History of Europe to 1648 Question Bank
Course Introduction
This course explores the political, social, economic, and cultural development of Europe from antiquity through the mid-seventeenth century. Students will examine major events and figures, including the rise and fall of empires, the spread of Christianity, the formation of medieval societies, and the Renaissance and Reformation. Key themes include the transformation of European institutions, interactions with neighboring regions, and the evolution of ideas that shaped European identity and laid the foundations for modern Europe.
Recommended Textbook
Western Civilization 10th Edition by Jackson J. Spielvogel
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30 Chapters
2141 Verified Questions
2141 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Ancient Near East: The First Civilizations
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Sample Questions
Q1) All of the following are consequences of the Neolithic revolution EXCEPT
A)the building of structures for housing and storage.
B)the development of towns and villages dominated by women.
C)the division of labor between men and women.
D)the specialization of labor in certain crafts.
E)the practice of patriarchy.
Answer: B
Q2) All of the following is true of Egyptian serfs EXCEPT
A)they were common people bound to the land.
B)they paid taxes to the king, nobles, and priests.
C)they provided military service.
D)they lived exclusively in Egyptian cities.
E)they provided labor for building projects.
Answer: D
Q3) Hieroglyphs were the sole form of writing in ancient Egypt.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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3
Chapter 2: The Ancient Near East: Peoples and Empires
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements is NOT true of the Chaldean Empire?
A)Babylon was its great central city.
B)It was the longest-lasting of the great Near Eastern empires.
C)The Hanging Gardens was created in its time.
D)The people of the empire welcomed its fall to the Persians.
E)Nebuchadnezzar II was its most successful ruler.
Answer: B
Q2) In Zoroastrianism, the evil spirit was known as A)Avesta.
B)Ahriman.
C)Ahuramazda.
D)Mithra.
E)Vishnu.
Answer: B
Q3) Ahuramazda was the supreme Persian god.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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4
Chapter 3: The Civilization of the Greeks
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Sample Questions
Q1) The Greek polis put primary emphasis on
A)untrammeled private enterprise.
B)cooperation between its citizens for the common welfare.
C)military conquest of neighboring poleis.
D)the protection of its citizens' individual rights.
E)cooperating with neighboring poleis for the common good.
Answer: B
Q2) In classical Athens, male homosexuality
A)after initial toleration became increasingly subject to moral and philosophical attack as a threat to the aristocratic family.
B)was a practice only associated with actors and priests, never gaining public acceptance.
C)was totally outlawed, and practicing homosexuals were publicly executed.
D)became an important subject in many tragic plays.
E)was practiced and tolerated in part as a means by which mature men instructed young males about the masculine world of politics and patronage.
Answer: E
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5
Chapter 4: The Hellenistic World
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Sample Questions
Q1) Philip II planned to defeat the Greek cities by
A)buying their submission.
B)undermining their morale with propaganda.
C)breaking up their hoplite formations with cavalry.
D)wearing them down by pinprick attacks.
E)destroying their walls with heavy cannons.
Q2) Which of the following Hellenistic kingdoms was the largest and controlled much of the old Persian Empire?
A)Antigonid
B)Ptolemaic
C)Seleucid
D)Attalid
E)Hashemite
Q3) Slavery was viewed as abnormal throughout the Hellenistic world.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What were the major philosophies of the Hellenistic period? How did they differ from the philosophies of Classical Greece?
Q5) Did women's lives improve during the Hellenistic Era? Why or why not?
Q6) Why did Alexander of Macedonia's empire not last beyond his lifetime?
Page 6
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Chapter 5: The Roman Republic
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Sample Questions
Q1) Tiberius Gracchus ran for tribune in 133 B.C.E.on a program of
A)punishing corrupt Roman officials in the provinces.
B)cracking down on drugs and prostitution in Rome.
C)freeing the slaves.
D)war against Ptolemaic Egypt.
E)providing farms to landless farmers.
Q2) The Roman senator who led the movement for the complete destruction of Carthage was A)Cato.
B)Scipio.
C)Marius.
D)Pliny the Elder.
E)Sulla.
Q3) In Roman household cults, Janus was
A)the spirit of the doorway.
B)the goddess of the harvest.
C)the spirit of the storehouse.
D)the spirit of mischief.
E)the goddess of childbirth.
