History of Culture II Exam Solutions
Course Introduction
History of Culture II explores the development and transformation of cultural practices, ideas, and institutions from the early modern period to the contemporary era. Emphasizing global interactions, this course examines major artistic, intellectual, religious, and social movements, considering how cultural exchanges, technological advancements, and political changes have shaped societies worldwide. Primary sources and key case studies illustrate the complex relationships among tradition, innovation, and identity formation, enabling students to understand cultural historys impact on present-day issues.
Recommended Textbook
Humanities Culture Continuity and Change Volume II 3rd Edition by Henry M. Sayre
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Page 2
Chapter 21: The Baroque in Italy: the Church and Its Appeal
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Q1) Caravaggio's Conversion of St.Paul and John Donne's sonnet "Batter My Heart" share a thematic interest in
A) the celebration of the physical appetite.
B) the tension between the sacred and the secular.
C) conversion imagined as physical ravishment.
D) light revealing faith's transformative power.
Answer: C
Q2) In The Calling of Saint Matthew,Caravaggio uses light to A) transform the calling into a miracle.
B) identify which of the subjects is Matthew.
C) make Matthew's conversion seem threatening.
D) makes Jesus's entrance seem threatening.
Answer: A
Q3) The term "Baroque" was originally used in a derogatory way,because the new style A) was associated with the common people.
B) was very expensive to create.
C) defied the Council of Trent's directives.
D) was seen as too ornate and strange.
Answer: D
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Page 3
Chapter
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Q1) In The Little Street,Johannes Vermeer includes a half-whitewashed wall and a mortar-filled cracked façade to A) show the tensions of domestic life.
B) divisions between Protestants and Catholics.
C) emphasize the differences between two houses.
D) acknowledge the disparity between classes.
Answer: A
Q2) Why can Rembrandt's late work Slaughtered Ox be viewed as optimistic?
A) Soft light falls on the animal's carcass.
B) The carcass suggests a feast to come.
C) The crucifixion pose implies redemption.
D) The maid in the doorway represents the Virgin.
Answer: B
Q3) The "broken" tulip,so highly valued by the seventeenth-century Dutch,is created by A) a virus.
B) cross-breeding.
C) a mutation.
D) a fungus.
Answer: A
Page 4
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Chapter 23: The Baroque Court: Absolute Power and Royal
Patronage
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Q1) Louis IV's Classical Baroque was created by the blending of A) Classical architecture with Baroque dramatic effects.
B) Baroque architecture with Classical symmetry.
C) Classical proportion with Baroque asymmetry.
D) Baroque dramatic effects with Classical sensuality.
Answer: A
Q2) The ribald Cavalier sensibility was most pronounced in A) English opera.
B) court painting.
C) restoration dramas.
D) masques.
Answer: C
Q3) Louis XIV of France considered himself "the Sun King," because A) his attire was so rich that he glittered when he walked.
B) France's domain was so large that the sun never set on it.
C) he saw himself as dispensing wealth, like the sun god Apollo.
D) he believed that he commanded the sun to shine.
Answer: C
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Chapter 24: The Rise of the Enlightenment in England: the
Claims of Reason
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Q1) Samuel Johnson undertook his monumental Dictionary of the English Language to A) stop the English language from changing.
B) help people pronounce words properly.
C) help readers understand his newspaper.
D) standardize the English language.
Q2) List,define,and provide examples of two types of novels that developed in eighteenth-century England.
Q3) List and describe two developments of the Industrial Revolution.
Q4) England's artists and writers turned to satire during the Enlightenment to A) revive the Classical genres of literature.
B) expose the moral bankruptcy of English society.
C) satisfy the growing periodical readership.
D) appeal to an increasingly educated audience.
Q5) Explain the scope and significance of Samuel Johnson's Dictionary of the English Language.
Q6) What irony is inherent in English garden design?
A) The plan was copied from French gardens.
B) "Modern" design included copies of ancient works.
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C) Careful design was intended to look undeveloped.
D) Only the very wealthy used gardens on their estates.
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Page 7
Chapter 25: The Rococo and the Enlightenment on the
Continent: Privilege and Reason
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Q1) Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart called the form of his last four great operas
A) opera sera.
B) style gallant.
C) opera buffa.
D) dramma giocoso.
Q2) Citing examples from both the painting and music of the period,explain why people quickly tired of the Rococo style.
Q3) Identify and explain two examples of Europe and China influencing one another.
Q4) The music that arose in reaction to the Rococo is called "Classical," because of its A) symmetry, proportion, unity, and clarity.
B) reliance upon a small number of instruments.
