History of Early Modern Europe Test
Preparation
Course Introduction
This course explores the transformative period of European history from the late Middle Ages to the dawn of the modern era, roughly spanning the 15th to the 18th centuries. Students will examine key political, cultural, religious, and economic changes, such as the Renaissance, Reformation, Scientific Revolution, and the Age of Exploration. Through analysis of primary and secondary sources, the course investigates the rise of nation-states, the impact of technological innovations, shifts in social structures, and the complex interplay between tradition and change. By understanding the major events and movements of early modern Europe, students gain insight into the foundations of contemporary European society and global interactions.
Recommended Textbook Making Europe The Story of the West 2nd Edition by Frank L. Kidner
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Origins of Western Civilization in the Ancient
Near East,3000-1200 BCE
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Q1) The gods in Sumeria were characterized by A) numeric rank.
B) nature elements.
C) alphabetical order.
D) both numeric rank and nature elements.
E) none of these.
Answer: D
Q2) Minoan religion differs from Mesopotamian by its use of A) human sacrifice.
B) cult objects.
C) strict separation of church and state.
D) anthropomorphic gods.
E) public rituals expected of all society.
Answer: B
Q3) Mycenaeans were better defended than Minoans.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Q1) How did Cyrus' reign come to an end?
A) He died of old age.
B) He passed the throne to his son, Cambyses.
C) He was killed conquering Athens.
D) He died in battle with Queen Tomyris.
E) He fell on his sword while getting off his horse.
Answer: D
Q2) The Assyrian King responsible for the conquest of Jerusalem and Judah was
A) Tilget-Pilesar.
B) Sennacherib.
C) Sargon II.
D) Nebuchadnezzar.
E) Ashurbanipal.
Answer: B
Q3) The strongest support for conservative monotheism was in Judah.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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4
Chapter 3: The Rise of Greek Civilization,1100-387 BCE
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Q1) The focus of the Greek economy during the Dark Ages was
A) the production of pottery.
B) metallurgy based in copper.
C) subsistence agriculture.
D) spice production.
E) the slave trade.
Answer: C
Q2) Who was the interested third party who provided financial assistance to the Spartan side during the Peloponnesian War?
A) the Sicilians
B) the Persians
C) the Corinthians
D) the Romans
E) the Ionians
Answer: B
Q3) Peisistratus initiated democracy in Athens.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 4: From Polis To Cosmopolis: The Hellenistic
World,387-30 BCE
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Q1) The Seleucid kingdom was the least organized and hardest to control of Alexander's conquests.
A)True
B)False
Q2) From the more Hellenistic perspective,analyze the transition in the Greek world from polis to cosmopolis.
Q3) Merchants in the Hellenistic area opened trade for the first time with which area?
A) Arabia
B) Africa
C) India
D) China
E) All of these
Q4) Which of the following is not a method used by Alexander to integrate his empire?
A) Adoption of Persian style of dress.
B) Using Persian styles of administration with non-Greeks as bureaucrats.
C) Unifying his army by teaching non-Greeks the Macedonian style of fighting.
D) Imposing Greek religion throughout his empire.
E) All of these were used.
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Chapter 5: The Rise of Rome,753-27 BCE
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Q1) What did the concept pax decorum mean?
A) The government law was ranked higher than religious law.
B) Peace treaties had to be approved by the temple officials.
C) Religious festivals must be held with solemnity and dignity
D) The government functioned according to religious law
E) The chief consul was anointed by the pontifex maximus.
Q2) What was the primary duty of the consuls in the Senate?
A) to oversee the census
B) to appoint new senators
C) to introduce laws to the Senate
D) to lead the legion in war
E) to oversee the administration of justice
Q3) The term of a consul,elected from the people,was for two years.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Celts were best known for their fighting style,which contrasted greatly with the Romans' fighting style.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Why is the second of the Punic Wars considered an epic?
Page 7
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Q1) All of the following factors contributed to the growth of trade and the Roman economy except
A) improved roads.