Q4) Was Julius Caesar a man of the common people, or was he a tyrant in the making?
Page 7
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Chapter 6: The Roman Empire
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Q1) The Aeneid is a poem about
A)the founding of Rome.
B)the Punic Wars.
C)the joys of farming.
D)freedom and liberty.
E)Christian justice.
Q2) Which of the following statements was true of Augustan society?
A)Popular assemblies of the lower classes continually grew in importance.
B)Legislation was passed concerning the corruption of morals.
C)Equestrians achieved complete dominance in the political sphere.
D)Religion was no longer considered important.
E)The city of Rome, including the Colosseum, was entirely rebuilt.
Q3) The "terrible third century" was made terrible by all of the following EXCEPT
A)ignorance of military affairs by the Severan rulers.
B)civil wars.
C)a series of natural disasters.
D)serious inflation and devaluation of coinage.
E)Germanic invasions.
Q4) Compare and contrast the second century and the third century C.E.in the Roman Empire.
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Late Antiquity and the Emergence of the Medieval World
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Q1) The Council of Nicaea in 325
A)first organized a system of bishoprics.
B)elected the first pope.
C)defined Christ as being "of the same substance" as God.
D)centered around the heresy of Donatism.
E)was condemned by Constantine.
Q2) The famous Hagia Sophia is recognizable by
A)a large dome, symbolizing the sphere of heaven.
B)massive columns, symbolizing the power of the state.
C)high spires, symbolizing aspiration to the divine.
D)statues of monsters and snakes, representing the underworld.
E)a simple flat roof, symbolizing the temple of Solomon.
Q3) Augustine's Confessions was written as
A)a response to pagan philosophers' attacks on Christianity.
B)a warning to unbelievers that damnation awaited the unbaptized.
C)an epic poem to rival the works of the greatest pagan poets.
D)an account of his own miraculous personal conversion.
E)a tool to convert the German barbarians.
Q4) What religious and non-religious factors account for the rapid spread of Islam from Arabia to Spain in the West and across the Persian Empire in the east?
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Chapter 8: European Civilization in the Early Middle Ages, 750-1000
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Sample Questions
Q1) The Swedish Vikings-the Varangians-became assimilated with which of the following groups?
A)Magyars
B)Czechs
C)Armenians
D)Bulgars
E)Slavs
Q2) Among Otto I's more successful actions that clearly benefited the kingship of Germany was
A)his creation and effective government of a new "Roman Empire" with the aid of the eastern Slavs.
B)refusing to employ high church officials as royal administrators.
C)defeat of the Magyars at the battle of Lechfeld in 955 and Christianization of eastern Europe.
D)his conversion to Orthodox Christianity.
E)All of these are correct.
Q3) How did Viking raids and settlements impact the development of medieval Europe?
Q4) Was European civilization from 750 to 1000 characterized more by continuity or change?
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Chapter 9: The Recovery and Growth of European Society
in the High Middle Ages
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Q1) The Gothic style of architecture emerged and was perfected in A)England.
B)the Netherlands.
C)Spain.
D)Sweden.
E)France.
Q2) Which of the following was NOT a consequence of the higher food prices caused by growing demand for agricultural produce in towns and cities?
A)Lords sought to grow more food for profit on their estates.
B)Many serfs were no longer legally tied to the land and were converted into free peasants.
C)Almost all peasants gained complete economic independence from their lords.
D)Labor services were often converted into monetary payments or fixed rents.
E)All of these are correct.
Q3) The word "vernacular" means
A)church language.
B)myth.
C)ribald song.
D)local language.
E)Latin.
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Chapter 10: The Rise of Kingdoms and the Growth of Church Power
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Q1) By the reign of Pope Innocent III (1198-1216), papal power was weakening throughout most of Europe, as exemplified by King Philip Augustus's refusal to restore his wife as queen of France.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The papal inquisition, or the Holy Office, a church court designed to try and punish heretics,
A)accepted accusations of heresy against anyone.
B)often utilized Cistercian monks as inquisitors.
C)turned those deemed guilty over to religious authorities for execution.
D)forbade the use of torture.
E)All of these are correct.
Q3) The Church taught that purgatory was
A)a place where the soul was purified through punishment before admission to heaven.
B)a type of hell reserved for the worst sinners.
C)similar to the Greek's concept of an afterlife.
D)a fabulous place where saints dwelled.
