantine Empire in the Middle Period?
A) Successful defeats of Muslims.
B) High taxation on non-Orthodox religions.
C) Military losses of Syria, Egypt and Palestine removed dissenters.
D) The necessity of the Greek language instead of Latin.
E) Building new, magnificent cathedrals in the Empire.
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Chapter 9: The Kingdoms of Western Europe,500-1000
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Q1) The monastery of Luxeuil,founded by Columbanus,was significant for being A) a spiritual sanctuary for women.
B) the seat of the Archbishop of Paris.
C) the location of the Papacy.
D) a renowned center of learning.
E) a target for Viking raids.
Q2) To manage his new empire,Charlemagne employed all of the following tactics of administration except
A) using missi dominici to inspect his kingdom.
B) using counts given large land grants to do local administrative and military service in his name.
C) centering his court in Aachen.
D) encouraging the growth of literacy to enforce his authority.
E) requiring local churchmen to announce and enforce his decrees.
Q3) Pepin unseated the Merovingian ruler and had Pope Zacharias consecrate him as king.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Explain the system of feudalism and its obligations of social reciprocity.
Q5) Why were the Vikings so problematic for western Europe?
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Chapter 10: The High Middle Ages,1000-1300
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Q1) The Fourth Crusade in 1204 successfully conquered Jerusalem.
A)True
B)False
Q2) How did the rise of commercialism in Western Europe affect labor specialization?
Q3) Primogeniture meant
A) the primacy of the pope's authority was unquestioned.
B) those who paid a premium to the church were accorded commemorative masses.
C) the first-born sons of the nobility gained titles and property.
D) the age of majority was defined by conferring the sacrament of Confirmation.
E) None of these.
Q4) When Richard I (Lionhearted)was on crusade,his younger brother John acted as king in his place.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What contributed to the growth of universities in the Middle Ages?
Q6) What commercial developments enabled economic growth of towns in Western Europe during the Middle Ages?
Q7) What were the effects of the agricultural transformation in the Middle Ages?
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Q8) How did the Capetian dynasty in particular engage in the centralization of authority?
Chapter 11: Reversals and Disasters,1300-1450
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Q1) The first widespread revolt over taxation was
A) the Flanders rebellion.
B) Wat Tyler's revolt.
C) Ciompi rebellion.
D) the Jacquerie.
E) none of these.
Q2) The Jacquerie rebellion was thwarted when
A) Marcel took a commission from the dauphin and ended the violence in a peaceful truce.
B) the merchants of Paris united with the army and defeated the Jacquerie peasants.
C) a combined force of peasants and Parisians was defeated at Meaux.
D) the French army used English longbows to wipe them out.
E) a resurgence of the plague interrupted the fighting.
Q3) What role did the laity movements in Christianity play in the political chaos of the late Middle Ages?
Q4) Avignon Popes found extra income in selling prepaid forgiveness for sins called indulgences.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 12: The Renaissance in Italy and Northern
Europe,1350-1550
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Q1) One of the main ways families in the fifteenth century could demonstrate their wealth and status was through
A) patronage of the arts.
B) donations to a church.
C) sending their sons to universities.
D) buying material goods for decoration.
E) going on a pilgrimage.
Q2) How did the Renaissance differ in France compared to Italy and the northern lands?
Q3) At the end of the fifteenth century,the strongest power in the East was A) Bohemia.
B) Poland-Lithuania.
C) Moscow.
D) Hungary.
E) the Ottoman Empire.
Q4) How did the War of Chioggia determine the balance of trade within the Italian city-states?
Q5) Trace the shift in dynastic politics in England in the fifteenth century.
Page 14
Q6) What problems did the papacy confront during the Renaissance period?
Q7) What was the political structure of the Italian states during the Renaissance?
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Chapter 13: Europes Age of Expansion, 1450 1550
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Q1) Military success in the sixteenth century for the rulers of Europe depended primarily on their use of
A) mercenary armies.
B) conscripted soldiers from their vassal subjects.
C) galleons to form an armada in the navy.
D) New World silver to purchase new weapons.
E) gunpowder from the Turkish Empire.
Q2) The Treaty of Tordasillas granted Spain control over which area?