B) ease of water transportation.
C) little crime or piracy.
D) low tolls on roads or at ports.
E) stabilized value of the denarius.
Q2) For most Romans,participation in the imperial cult was considered
A) a political act.
B) an essential part of religious worship.
C) one more god in a polytheistic culture.
D) blasphemy.
E) none of these.
Q3) How did the rule of Severus change from previous emperors?
A) He eliminated rivals for power and exiled them to far-flung provinces.
B) He appointed military commanders as proconsuls to ensure loyalty of both administrators and military.
C) He granted citizenship to the areas he conquered to quell violence.
D) He launched a war against the Celtic tribes in the north.
E) He abandoned the pretense of sharing power with the Senate.
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Chapter 7: Late Antiquity,284-527
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Q1) Along with moving the capital to Constantinople,Constantine built all of the following except
A) Hagia Sophia
B) the Hippodrome
C) Senate Forum.
D) the Church of Saint John the Lateran
E) Constantine's Arch.
Q2) The Church of the Holy Sepulcher was founded by Constantine's mother,Helen.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What role did the coloni play in the Late Empire? How did their social standing change,and was the change entirely negative?
Q4) The most influential philosophy of Late Antiquity,stressing leaving behind one's earthly existence to attain a higher level of consciousness,was called
A) Zen Buddhism.
B) Stoicism.
C) Neoplatonism.
D) Monophysitism.
E) meditation.
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Chapter
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Q1) After 750,the Abbasid caliphate had its capital in
A) Damascus.
B) Antioch.
C) Baghdad.
D) Cordoba.
E) Toledo.
Q2) What were the effects of the bubonic plague in the mid-sixth century?
Q3) What limitations or opportunities did Islam provide for women in this time period?
Q4) A significant factor that helped create a sense of unity within the Muslim world was
A) the emphasis on business and trade for the economy.
B) the universality of the Arabic language.
C) centralized rule under one leader.
D) continuity of Roman law.
E) adherence to Muslim codes of conduct.
Q5) Which was the most impressive of Justinian's accomplishments?
Q6) What are the origins of the Shiite and Sunni sects?
Q7) What evidence can you point to for a decline in the middle Byzantine period?
Q8) What role did Christianity play in Rus?
Page 10
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Chapter 9: The Kingdoms of Western Europe,500-1000
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Q1) To ensure the smooth transition of authority after him,Charlemagne employed what means of succession?
A) He had his only surviving son crown himself as co-emperor.
B) He wrote an explicit cartulary that designated his heir and second choice.
C) He authored the Treaty of Verdun.
D) He divided his territory among his sons but bestowed the title of Holy Roman Emperor on the oldest son.
E) He allowed the pope to choose the next successor.
Q2) The Divine Office was a term for the religious aspirations held by a person entering a monastery.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Saracen/Muslim attacks around the Mediterranean from their base in Spain had no effect on maritime trade.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What criteria allowed bishops to become so powerful? What were their areas of authority and related duties?
Q5) Explain the significance of the Treaty of Verdun.
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Chapter 10: The High Middle Ages,1000-1300
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Q1) Gothic architecture made much greater use of stained glass than Romanesque style.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Eleanor of Aquitaine was an exception to which rule about noble women in Western Europe?
A) She was not Roman Christian.
B) She refused to marry for political alliances.
C) She established a career as an abbotess.
D) She inherited large amounts of land.
E) She was crowned as co-ruler with Henry II.
Q3) The scholar who angered the church through his attempts to reconcile logic and faith was
A) Absolom.
B) Abelard.
C) Anselm.
D) Augustine.
E) Aquinas.
Q4) How did the rise of commercialism in Western Europe affect labor specialization?
Q5) What was accomplished by the Crusades? Would you rate them as successful or not?
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Chapter 11: Reversals and Disasters,1300-1450
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Q1) All of the following were reasons for the laity's dissatisfaction with the church except A) the opulence of the papacy.
B) the emphasis on raising money
C) contested claims of higher authority than secular rulers.