E)a heresy.
Q4) Second Crusade
Page 12
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Chapter 11: The Later Middle Ages: Crisis and Disintegration in the
Fourteenth Century
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Q1) It is estimated that famine in the early fourteenth century killed 35 percent of the European population.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Postplague socioeconomic relations between rich and poor in Europe
A)improved noticeably as Christians sought to make peace with one another to please an angry God.
B)did not alter from their preplague character.
C)deteriorated because a surplus of workers resulted in a dramatic downturn in wages.
D)improved radically as the economy entered into a period of sustained prosperity.
E)got much worse as the positions of landlords deteriorated, and they sought to limit the gains of the peasants.
Q3) The bubonic plague caused great mortality in Italy but had relatively limited impact on the rest of Europe.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What were the greatest short-term and long-term consequences of the Black Death?
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Chapter 12: Recovery and Rebirth: the Age of the Renaissance
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Q1) The Medicis dominated the politics of Florence in the fifteenth century.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella
A)reorganized the military forces of Spain.
B)expelled all professed Jews from Spain.
C)conquered the last Muslim kingdom of Granada.
D)filled their royal council with middle-class lawyers instead of aristocrats.
E)All of these are correct.
Q3) The sultan responsible for the capture of Constantinople in 1453 was A)Ali.
B)Murad III.
C)Lazar I.
D)Mehmet II.
E)Ibrahim Pasha.
Q4) In writing The Prince, Niccolo Machiavelli used Cesare Borgia, the son of Pope Alexander VI, as the model prince that others should imitate.
A)True
B)False
Page 14
Q5) How did the artistic Renaissance differ in Italy and northern Europe?
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Chapter 13: Reformation and Religious Warfare in the
Sixteenth Century
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Q1) Victory over the Spanish Armada at the end of the sixteenth century was achieved by A)France.
B)the Holy Roman Empire.
C)England.
D)the Ottoman Empire.
E)the Netherlands.
Q2) At its outset, the Reformation in Germany was
A)a purely rural phenomenon.
B)largely an urban phenomenon.
C)a movement with strong urban and rural backing.
D)unilaterally rejected by the clergy.
E)restricted to southern Germany alone.
Q3) What was Christian humanism, and how did it help prepare the way for the Protestant Reformation? Did Erasmus' works pave the way for Luther's break with Rome and Catholicism? How?
Q4) The concept of a "priesthood of all believers" is associated with the religious reformer Ignatius of Loyola.
A)True
B)False
15
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1500-1800
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Q1) Between the sixteenth and the nineteenth centuries, the number of African slaves shipped to the New World is estimated at
A)one million.
B)two million.
C)five million.
D)ten million.
E)twenty-five million.
Q2) The most famous map projection in history is
A)the portolani.
B)Ptolemy's Geography.
C)that of Gerardus Mercator.
D)Galileo's The Starry Messenger.
E)dead-reckoning.
Q3) Tokugawa Ieyasu established the longest-lasting of the Japanese shogunates, which retained power from the early sixteenth century until 1868.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What role did religion play as a motivation in the age of discovery? Was it as important a motive as economics? Give examples.
Page 16
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Chapter 15: State Building and the Search for Order in the
Seventeenth Century
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Q1) Why were women the prevalent victims of Europe's witch craze?
Q2) John Locke was responsible for
A)writing the Petition of Right B)authoring Leviathan.
C)the Instrument of Government.
D)a political work called Two Treatises of Government.
E)All of these are correct.
Q3) Baroque art
A)was a revolt against the ideals of the Italian Renaissance.
B)attempted to blend the feelings of the religious reformations with classical Renaissance art.
C)was very similar to the French Impressionists of a later period.
D)was eclectic, featuring elements of Renaissance, medieval, and Mannerist art.
E)was a rejection of neo-classicism.
Q4) Define absolutism.To what extent can France's government in the seventeenth century be labeled an absolute monarchy?
Q5) The witchcraft hysteria primarily targeted young, married women. A)True B)False
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Sample Questions
Q1) Galileo's idea that a body in motion continues in motion unless deflected by an external force is called the principle of
A)planetary motion.
B)gravity.
C)displacement.
D)universal mechanics.
E)inertia.