A) Brazil and Africa
B) Asia and South America
C) China and Brazil
D) Central and South America
E) The Caribbean and North America
Q3) The man who set out for territorial conquest in the Americas rather than economic or religious conquest was
A) Hernán Cortés
B) Francisco Pizarro
C) Vasco de Gama
D) Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda
E) Ferdinand Magellan
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Chapter
14: Reform in the Western Church,1490-1570
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Q1) Among the Catholic responses to the Reformation was the founding of the Jesuits,whose chief goal was A) missionary work. B) education.
C) creating an army for the Catholic Church to fight for Christ.
D) to convert Muslims in the Ottoman Empire and alleviate the threat to the Holy Roman Empire.
E) relief of poverty.
Q2) At the end of the Council of Trent,the Catholic Church argued that A) through the doctrine of papal infallibility, there was no need to change course. B) all Protestants were heretics who should be brought back to the church by persuasion or force.
C) salvation was accomplished through faith, works, and sacraments.
D) indulgences were not religiously valid.
E) None of these.
Q3) The Thirty-Nine Articles is a statement of theology for the Church of England. A)True B)False
Q4) Explain the way Christianity dealt with taking care of the poor.
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Chapter 15: A Century of Crisis,1550-1650
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Q1) One of the significant factors contributing to Dutch economic power was their monopoly on trade in
A) India
B) China
C) North America
D) Japan
E) Brazil
Q2) What was the process called in which individuals would pool resources and receive shares of profits from their investment?
A) capitalism
B) mercantile exchange
C) Atlantic trade
D) joint-stock companies
E) diversification of investment
Q3) The Dutch miracle during the late sixteenth century was
A) religious.
B) cultural.
C) military.
D) economic.
E) All of these.
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Chapter 16: State-Building and the European State
System,1648-1789
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Q1) Peter the Great moved his capital to A) Moscow.
B) Cracow.
C) Novgorod.
D) Vladimir.
E) St. Petersburg.
Q2) Louis XIV's issuance of the Four Gallican Articles was aimed against the A) Huguenots.
B) Jansenists.
C) pope.
D) Catholic Church councils.
E) Republicans.
Q3) The Treaty of Carlowitz united Hungary with the Habsburg territory.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What were the significant differences between the Wars of Succession with regards to Spain versus Austria?
Page 18
Q5) Why is Peter the Great seen as the modernizer of Russia?
Q6) Explain the rise of Prussia as a political entity in eighteenth-century Europe.
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Chapter 17: The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment,1550-1790
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Q1) The policy of enriching a nation's wealth through direct management of people and resources was known as
A) mercantilism
B) capitalism
C) enlightened despotism
D) cameralism
E) chartism
Q2) Most of the early scientists in the Scientific Revolution refused any royal patronage for fear of losing their autonomy in discoveries.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The person who best embodied the Enlightenment was
A) Diderot.
B) Montesquieu.
C) Newton.
D) Voltaire.
E) Rousseau.
Q4) What factors contributed to the new way of thinking about the universe during the Scientific Age?
Page 20
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Chapter 18: Trade and Empire,1700-1800
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Q1) What was the most significant change in eighteenth-century warfare that lessened the devastation on Europe?
Q2) Which had the greatest effect on transforming Europe in the eighteenth century: the agricultural,demographic,or Industrial Revolution?
Q3) The economist who criticized mercantilism in The Wealth of Nations was
A) David Hume.
B) Jeremy Bentham.
C) Thomas Hobbes.
D) Adam Smith.
E) Cesare Beccerria.
Q4) Why do historians think there was an increased sense of privacy,comfort,and familial demonstration during this period?
A) A growing sense of individualism as promoted in the Enlightenment.
B) Increased wealth made luxury goods more standardized.
C) Effects of greater awareness of other cultures in the world.
D) Demands for privacy were increased by a greater population.
E) The end of the wars of religion of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.
Q5) How did economic competition and political dissatisfaction lead to the American Revolution?
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Chapter 19: Revolutionary France and Napoleonic
Europe,1775-1815
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Q1) How did the French Revolution represent a "revolution from below" in terms of the participation of the lower levels of society?
Q2) What were the effects of the Napoleonic Code?
Q3) The longest-lasting reform made by Napoleon was
A) the Concordat of 1801.