D) sought-after positions within the church which generated income.
E) lack of secular participation in selecting a new pope.
Q2) What factors made the fourteenth century seem much more precarious than the thirteenth century?
Q3) Compare the causes and effects of the peasant revolts of the fourteenth century.
Q4) The Byzantine Empire fell in 1453 to the forces of
A) Mehmed, ruler of the Ottomans.
B) Timur, ruler of the Persians.
C) Genghis, ruler of the Mongols.
D) Bayzid, the sultan.
E) the Abbasid caliphate.
Q5) What were the economic effects of the Black Death on western Europe at this time?
Q6) Discuss the treatment of Jews in Europe in the Middle Ages,and contrast it with the treatment of Jews in the Ottoman Empire.
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Chapter 12: The Renaissance in Italy and Northern
Europe,1350-1550
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Q1) The study of ancient texts to support Florence's republican government came from A) bibliophiles.
B) the Byzantine aristocracy.
C) guild masters.
D) civic humanists.
E) church scholars.
Q2) One of the main ways families in the fifteenth century could demonstrate their wealth and status was through
A) patronage of the arts.
B) donations to a church.
C) sending their sons to universities.
D) buying material goods for decoration.
E) going on a pilgrimage.
Q3) What is the meaning of Christian humanism? What were the goals of its adherents,and what did they accomplish?
Q4) How was the image of chivalric tradition transmitted in the fifteenth century,and to what purpose?
Q5) What was the political structure of the Italian states during the Renaissance?
Q6) Trace the shift in dynastic politics in England in the fifteenth century.
Q7) What problems did the papacy confront during the Renaissance period? Page 14
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Chapter 13: Europes Age of Expansion, 1450 1550
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Q1) Why did serfdom in Western Europe disappear after the fourteenth century?
A) Labor was scarce.
B) New laws converted serfs to peasants.
C) The Church declared serfdom a sin.
D) There was a large rise in slavery to replace serfdom.
E) Agriculture was no longer the primary economic model in western Europe.
Q2) How did Francis I create a unified and centralized kingdom of France in the sixteenth century?
Q3) When Charles V abdicated in 1556,he divided his territories between his son and his brother.His brother Ferdinand received territory in which area?
A) Spain
B) The Netherlands
C) Italy
D) Austria
E) The Americas
Q4) What was the driving purpose behind exploration in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries?
Q5) Explain the emergence of Spain as a unified and strong kingdom focused on Christianity under the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella.
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Chapter
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Q1) In what ways did the new Protestant churches allow greater participation by their congregations than Catholicism? How is this a reaction to the fusion of political and religious authority of the time?
Q2) Martin Luther's challenge to the church was largely over his objection to A) indulgences.
B) the concept of transubstantiation.
C) whether naturally sinful humans could choose to do good works.
D) the idea that priests were free of sin and thus able to offer sacraments.
E) any Biblical requirement of communion.
Q3) Most Calvinists in France were from which of the following backgrounds?
A) poor peasants.
B) wealthy tradesmen.
C) urban middle class.
D) nobility.
E) underground Lutherans.
Q4) Analyze the intentions and effects of the missionary movement overseas within the Catholic Church.
Q5) Luther retained marriage as one of the necessary sacraments within Lutheranism.
A)True
B)False
Page 17
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Chapter 15: A Century of Crisis,1550-1650
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Q1) French colonization in the Americas was first found in which area?
A) Newfoundland
B) Quebec
C) Louisiana
D) Florida
E) The Caribbean
Q2) How were the Wars of Religion from the Protestant Reformation renewed in Europe in the Seventeenth Century?
Q3) Analyze the causes of the English civil war.Why was it ultimately resolved with the restoration?
Q4) Among the New World crops brought back to Europe,which became a staple crop in northern Europe?
A) maize
B) potatoes
C) rice
D) wheat
E) beans
Q5) The majority of the accused in witchcraft trials were older,single women.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 16: State-Building and the European State
System,1648-1789
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Q1) The Seven Years' War was fought in North America.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In the 1670s,the English Parliament was controlled by which faction?