Q2) Unlike many Protestants, the Catholic Church did not denounce and condemn the theories of Copernicus until the works of Galileo appeared over seventy-five years later.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Concerning Galileo and his ideas, the Catholic Church
A)reluctantly agreed to his theories.
B)turned him over to the Papal Curia to serve as a principal secretary.
C)allowed Galileo six months to change his mind, during which he escaped to England to continue his work.
D)forced Galileo to recant them in a trial before the Inquisition.
E)turned him over to the authorities of the Holy Roman Emperor to be tortured.
Q4) How was the new scientific knowledge spread in the seventeenth century?
Page 18
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Chapter 17: The Eighteenth Century: An Age of Enlightenment
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Q1) What were the major ideas of Jean-Jacques Rousseau? In what ways were Rousseau's ideas unique, differing from those of his predecessors?
Q2) Who said that individuals would be forced to be free if they did not obey the general will?
A)Baron Paul d'Holbach
B)Jean-Jacques Rousseau
C)Denis Diderot
D)Francois Quesnay
E)Voltaire
Q3) A less brutal approach to justice and punishment in the eighteenth century is associated with A)Voltaire.
B)Diderot.
C)Montesquieu.
D)Hume.
E)Beccaria.
Q4) Compare and contrast the contributions of the French philosophes and Britain's Enlightenment figures.How do they differ, if they do, and why?
Q5) John Wesley and Methodism
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Chapter 18: The Eighteenth Century: European States, International Wars, and Social Change
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Q1) The enlightened legal reforms expressed by Catherine the Great in her Instruction
A)succeeded in abolishing serfdom in all of Russia.
B)succeeded in establishing an equal system of law for all Russian citizens.
C)instigated changes in Russian government that sapped the power of the old nobility.
D)accomplished little due to heavy opposition and were soon forgotten.
E)abolished three-fourths of the Russian army.
Q2) A key financial innovation of the eighteenth century was
A)the creation of insurance policies.
B)the circulation of paper banknotes compensating for a lack of coinage.
C)the establishment of a new international currency to facilitate trade.
D)deficit spending by enlightened monarchs to pay for vital government reforms.
E)the increased use of bullion in preference to less reliable paper money.
Q3) By the eighteenth century, the Dutch Republic
A)established a system of male democracy.
B)saw the power of the oligarchy considerably reduced.
C)continued its great economic prosperity of the sixteenth century.
D)suffered a decline in economic prosperity.
E)permanently expelled the House of Orange.
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Chapter 19: A Revolution in Politics: The Era of the French Revolution and Napoleon
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Q1) The Third Estate was composed of all of the following EXCEPT A)shopkeepers.
B)peasants.
C)the unemployed.
D)skilled craftsmen.
E)the lower aristocrats.
Q2) In considering the revolutionary era, which of the following is NOT true?
A)The French Revolution was less complex, less violent, and far less radical than the American Revolution.
B)The American Revolution proved in the long run to be far less important in Europe than the French Revolution.
C)The French Revolution provided a model of revolution for Europe.
D)The American Revolution proved to many Europeans that the ideas of the Enlightenment were more than utopian ideals.
E)The French Revolution has been considered the political movement that inaugurated the modern political world.
Q3) Was the French Revolution caused by long-term problems, short-term crises, or both?
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Chapter 20: The Industrial Revolution and Its Impact on European Society
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Q1) Urbanization in the first half of the nineteenth century
A)was more dramatic for the Continent than Great Britain.
B)caused over fifty percent of the Russian population to live in cities by 1850.
C)was a phenomenon directly tied to industrialization.
D)accounted for widespread poverty in rural areas of Europe.
E)reduced the cost of the central governments.
Q2) Which of the following statements best applies to urban life in the early nineteenth century?
A)Government intervention prevented consumer fraud and food adulteration.
B)A tremendous decline in urban death rates accounted for the increased population of most large cities.
C)Lower-class family dwellings were on the whole much better than in the countryside.
D)Filthy sanitary conditions were exacerbated by the city authorities' slow response to take responsibility for public health.
E)Modern urban planning began in the city of London in the 1850s.
Q3) How are changes in population growth and the development of urbanization related to the Industrial Revolution?
Q4) What attitudes and lifestyle defined the new industrial middle class?
Page 22
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Chapter 21: Reaction, Revolution, and Romanticism,
1815-1850
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Q1) The early socialist who advocated a system of cooperative communities called phalansteries was
A)Flora Tristian.