C) predictability of form and movements.
D) use of Greek and Roman mythological themes.
Q5) Eighteenth-century French philosophes were concerned with A) manners and tradition.
B) metaphysical matters.
C) secular and social concerns.
D) theater and painting.
Q6) List and explain three reasons the French philosophes admired Qing China.
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Chapter 26: The Rights of Man: Revolution and the
Neoclassical Style
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Q1) All of the following were among the three traditional French estates EXCEPT the A) military.
B) clergy.
C) nobility.
D) bourgeoisie and commoners.
Q2) Napoleon launched a massive rebuilding program in Paris to A) restore it to its Baroque grandeur.
B) impress his empire with his new palace.
C) make it the new Rome.
D) expand the churches to glorify God.
Q3) Jacques-Louis David's paintings have a frozen quality to them to A) draw attention to their high drama.
B) emphasize rationality.
C) create a clear focus.
D) preserve formal balance.
Q4) Identify,describe,and cite specific examples of two ways Jean Louis-David's paintings define French Neoclassicism.
Q5) List and explain two ways Napoleon used art as propaganda,citing two works as examples.
Q6) Discuss the role of women in the French Revolution. Page 9
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Page 10
Chapter 27: The Romantic World View: the Self in Nature
and the Nature of Self
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Q1) In Mary Shelley's Frankenstein,the creature embarks on a quest for revenge against Dr.Frankenstein for
A) creating him from dead body parts.
B) abandoning him to fend for himself.
C) not giving him a soul.
D) leaving him in the Arctic Ocean.
Q2) Frédéric Chopin's most famous pieces-his ballades-focus on
A) the exploration of the mood or character of a person.
B) isolation, lack of self-sufficiency, and suicidal thoughts.
C) formal inventiveness within the framework of Classical clarity.
D) melodramatic romance, supernatural events, and stormy emotion.
Q3) Compare the human figures in Constable's The Upper Falls of the Reichenbach to Friedrich's The Wanderer above the Mists,focusing on placement,size,and detail.
Q4) Which historic figure was considered the personification of the Romantic hero?
A) John Keats
B) Julius Caesar
C) Napoleon
D) Louis XVI
Q5) List and describe three beliefs of the Romantic artists.
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Q1) Explain the events that inspired the creation of Géricault's The Raft of the Medusa.
Q2) Compare the subjects and themes of Gustave Courbet's The Stonebreakers and A Burial at Ornans,both of which drew criticism from French viewers.
Q3) The French public and critics objected to Gustave Courbet's paintings because of his A) use of contemporary people in historical scenes.
B) use of political symbolism in landscape scenes.
C) wild, energetic brushstrokes.
D) depiction of commoners on a grand scale.
Q4) Charles Dickens wrote Hard Times to A) show the greed of London lawyers.
B) satirize Utilitarian industrialists.
C) expose the conditions of London's poorhouses.
D) show the brutality of London's orphanages.
Q5) Identify and explain at least two reason for the failure of Robert Owen's New Harmony utopian experiment.
Q6) Describe the living and working conditions of nineteenth-century London.
Q7) Define "literary realism," and list two examples by different authors.
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Chapter 29: Defining a Nation: American National Identity and
the Challenge of Civil War
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Q1) Define Emerson's Transcendentalist beliefs,and show how his friend Thoreau lived what Emerson preached.
Q2) In 1826,when Thomas Cole painted Kaaterskill Falls,the site had A) a state park.
B) a tourist hotel.
C) a train station.
D) an Indian reservation.
Q3) In A Visit from the Old Mistress,Winslow Homer portrays the old mistress dressed in black and the former slaves in white to
A) celebrate the new equality of the races.
B) heighten the tension of the scene.
C) show the disparity in wealth between them.
D) balance the colors of his composition.
Q4) How did the American Civil War change the nature of warfare?
A) It allowed different races to fight together.
B) It witnessed former fellow countrymen fighting each other.
C) Its battlefields were on civilians' properties.
D) It was mechanized and impersonal, without pageantry.
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Q5) Explain Louis Agassiz's theory about the different races and its appeal to many Americans.
Chapter 30: Global Confrontation and Modern Life: the
Quest for Cultural Identity
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Q1) In Rigoletto,Giuseppe Verdi shows his characters' contrasting emotions by
A) using lighting to underscore feelings.
B) replacing songs with spoken words.
C) introducing discordant musical elements.
D) presenting two scenes simultaneously.
Q2) The aristocratic Jockey Club demanded that French opera have a second-act ballet to
A) celebrate French dance.
B) greet their late arrivals.
C) employ more actors.