B) the reestablishment of slavery.
C) the reorganization of the government using prefects.
D) the revision of the law code.
E) mandatory military service for all men under the age of thirty.
Q4) Who was the man elected as leader of the Committee of Public Safety in 1793?
A) Georges Danton
B) Jacques-Louis David
C) Jean-Paul Marat
D) Maximilian Robespierre
E) Napoleon Bonaparte
Q5) The Reign of Terror meant the government controlled the economy and eliminated counter-revolutionaries.
A)True
B)False
Page 22
Q6) What preconditions existed in France that provoked revolution in 1789?
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Chapter 20: Restoration and Reform: Conservative and Liberal Europe,1814-1847
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Q1) Political liberalism is best embodied by the work of A) David Hume.
B) Adam Smith.
C) John Stuart Mill.
D) Jeremy Bentham.
E) Thomas Malthus.
Q2) Liberalism advocated voting rights for all of the following except A) property owners.
B) people of moderate education.
C) women.
D) bourgeoisie.
E) middle classes.
Q3) What is the difference between the nation and the state,according to nineteenth-century European standards?
Q4) Compare the uses of nationalism as a means to foster unification in German and Italy in the nineteenth century.
Q5) The Carlsbad Decrees relaxed intellectual and political restrictions in Germany in 1819.
A)True
B)False
Page 24
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Chapter 21: Industrialization and Society,1800-1850
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Q1) What was a significant difference in industrialization in Britain compared to the rest of continent?
A) It was fueled by technology and private capital.
B) It was driven by the transition from mercantilism.
C) It was promoted by government investment.
D) Private entrepreneurialism was outlawed.
E) Like early merchant companies, it relied on joint stock investors.
Q2) Which of the following was not a factor that made French industrialization different than other European countries?
A) Agricultural efficiency
B) Good natural resources
C) Inventive thinkers and scientists
D) Government encouragement of a robust industrial economy
E) France had all of these.
Q3) How did industrialization differ from one country to the next in continental Europe?
Q4) Urbanization was a result of displacement from Enclosure.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What was different about the ideas proposed by socialism and communism?
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Chapter 22: The Triumph of the Nation-State,1848-1900
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Q1) Which of the following was not one of the new,working class political organizations?
A) Social Democratic Party of Germany
B) Socialist Revolutionaries
C) the Labour Party
D) Mensheviks
E) Whigs
Q2) In the late nineteenth century the largest expense in each country's state budget was for
A) education.
B) the military.
C) railroads.
D) pensions and unemployment insurance.
E) trade tariffs.
Q3) Socialist Revolutionaries in Russia were considered unusual because of their advocacy of mass democratic processes.
A)True
B)False
Q4) How did nationalism contribute to the growth of racism in the nineteenth century?
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Chapter 23: The Culture of Industrial Europe,1850-1914
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Q1) The transmission of news through a telegram was accomplished by means of what?
A) Morse Code
B) numeric code
C) voice transmission.
D) electrical impulses graphed on ticker tape
E) radio waves
Q2) The Bon Marché store in Paris catered to the wealthiest clientele with luxury goods.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Western Europe,excluding Ireland,developed "mass society" before Central and Eastern Europe.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The first air travel was achieved by which nation in 1900?
A) Germany
B) America
C) Britain
D) Italy
E) China
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Chapter 24: The Age of Imperialism,1870-1914
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Q1) Japan's assimilation of Western technology was called
A) the Meiji Restoration.
B) the Sino-Japanese War.
C) the Treaty of Hojei.
D) Perry's Grandeur.
E) bilateral reciprocity.
Q2) The African National Congress was established to
A) promote cultural assimilation with Europeans.
B) bridge the divisions between African natives and European settlers.
C) arbitrate wages and working conditions for Africans in European jobs.
D) fight against the injustices of colonial rule.
E) take over from the colonial administration and implement self-rule.
Q3) Imperial administration was facilitated by all of the following except A) telegraphs.
B) telephones.
C) railways.
D) steamships.
E) radios.
Q4) Compare the arguments of Hobson and Lenin on the effects of capitalism and imperialism.
28
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Chapter 25: War and Revolution,1900-1918
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Q1) How was the first impact of America's entry into World War I felt?
A) economically.
B) militarily.