B)Robert Owen.
C)Louis Blanc.
D)Charler Fourier.
E)the comte de Saint-Simón.
Q2) Giuseppe Garibaldi founded the organization Young Italy.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Johann Wolfgang von Werther's The Sorrows of Young Werther served as an important model for Romantic writers.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Britain's New Poor Law of 1834 established workhouses for the unemployed where the living conditions were designed to be intentionally miserable and cruel so that people would be encouraged to leave the workhouse and find employment.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 22: An Age of Nationalism and Realism, 1850-1871
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Q1) The nineteenth century composer associated with the concept of the Gesamtkunstwerk ("total art work") was
A)Brahms.
B)Beethoven.
C)Liszt.
D)Mozart.
E)Wagner.
Q2) Among the key political consequences of Disraeli's Reform Act of 1867 was
A)the outbreak of mass strikes by industrial workers in Britain.
B)a large increase in the number of voters and tighter organization of Liberal and Conservative political parties.
C)the emergence of female suffrage movements in other European countries inspired by extension of the vote to British women.
D)the freeing of the last British serfs on northern landed estates.
E)the incorporation of India into the British Empire.
Q3) What reasons does the author give to convince the reader that Continental industrialization came of age between 1850 and 1871? How did Continental industrialization differ from that of Britain?
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Chapter 23: Mass Society in an Age of Progress, 1871-1894
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Q1) Which of the following statements best applies to Austria-Hungary before World War I?
A)Both Austria and Hungary had working parliamentary systems.
B)The Magyars dominated politics in Austria under Emperor William II.
C)The nationality problem remained unresolved.
D)Prime minister Count Edward von Taafe was ousted in 1893 by the Slavic minorities for his failure to make concessions to them.
E)By 1900 it had become a federal state, with seven different constitutional regions enjoying domestic self-rule.
Q2) The upper classes in the late nineteenth century included all of the following EXCEPT A)the landed aristocracy.
B)the professional classes, including lawyers, doctors, and engineers.
C)the upper middle classes.
D)wealthy upper middle classes.
E)industrial plutocrats.
Q3) What characteristics are exhibited by mass society in the later nineteenth century, and how did the urban environment shape those characteristics?
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1894-1914
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Q1) To advance the cause of women's suffrage, the Women's Social and Political Union founded by Emmeline Pankhurst and her daughters
A)took a moderate approach to the problem seeking to demonstrate first that women were intelligent and could use political power wisely if given the vote.
B)took a conservative approach to the problem and strongly recommended that only upper-class and educated women be considered as potential voters.
C)took a radical, public, and well publicized approach to the movement, employing different media and provocative public actions, like pelting male politicians with eggs.
D)considered the political situation of women in Europe to be hopeless and advised women seeking the vote to move to other countries, like the U.S., where the chances of gaining political equality were greater.
E)formed a peaceful alliance with Britain's Communist Party.
Q2) How do the philosophical trends of the late nineteenth century compare to the same era's artistic achievements?
Q3) What were some of the underlying causes for the Great War that broke out in 1914?
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War and Revolution
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Q1) As public morale and support for the war ebbed
A)workers' strikes became less frequent as they were brutally repressed.
B)the liberal French government under Clemenceau found it impossible to end internal dissent.
C)propaganda posters and weapons became less important.
D)police powers were expanded to include the arrest of all dissenters as traitors to the state.
E)politicians attempted to end the war short of total victory.
Q2) As early as July 28, 1914, European diplomats were becoming incapable of slowing a rush toward war mainly because
A)European kings, tsars, and emperors were too bent on war to heed their advice.
B)the complex, rigid, and demanding mobilization plans devised by European army generals made immediate military action essential.
C)ordinary people everywhere went to the polls and voted for immediate opening of the war on all fronts.
D)European industrialists, seeking to profit from mass destruction, induced the politicians they owned through bribery to push declarations of war through all European legislatures.
E)the slowness of communications in a pre-computer era.
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Chapter 26: The Futile Search for Stability: Europe Between
the Wars 1919-1939
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Q1) The totalitarian regimes of Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union
A)pursued vastly different foreign policies.
B)held each other in disdain.
C)hoped to control every aspect of their citizens' lives.
D)retained power due to the charisma of their leaders.