D) pay homage to Louis XIV.
Q3) Discuss the irony opium produced in British-Chinese relations.
Q4) Why did French audiences react so negatively to Richard Wagner's Tannhäuser?
A) The plot hopelessly Romantic.
B) It was performed in the German language.
C) It was a second-act dance, not a ballet.
D) The German plot inflamed French hostility.
Q5) Identify and explain two ways Giuseppe Verdi achieved dramatic realism in his operas.
Page 14
Q6) Define "literary naturalism," and provide two examples in Émile Zola's works.
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Chapter 31: The Promise of Renewal: Hope and Possibility in
Late Nineteenth-Century Europe
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Q1) In their art,the Impressionists cultivated A) symmetry.
B) patriotism.
C) spontaneity.
D) symbolism
Q2) Pyotr Ilych Tchaikovsky raised ballet music to a new level
A) with en pointe dancers and skimpier costumes.
B) by including French and Russian folk music.
C) with lyrical melodies and rich orchestration.
D) by introducing realistic effects such as cannon shots
Q3) Identify and explain two ways Tchaikovsky's music furthered Russian nationalism.
Q4) Edgar Degas was attracted to the soft effects of pastels,because they
A) blur distinctions among figures.
B) create works more quickly.
C) simulate gaslight atmosphere.
D) blend light and dark colors.
Q5) List the three basic liberties that John Stuart Mill identifies in On Liberty,and discuss how the subjugation of women in nineteenth-century Western society can be seen as being in conflict with them.
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Chapter 32: The Course of Empire: Expansion and Conflict in America
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Q1) Mary Cassatt's Gathering Fruit can be seen as a positive reinterpretation of the Eve theme,because women
A) share the fruit among generations.
B) avoid temptation to eat the fruit.
C) warn children to avoid the fruit.
D) cut down the Tree of Knowledge.
Q2) According to architect Louis H.Sullivan,a building's identity was determined by its A) framework.
B) design.
C) height.
D) ornamentation.
Q3) How did Jane McCrea become a symbol of Native American and white relations?
A) She lived peacefully with Native Americans.
B) Native Americans captured, killed, and scalped her.
C) Native Americans taught her their Ghost Dance.
D) She led the Trail of Tears into Oklahoma.
Q4) Using works by two different artists as examples,discuss American visual arts' curious blend of Realism and Impressionism.
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Chapter 33: The Fin De Siècle: Toward the Modern
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Q1) Using specific details to support your response,describe and explain the perspectival technique of Paul Cézanne's Still Life with Plaster Cast.
Q2) List and describe three ways the European colonialism of Africa affected the African people.
Q3) By the end of the century,the Eiffel Tower came to symbolize A) rebellion.
B) modernity.
C) beauty.
D) tradition.
Q4) Which artist tried to incorporate Ogden N.Rood's theories Modern Chromatics?
A) Paul Cézanne
B) Gustav Klimt
C) Auguste Rodin
D) Georges Seurat
Q5) Identifying at least two artists as examples,explain the effect on their art of the Symbolists' need to retire from society in order to create works.
Q6) Compare Nora in Ibsen's A Doll's House to the female in Rodin's The Kiss,explaining why audiences found both females to be scandalous.
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Chapter 34: The Era of Invention: Paris and the Modern World
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Q1) Georges Braque and Picasso Picasso began pasting paper,fabric,rope,and other objects to their canvases to
A) cover flaws made in early stages of the works.
B) challenge the space between life and art.
C) save money.
D) find more effective surfaces onto which paint could adhere.
Q2) Franz Marc was especially fond of painting animals,because he believed them to
A) symbolize human nature at a remove.
B) possess elemental energies.
C) have forms that embodied universal ratios.
D) be the only vehicles capable of showing nature's purest colors.
Q3) Define and compare Cubism and Fauvism,illustrating your points with specific works.
Q4) Why did Igor Stravinsky's Le Sacre de printemps (The Rite of Spring)earn boos and hisses from the opening-night Parisian audience?
A) Stravinsky was Russian.
B) The dancers were nude.
C) The play was violent.
D) The radical music was jarring.
Q5) Identify and explain the three characteristics of Imagist poetry.
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Chapter
Generation and a New Imagination
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Q1) According to Sigmund Freud,civilizations have failed by A) repressing human sexuality.
B) not defining a social conscience.
C) not controlling aggression.
D) not establishing pleasure principles.
Q2) Much of Kazimir Malevich's Suprematist art depends on the square to A) undermine the efforts of the Cubo-Futurists.
B) represent the world's four corners.
C) free art from objectivity's weight.