A) Anglicans
B) Catholics
C) Puritans
D) Dissenters
E) None of these
Q3) Why was Louis XIV called the Sun King?
A) Because he viewed his place in the universe as equivalent to the sun in importance
B) Because he utilized the metaphor of sun and moon to place, respectively, the state and the church in ranking
C) Because the nobility believed he was "God's grace shining on France like the sun."
D) Because he deliberately chose Apollo as the symbol of Versailles and himself
E) Because he considered the sun part of his realm
Q4) Explain the rise of Prussia as a political entity in eighteenth-century Europe.
Q5) Why is Peter the Great seen as the modernizer of Russia?
Page 19
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Chapter 17: The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment,1550-1790
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Q1) Montesquieu's Spirit of the Laws proposed that
A) people must be ruled by enlightened kings.
B) the best government for France would be a republic.
C) there is no one form of government that is universally preferable.
D) a government can serve the needs of the people only through the establishment of a mutually understood constitution.
E) a social contract cannot be understood by people without an education.
Q2) The venues where men could interact socially in a more inclusive environment were A) taverns.
B) Masonic lodges.
C) gentlemen's clubs.
D) athletic events.
E) coffeehouses.
Q3) All of the following ideas are associated with John Locke except
A) the chief purpose of government was to protect private property rights.
B) people are born without innate ideas.
C) absolutism is the best form of government.
D) human understanding comes through our experiences.
E) the concept of a social contract.
Page 20
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Chapter 18: Trade and Empire,1700-1800
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Q1) The Gordon Riots in London focused on the destruction of Catholic establishments and homes.
A)True
B)False
Q2) "Laissez faire" meant that the government should not interfere in the economy.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Women in Paris could be found working in all these professions except A) clothes washing.
B) servants.
C) seamstresses.
D) architects.
E) merchants in the stalls of outdoor markets.
Q4) One of Britain's most expedient methods of dealing with petty crime and felons was exile to Australia.
A)True
B)False
Q5) How did economic competition and political dissatisfaction lead to the American Revolution?
Q6) How did the putting-out system transform commercial manufacturing?
Page 21
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Chapter 19: Revolutionary France and Napoleonic
Europe,1775-1815
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Q1) Discuss the first constitution presented by the National Assembly in 1791.To whom did this document this appeal? Who found it unsatisfactory and why?
Q2) In the social orders of France,the First Estate represented the A) army.
B) nobility.
C) merchants.
D) clergy.
E) common workers.
Q3) What was the Bastille?
A) A medieval fortress that served as a prison
B) A dungeon where political prisoners were tortured
C) The king's palace in Paris, when he was not at Versailles
D) The tennis court where the National Assembly was meeting
E) A supply depot where grain and foodstuffs were stored
Q4) To organize his conquered territory,Napoleon used
A) sister republics.
B) satellite kingdoms.
C) allied vassal states called duchies.
D) an extended network of prefects.
E) appointments by proxy.
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Chapter 20: Restoration and Reform: Conservative and Liberal
Europe,1814-1847
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Q1) John Stuart Mill wrote in support of women being recognized as equal in intelligence and political understanding to men.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Compare the uses of nationalism as a means to foster unification in German and Italy in the nineteenth century.
Q3) Greek independence was finally resolved in 1830 with the diplomatic support of
A) England and Prussia.
B) France and England.
C) France and Russia.
D) Russia and Prussia.
E) Austria and Prussia.
Q4) Liberalism advocated voting rights for all of the following except A) property owners.
B) people of moderate education.
C) women.
D) bourgeoisie.
E) middle classes.
Page 23
Q5) By nineteenth-century standards,why was the French Revolution seen as a failure?
Q6) Analyze the causes for revolution and social unrest in the 1830s.