E)established a formal alliance directed against laissez-faire liberal capitalism.
Q2) The United States joined the League of Nations but refused to abide by its decisions and so had its membership revoked in 1922.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Other than the Great War having ended, about what was there to be hopeful as the 1920s dawned?
Q4) Which one of the following did NOT characterize the weakness of the League of Nations?
A)the failure of the United States to join.
B)U.S.determination to be less involved in European affairs.
C)U.S.determination to be more involved in European affairs.
D)economic sanctions as the League's sole weapon.
E)failure of the League to reprimand member states for acts of aggression.
Page 28
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Chapter 27: The Deepening of the European Crisis: World
War II
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Sample Questions
Q1) Hitler's "Final Solution" to the Jewish problem called for
A)the extermination of all European Jews.
B)the forced deportation of the Jews to Madagascar.
C)the resettlement of Jews in ghettos, isolated from other Europeans.
D)breeding "Jewish genes" out of the Jewish population itself.
E)the expulsion of the Jews from Germany and the rest of Central Europe.
Q2) The policy adopted by Neville Chamberlain at Munich in 1938 in response to Hitler's demand for Czechoslovakia's Sudetenland is known as "appeasement."
A)True
B)False
Q3) At the Battle of Stalingrad
A)Stalin's forces suffered their most devastating defeat.
B)Hitler demonstrated the unstoppable force of Blitzkrieg.
C)Hitler realized that he could not defeat the Soviet Union.
D)the United States made a significant contribution to the defense of a key Soviet city.
E)Germany and the Soviet Union were unable to defeat one another and quietly withdrew their forces to meet another day.
Q4) Who bears responsibility for the enactment of the "Final Solution"?
Page 29
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Chapter 28: Cold War and a New Western World 1945-1965
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Sample Questions
Q1) By 1950 Western Europe saw the political comeback of A)Communist parties.
B)socialist parties.
C)monarchists.
D)moderate political parties.
E)Fascists.
Q2) As president of France, Charles de Gaulle's position in the Cold War was to A)closely align France with the Warsaw Pact nations.
B)make France the "third" nuclear power and pursue a largely independent political course.
C)let American policy guide France and other European nations.
D)make France the leading European power in NATO.
E)join the non-aligned third-world nations.
Q3) The first area of conflict in the unfolding of the Cold War was A)Scandinavia.
B)Western Europe.
C)North Africa.
D)Eastern Europe.
E)East Asia.
Q4) In what ways were Khrushchev's policies a departure from those of Stalin?
Page 30
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Chapter 29: Protest and Stagnation: The Western World
1965-1985
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Sample Questions
Q1) Under the Brezhnev Doctrine
A)the Soviet Union promised to clean up its international reputation.
B)the Soviets attempted to roll back capitalism everywhere.
C)more political freedoms were granted at home.
D)the Eastern bloc countries were set free from Moscow's control.
E)the Soviets declared the right of intervention if a socialist state were threatened.
Q2) The author of The Feminine Mystique who was also a founder of the National Organization of Women was
A)Rachel Carson.
B)Betty Ford.
C)Simone Beauvoir.
D)Kathleen Windsor.
E)Betty Friedan.
Q3) Small Is Beautiful is a fundamental critique of the dangers of
A)the Cold War.
B)modern feminism.
C)popular culture.
D)science and technology.
E)Communism.
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Chapter 30: After the Fall: The Western World in a Global Age
Since 1985
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Q1) Which of the following artists was a Neo-Expressionist?
A)Jean-Michael Basquiat
B)Pablo Picasso
C)Jackson Pollock
D)Andy Warhol
E)Allan Kaprow
Q2) Bosnians, Croatians, and Serbs met in Dayton, Ohio, in 1995 and
A)for the first time, truly unified Yugoslavia.
B)negotiated an end to the war in Bosnia.
C)were unable to come to an accord on any policy matters.
D)agreed to adhere to the Geneva Accords as their multi-party conflict raged on.
E)agreed to join the European Community.
Q3) How have terrorism and the war on terrorism suggested the advent of a "clash of civilizations"?
Q4) All of the following are true of Pope John Paul II EXCEPT
A)being the first non-Italian pope since the sixteenth century.
B)holding liberal views on birth control and women in the priesthood.
C)condemning nuclear weapons and war.
D)being a strong believer in social justice.
E)traveling widely.
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