History of Human Civilization
Final Exam
Course Introduction
History of Human Civilization explores the major events, ideas, cultures, and developments that have shaped societies from prehistoric times to the present day. The course examines the rise and fall of ancient civilizations, the spread of religions and philosophies, significant social and technological innovations, and the interactions between different regions and peoples across the globe. Through the study of key historical periods and turning points, students gain an understanding of how human societies have evolved, how cultural exchanges have influenced progress and conflict, and how past patterns inform the complexities of the modern world.
Recommended Textbook
The World A History Volume 1 2nd Edition by Felipe Armesto
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15 Chapters
768 Verified Questions
768 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Out of the Ice: Peopling the Earth
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Q1) The significance of Zhoukhoudian Cave is A) that it provides early evidence for the use of fire.
B) that it provides evidence that Neanderthals and humans interbred.
C) that it is the earliest site in the New World inhabited by humans.
D) that it provides the earliest evidence for human burial ritual.
Answer: A
Q2) Neanderthals lived alongside Homo sapiens for thousands of years A) and had larger brains than humans.
B) and evidence indicates they interbred with humans.
C) but could not communicate because Neanderthals had smaller brains than Homo sapiens.
D) and are known to have regularly fought one another.
Answer: A
Q3) The San Bushmen of the Kalahari Desert survive mainly on a diet of A) game.
B) root plants.
C) a type of cactus.
D) wheat and millet.
Answer: A
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Out of the Mud: Farming and Herding After the
Ice Age
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Q1) In Africa about 4,500 to 5,000 years ago, agriculture spread to the south from A) Egypt.
B) East Africa.
C) West Africa.
D) None of the above. It arose in southern Africa spontaneously.
Answer: C
Q2) A common element in the political and religious theories of the development of agriculture is a focus on A) feasting.
B) myth.
C) prestige.
D) ceremonies.
Answer: A
Q3) An objection to abundance theory is that
A) agriculture was more likely the consequence of an accident.
B) people would not take on an unnecessarily labor-intensive practice.
C) agriculture was more a cause than a consequence.
D) agriculture was more a consequence than a cause.
Answer: B
Page 4
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Chapter 3: The Great River Valleys: Accelerating Change and Developing States
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Sample Questions
Q1) The Harappan writing that survives mainly
A) cannot be deciphered.
B) relates stories of heroes.
C) was used for religious texts.
D) records law codes.
Answer: A
Q2) Which of the following is not a shared characteristic of all of the early river valley civilizations?
A) participation by citizens in decision-making
B) sacred kingship
C) social hierarchies
D) inhabitants at the disposal of the state
Answer: A
Q3) A civilization is defined as a society that
A) is superior to all others.
B) seeks to dominate its neighbors.
C) seeks to remodel nature to suit human purposes.
D) possesses a complex government and a written language.
Answer: C
Page 5
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Chapter 4: A Succession of Civilizations: Ambition and Instability
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Q1) Early river valley civilizations faced the following common, critical problems, EXCEPT: A) population growth.
B) foreign invaders.
C) illiteracy.
D) communication.
Q2) According to tradition, the Zhou conquered the Shang in a battle fought at Muye in
A) 1045 B.C.E.
B) 1020 B.C.E.
C) 1000 B.C.E.
D) 957 B.C.E.
Q3) What are the similarities and differences between the collapse of the Shang and the collapse of the Hittites?
Q4) What fundamental problems led to the collapse of Harappan civilization?
Q5) What elements are common to the early civilizations of the Andes and Mesoamerica?
Q6) What caused the weakening and collapase of major states in the Eastern Mediterranean at the end of the second millennium B.C.E.?
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Rebuilding the World: Recoveries, New Initiatives, and
Their Limits
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Sample Questions
Q1) Aristotle said that cities originated from A) families.
B) warfare.
C) religious associations.
D) trade.
Q2) What are the two most significant areas of cultural development that arose across Eurasia during the period from 1000 to 500 B.C.E.? What advantages do you think those developments provided to those civilizations?
Q3) How did the reemergence of civilization in China compare with the new societies that developed in the Greek world?
Q4) How did new civilizations arise in Africa and the Americas from 1000 to 500 B.C.E.? What were their similarities and differences?
Q5) The types of crops grown by the peoples of the American Southwest included A) yams.
B) potatoes.
C) sugar.
D) squash.
Page 7
Q6) What new types of technology were developed by the peoples of North America from 1000-500 B.C.E., and what effects did these developments have on their lives?
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Page 8
Chapter 6: The Great Schools
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Q1) What were three key areas in which axial age thinkers put forward new religious concepts?