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Chapter 21: Industrialization and Society,1800-1850
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Q1) Charles Fourier applied his ideas of egalitarianism within all classes of men,but not women,as he felt they were not sufficiently developed in the capitalist market to be a significant force of change.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Class consciousness can best be attributed to
A) the education of the middle classes.
B) the identification of the urban worker.
C) the privileges of the nobility.
D) the demand for universal male suffrage.
E) one's relationship to the economy.
Q3) How was urbanization a characteristic outcome of industrialization rather than a contributing factor?
Q4) By what means did the middle classes differentiate themselves and create a self-identity?
Q5) Karl Marx engaged a dialectical argument for historical development.
A)True B)False
Q6) What was different about the ideas proposed by socialism and communism?
Q7) What role did women play in middle class society?
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Chapter 22: The Triumph of the Nation-State,1848-1900
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Q1) Why was the issue of nationalism more complicated in the Habsburg lands than elsewhere in central Europe?
Q2) Theodor Herzl brought public notice onto the anti-Semitic pogroms happening in Russia in the late nineteenth century.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Since the 1830s,who was the main proponent for a unified Italy?
A) Pope Pius IX
B) Giuseppe Mazzini.
C) Camille Cavour
D) King Victor Emmanuel of Genoa
E) The radical group known as the Carbonari
Q4) The most significant of the Great Reforms in Russia was
A) open access to universities regardless of political affiliation.
B) broad-scale religious toleration for all religions including Jews.
C) the issuance of a constitution.
D) liberation of the serfs.
E) termination of conscription in the army.
Q5) How did nationalism contribute to the growth of racism in the nineteenth century?
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Chapter 23: The Culture of Industrial Europe,1850-1914
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Q1) What did physician John Snow in Britain accomplish?
A) He proved that cholera was transmitted by water rather than air.
B) He proved that cholera could be treated with antibiotics.
C) He developed vaccines against tuberculosis and diphtheria.
D) He developed a theory of microorganisms causing infection.
E) He initiated washing of hands between patients to prevent the spread of disease.
Q2) Fyodor Dostoevsky broke ground in a new style of writing fiction when he
A) fused realism with social commentary.
B) mixed psychological depth with political and religious passion.
C) created wildly fantastical novels about the future.
D) imposed naturalist objectives in scathing essays.
E) satirized modern society and rejected technology.
Q3) The artist who blurred the lines between art and advertising was
A) Honoré Daumier.
B) Edouard Manet.
C) Claude Monet.
D) Toulouse Lautrec.
E) Auguste Renoir.
Q4) Analyze the effects of the changes in transportation in the nineteenth century.
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Chapter 24: The Age of Imperialism,1870-1914
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Q1) American justification of expansion within the continental U.S.was termed what?
A) Manifest destiny.
B) Western hegemony.
C) Americanism.
D) National Imperative.
E) Domestic imperialism.
Q2) The weakness of the Qing dynasty in the nineteenth century allowed Europeans
A) generous concessions for trade and local taxation without government interference.
B) huge profits with almost no financial benefit to the Chinese government.
C) naval bases and railroad outlets in China.
D) imposition of Christian missionaries despite Chinese reluctance.
E) All of these.
Q3) Which European country came under criticism for the suppression of the Herero Revolt resulting in genocide?
A) France.
B) Britain.
C) Netherlands.
D) Germany.
E) Belgium.
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Chapter 25: War and Revolution,1900-1918
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Q1) Why was 1917 the most decisive year of the war?
Q2) The first instance of genocide during World War I was seen in which of the following?
A) The Armenian Massacre by the Turkish
B) Suppression of the Zulu uprising
C) Italian massacre of Ethiopians
D) Turkish execution of Arab nationalists
E) Russian killing of Ukrainians
Q3) The first of the European nations to declare war on another at the start of World War I was
A) France.
B) Germany.
C) Russia.
D) Austria.
E) England.
Q4) How did technology change the way war was waged in World War I?
Q5) Military planners expected World War I to be long and involved because of new weapons and technology.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 26: A Decade of Revolutionary Experiments,1918-1929
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Q1) Which of the following groups was not threatened by the advancement of Italian fascism?