C) politically.
D) socially.
E) provisionally.
Q2) Government attempts to control their populations included all of the following except
A) limiting the rights of free speech.
B) government intervention in the economy by way of rationing.
C) allowing women to join the workforce.
D) conscription of women, minorities, and prisoners into the army.
E) broadcasting of propaganda and nationalist sentiment.
Q3) Alexander Kerensky was in charge of which faction of Russian politics?
A) He was the leader of the Duma.
B) He was the head of the Provisional Government.
C) He was the leader of the Red Guards.
D) He was the head of the Bolshevik Party.
E) He was the general of the Kadets.
Q4) What were the significant reasons for tension in the Balkans?
Page 29
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Chapter 26: A Decade of Revolutionary
Experiments,1918-1929
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Q1) Most European nations pursued a pro-natalist policy after World War I to repopulate each country.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Alexandra Kollontai's radicalism included her idea of eliminating the institution of marriage and traditional family structures.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Lenin's vision of achieving true communism relied on the revolution taking place only after all participants had attained full class consciousness.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What was Woodrow Wilson's primary emphasis for the new diplomatic order in Europe based on?
A) Western hegemony continuing from European colonies
B) Extension of American protectorate status
C) National self-determination
D) Universal democracy
E) Control of third world countries
Page 30
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Chapter 27: Democracy Under Siege,1929-1945
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Q1) The five-year plans emphasized what major area of production?
A) agriculture
B) heavy industry
C) consumer goods
D) light industry
E) military supplies
Q2) The Vichy government,which collaborated with Germany both politically and in the Holocaust,was in
A) Norway.
B) Belgium.
C) France.
D) Austria.
E) Romania.
Q3) Which was the first concentration camp to deal with the undesirables in the German population?
A) Auschwitz.
B) Dachau.
C) Thieresenstad.
D) Bergen.
E) Treblinka.
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Chapter 28: Europe Divided,1945-1968
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Sample Questions
Q1) Stalin was an enthusiastic supporter of Tito's hybridized communism in Yugoslavia.
A)True
B)False
Q2) All of the following were areas of cooperation among the EEC members except
A) administrative.
B) legislative.
C) executive.
D) judicial.
E) economic.
Q3) What became a common feature of Soviet policies in the Eastern bloc?
A) Denunciation of suspected capitalist sympathizers.
B) Expulsion from the Communist Party for being pro-Titoist.
C) Persecution of the intelligentsia who challenged the prevailing economic theories.
D) Denunciation for those arguing for "alternative paths" to socialism.
E) Persecution of Jews within the party and embodiment of anti-Semitism.
Q4) How did Soviet economic control change in the post-war years?
Q5) How were the state-controlled economies in eastern Europe held from growth compared to the West?
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Chapter 29: Lifting the Iron Curtain,1969-1991
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Sample Questions
Q1) Thatcher's appeal to British imperialism was best demonstrated in A) the Falklands War.
B) England's fight for unity in Ireland and Scotland.
C) her support of striking coal miners.
D) an open emigration policy for all former British imperial territories.
E) her support of apartheid in South Africa.
Q2) The German chancellor who sought normalization of relations between East and West Germany was
A) Helmut Kohl.
B) Helmut Schmidt.
C) Konrad Adenauer.
D) Willy Brandt.
E) Angela Merckel.
Q3) The Antiballistic Missile Treaty was intended to
A) check the growth of nuclear weapons.
B) restrict the ownership of nuclear weapons to members of the UN Security Council.
C) outlaw certain types of nuclear weapons.
D) promote disarmament of each side.
E) do all of these.
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Sample Questions
Q1) What was the primary cause of the global economic recession in the late 2000s?
A) Construction of the Common Market
B) The war in Afghanistan
C) Deregulation of the mortgage industry
D) Collapse of the American stock market
E) Implementation of austerity plans
Q2) The area of the world that has seen the greatest increase in the spread of AIDS is
A) India.
B) Indonesia.
C) China.
D) Africa.
E) the United States.
Q3) Putin's authoritarian tendencies are demonstrated best in his treatment of A) the media.
B) dissident pop artists.
C) Chechnya
D) privatization.
E) political opposition
Q4) How did the Visegrád Four's integration in the EU differ from other areas?
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