Q2) What are at least two different examples of networks or schools that stimulated innovation in thought? Only one should be Western.
Q3) Daoist philosophers believed that geometry and mathematics A) were meaningless.
B) were important in understanding underlying realities. C) were dangerous practices that could result in moral collapse. D) were difficult but necessary parts of an education.
Q4) Indian philosophers of the Nyaya School claimed that A) reason existed in human beings naturally and not as a result of any divine force. B) reason was an extraordinary perception that God conferred on people. C) reason was based on the senses and, therefore, was always to be distrusted.
D) reason was an ability to comprehend the world in a manner that made God or gods unnecessary.
Q5) What comparisons can be made between the axial age and the way culture radiates outward from kernel regions in other parts of the world?
Q6) In what ways were Greek, Chinese, and Indian science similar during this period?
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Chapter 7: The Great Empires
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Q1) Which of the following was NOT one of the edicts that Asoka decreed?
A) that all must adhere to Buddhism
B) amnesty for criminals
C) laws that concerned the humane treatment of animals
D) condemnation of all rituals
Q2) The Arthasastra emphasized Asoka's role as
A) a developer of the economy.
B) a war leader.
C) a religious leader.
D) a heroic defender of the country.
Q3) After the conquests of Alexander the Great, the government of the Persian Empire
A) was maintained more or less intact.
B) was changed to a democracy.
C) was changed to a traditional Macedonian monarchy.
D) was transformed into a mix of democracy and monarchy.
Q4) What effect did the acquisition of an empire have on the Roman republican form of government?
Q5) What were shared characteristics of the early large states of Mesoamerica?
Q6) How did Shi Huangdi unite China into an imperial state?
Q7) How did the Persian Empire arise, and how was it governed?
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Chapter 8: Postimperial Worlds: Problems of Empires in
Eurasia and Africa, Ca 200 to 700 Ce
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Q1) During the period from the sixth to eighth centuries C.E., Tibet was
A) a state with no record of agriculture or city-building.
B) a state ruled by god-kings who were also Buddhist monks.
C) weak, with only a small and ineffective military.
D) an expansionist state.
Q2) How was an imperial state reconstituted during the period of the Sui and Tang dynasties in China? What role did steppe nomads play in this process?
Q3) What were the consequences of the rise of Islam as a political and religious movement during the seventh to eighth centuries C.E.?
Q4) With the rise of the Islamic Empire,
A) taxes were raised on everyone.
B) Jews and Christians were forced to convert.
C) paganism was tolerated.
D) women gained the right to initiate divorce.
Q5) In Arabic, Islam means
A) belief in Muhammad.
B) belief in the Quran.
C) way of life.
D) submission.
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Chapter 9: The Rise of World Religions: Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism
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Q1) Which four most contributed to the spread of Islam, Buddhism, and Christianity?
A) elite sponsorship, war, missionaries, and trade
B) war, intermarriage, conversion, and elite sponsorship
C) missionaries, elite sponsorship, culture, and ethics
D) trade, culture, war, and conversion
Q2) One of the primary ways that Buddhism spread into Eastern Asia was through A) trade.
B) war.
C) news of its success.
D) the beauty of Buddhist art.
Q3) Which of the following is NOT common to Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam?
A) They each insist on monotheism.
B) Their founders left no writings of their own.
C) They prohibit forcible conversion.
D) They prohibit killing.
Q4) How did trade influence the spread of Islam, Buddhism, and Christianity across Eurasia?
Q5) What effect did accommodation to local cultures have on the overall unity of Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism?
In Perspective
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Chapter 10: Remaking the World: Innovation and Renewal
on Environmental Frontiers in the Late First Millenium
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Q1) What factors limited the ability of governments to affect the economic development of their countries in this period, even in cases where they succeeded in promoting growth?
Q2) Major items of trade in the West African states of Ghana and Gao were
A) bananas and copper.
B) coffee and sugar.
C) gold and salt.
D) cacao beans and slaves.
Q3) Carvings from the kingdom of Sailendra show the importance of what to its people?
A) Islam and farming
B) sailing and Hinduism
C) agriculture and irrigation
D) Buddhism and sailing
Q4) Why were Islamic rulers interested in promoting new crops and the expansion of settlements?
Q5) What effect did geography have on the transmission of culture and the development of states in the Americas?
Page 13
Q6) What role did Charlemagne play in the expansion of the Christian world?
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Chapter 11: Contending With Isolation: Ca 1000-1200
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Q1) What effect did the connection with the Indian Ocean region have on the development of Ethiopia?