A) Feminists
B) Jews
C) Socialists
D) Trade unionists
E) Artists
Q2) Who was a significant role model for Benito Mussolini's dictatorship in Italy?
A) Adolph Hitler
B) Vladimir Lenin.
C) Ho Chi Minh
D) Gabriele D'Annunzio
E) Otto von Bismarck.
Q3) According to the women's corporations in Italy,what was not a proper role for women in Italy?
A) Pro-natalism
B) Domestic pride
C) Household management
D) Working outside the home
E) Child care
Page 30
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Chapter 27: Democracy Under Siege,1929-1945
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Q1) Collaborationist governments assisting Nazis were established in Slovakia and Croatia.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Collaboration under Nazi direction was established in all of the following countries except
A) Vichy France.
B) Slovakia.
C) Finland.
D) Poland.
E) Croatia.
Q3) Which of the following countries maintained a democratic process after the depression?
A) Britain
B) France
C) Belgium
D) Scandinavia
E) All of these
Q4) What was Hitler's two-stage approach to conquering Europe,and where did he fail most significantly?
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Chapter 28: Europe Divided,1945-1968
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Sample Questions
Q1) Conflicts between the East and West were most dangerous during A) the Cuban Missile Crisis.
B) the failure of Charles de Gaulle to participate in the UN.
C) the construction of the Berlin Wall.
D) the proxy wars of containment.
E) none of these.
Q2) What was not accomplished at the Second Vatican Council?
A) Allowed the church to use local languages instead of Latin
B) Gave reformist bishops more autonomy
C) Allowed greater participation in social activism
D) Pope John XXIII's apology for the papacy's actions during the Holocaust.
E) A refining of practice while still adhering to the church's primary mission
Q3) Tito's formation of the Non-Aligned Movement focused on
A) supplying military aid to communists independent of Moscow.
B) engaging in trade arrangements with newly decolonized territories.
C) producing a hybridized private and centralized economy.
D) not providing a national infrastructure of a planned economy.
E) none of these.
Q4) How did the western world's emphasis on containment fuel "proxy wars" in conflict with Communist nations like the USSR and China?
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Chapter 29: Lifting the Iron Curtain,1969-1991
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Q1) How did popular culture affect the presentation of personal style and culture?
Q2) How did terrorist organizations utilize public dissatisfaction with European politics to advance their more radical politics on both the right and left sides?
Q3) The first democratically elected president in Russia was
A) Mikhail Gorbachev.
B) Boris Yeltsin.
C) Vladimir Putin.
D) Maxim Litvinov.
E) Andrei Sakharov.
Q4) What ultimately was responsible for the collapse of communism?
Q5) The second oil crisis spurred by the Iranian Revolution encouraged what action?
A) Military occupation of the Middle East
B) Withdrawal from discussion in the Common Market about creating a common monetary unit.
C) Economic isolation of Iran by Westernized countries
D) Multinational investment in Venezuelan oil extraction
E) Further development of hydroelectric and solar energy options
Q6) How did Pope John Paul II influence the decline of communism in Poland?
Q7) What was the meaning of the term "Velvet Revolution"?
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Sample Questions
Q1) The Gulf War was started by the United States to
A) eliminate Saddam Hussein.
B) make Iraq pay because it was responsible for the 9/11 attacks on New York, Washington, and Pennsylvania.
C) force Iraq's removal from Kuwait.
D) gain revenge on Iraq for disobeying UN directives.
E) acquire new territory.
Q2) What are some of the primary concerns of social activists since 1991?
Q3) Who bombed the Chinese Embassy in Belgrade?
A) Serbians
B) Albanians
C) French
D) Americans
E) Russians
Q4) Why was the breakup of Yugoslavia so different from that of Czechoslovakia?
A) There was no forced compounding of territories.
B) There were no religious differences.
C) They were the same ethnicity.
D) Czechoslovakian leaders refused to use violence.
E) The independence movement was mediated by the United Nations.
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