Q2) One of the great revolutions in the art of medieval Europe during the eleventh to twelfth centuries C.E. is
A) the naturalism of the depiction of human figures.
B) the new focus on the portrayal of scenes from classical mythology in churches.
C) the appearance of commoners in religious scenes.
D) the use of new types of oil paints.
Q3) What new invention(s) were introduced into Christian Europe from elsewhere in Eurasia during the Later Middle Ages?
A) windmills
B) ground lenses
C) blast furnaces
D) clocks
Q4) How did geography affect connections within Mesoamerica and between Mesoamerica and the rest of the Americas?
Q5) What economic and cultural effects may be seen in Western Europe because of its relative isolation from the rest of Eurasia?
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Chapter 12: The Nomadic Frontiers: the Islamic World, Byzantium,
and China, Ca 1000-1200
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Q1) In order to provide new territory for a growing population, the Song rulers
A) colonized underpopulated areas to the southwest.
B) conquered territories by military force.
C) sent people to unpopulated regions to the north.
D) purchased lands from neighboring peoples.
Q2) What were the similarities and differences between Byzantine and Islamic relations with steppe nomadic peoples such as the Turks? What were the costs and benefits of each approach? Who threatened their territory?
Q3) The most successful manner in which the Byzantines spread Christianity was through
A) military conquest.
B) bribing states into accepting the faith.
C) threats of military and commercial punishment.
D) diplomacy and missionary activity.
Q4) What was the early relationship between the Islamic world and the Turks of Central Asia? How did they interrelate with one another?
Q5) Why were Turkic warriors not more fully integrated into mainstream Islamic civilization? What costs or dangers did they pose to the Islamic world, despite their zealous military service?
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Chapter 13: The World the Mongols Made
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Q1) Mongol armies did not overrun the Delhi Sultanate during the thirteenth century largely because of
A) defeat in the battle of Herat.
B) a lack of interest in further conquest to the south.
C) respect for the birthplace of Buddhism.
D) internal politics and dissensions.
Q2) What changes did Temujin bring to Mongol society? How did these changes enhance his control of the steppes and the Mongol ability to expand?
Q3) In terms of religion, twelfth-century Mongol communities largely practiced A) Islam.
B) various religions.
C) Christianity.
D) Buddhism and Christianity.
Q4) How did the Mongols affect the development of civilization in China, Persia, Russia, and India? What are two specific ways they had an impact in each of these areas?
Q5) How did the Mongol empire allow a transfer of new ideas and inventions across Eurasia? What are two specific examples of such a transfer?
Q6) How did the Mongols manage and expand trade across the Silk Roads?
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Chapter 14: The Revenge of Nature: Plague, Cold, and the Limits of Disaster in
the Fourteenth Century
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Q1) Discuss some of the difficulties inherent in the identification of diseases that occurred in the past.
Q2) King Hayan Wuruk was referred to by his subjects as A) Shiva incarnate.
B) Muhammad's follower.
C) Christ's blessed.
D) both a and b
Q3) Why were Pacific societies unaffected by the plague and what new developments took place in the Pacific Ocean region during this period?
Q4) Compare the moral and social effects of the plague on European and Muslim societies.
Q5) How was Japan affected by the plague?
Q6) The most important buildings in the city of Chan Chan were the A) kings' tombs.
B) warehouses.
C) palaces.
D) temples.
Q8) How was West Africa affected by the plague? Page 17
Q7) How were India and Southeast Asia affected by the plague?
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Page 18
Chapter 15: Expanding Worlds: Recovery in the Late
Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries
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Q1) The first recorded European contact with Mali was made by A) Italian monks sent by the Pope.
B) English traders.
C) Portuguese explorers.
D) French explorers.
Q2) One of the reasons European maritime empires developed relatively slowly is that
A) the Chinese dominated shipping in the Indian Ocean.
B) global wind patterns made Atlantic navigation difficult.
C) the kingdom of Kongo resisted the efforts of European traders.
D) early attempts at exploration were resisted by the church.
Q3) Why were global maritime trade routes first established by Europeans rather than other powerful groups such as the Chinese?
Q4) Which of the following is NOT one of the consequences of Portuguese contact with the Kingdom of Kongo?
A) Members of the royal family were educated in Portugal.
B) Portuguese traders married members of the royal family.
C) Many slaves were sold to the Portuguese by the Kongolese.
D) Important buildings were constructed in the Portuguese style.
Page 19
Q5) What range of motives impelled Europeans around the world?
In Perspective
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