D) express deep emotion.
Q3) In Remembrance of Things Past,Marcel Proust defies the constraints of linear time through
A) free association of memories.
B) multiple streams of consciousness.
C) dismissal of grammatical conventions.
D) exploration of subjective impulses.
Q4) Describe the effects Sergei Eisenstein achieved with montage in The Battleship Potemkin's Odessa Steps sequence.Then show how a modern filmmaker has used this technique in a recent film.
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Q5) List and define Freud's three competing drives of human personality.
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Chapter 36: New York, skyscraper Culture, and the Jazz
Age: Making It New
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Q1) Nazis required art to be A) abstract.
B) descriptive.
C) symbolic.
D) expressive.
Q2) All of the following were major early film stars EXCEPT A) Mary Pickford.
B) Douglas Fairbanks.
C) Catherine Barkley.
D) Charlie Chaplin.
Q3) Define "genre film," and list three types popularized during the 1920s.Next,identify three modern films that can be considered genre films.Then explain two reasons for the continuing appeal of the genre film.
Q4) Bessie Smith distinguished her blues songs by A) expanding the band to include a saxophone.
B) introducing a call-and-response chorus.
C) adding a chromatic note before a line's last note.
D) singing entirely in the lower blue note.
Page 21
Q5) Compare the architecture philosophies of the International Style and Frank Lloyd Wright.
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Chapter 37: The Age of Anxiety: Fascism and Depression,
holocaust and Bomb
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Q1) Define Bertolt Brecht's concept of epic theater,and list the four ways his plays aimed to achieve his desired effect.
Q2) Le Corbusier designed his buildings without supporting walls to A) provide interior-space flexibility.
B) conserve concrete and steel
C) make the rooms seem larger
D) adhere to the principles of Zen
Q3) Why can the film Gojira (Godzilla)be viewed as a commentary about the American bombing of Japan?
A) An American-created Godzilla destroys New York.
B) The Japanese conquer the monster with technology.
C) A radiation-breathing Godzilla destroys Tokyo.
D) An atomic-bomb test awakens the Japanese monster.
Q4) In 1936,Adolf Hitler inaugurated the tradition of carrying the Olympic torch from Athens to the Olympic venue to
A) show off the Germans' athletic abilities.
B) demonstrate Germany's openness to other cultures.
C) suggest that Germany was the new classical Greece.
D) postpone the games by a week.
Page 22
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Q1) John Cage's notorious 4'33" (4 minutes,33 seconds)has
A) instrumentation by strings only.
B) percussion only.
C) no instrumentation or vocals.
D) vocals only.
Q2) Sol LeWitt's Wall Drawing #146a is based on a vocabulary of A) Egyptian hieroglyphs.
B) randomly generated markings.
C) squares and rectangles.
D) 20 different kinds of lines.
Q3) What question did the Minimalists seem to ask with their works?
A) Why must art include imagery?
B) What makes a work of art?
C) How can art be made new?
D) What role does a viewer play?
Q4) Define "existentialism," and give two reasons for its appeal to post-World War II people.
Q5) Explain John Cage's notions about music as reflected in 4'33" (4 minutes 33 seconds).Justify your position as to whether this piece qualifies as "music."
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Chapter 39: Multiplicity and Diversity: Cultures of Liberation and
Identity in the 1960s and 1970s
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Q1) Eleanor Antin explores gender definitions and construction by A) photographing herself in Hollywood roles.
B) deepening her voice with a harmonizer.
C) casting herself as both genders in her plays.
D) adopting personae and disguises.
Q2) List and analyze two reasons for the title of Ralph Ellison's novel-Invisible Man.
Q3) As re-created in Jeff Wall's photograph based on Invisible Man,Ralph Ellison's narrator needs light to
A) keep away the nightmares.
B) brighten his existence.
C) keep the rats at bay.
D) confirm his reality.
Q4) Mel Bochner's Win! both celebrate and challenges macho culture in A) the art world.
B) professional football.
C) politics.
D) professional wrestling.
Q5) Compare the statements made about "penis envy" in Betty Friedan's The Feminine Mystique to Sylvia Plath's "Lady Lazarus."
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Chapter 40: Without Boundaries: Multiple Meanings in a
Postmodern World
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Q1) Prague's Dancing House is designed to evoke
A) Renaissance palaces.
B) the city's totalitarian past.
C) a distorted mirror image of its neighbor.
D) the work of Robert Venturi.
Q2) Olafur Eliason's installation The Weather Project was initially criticized as being "mere" entertainment for
A) using rather ordindary materials.
B) attracting so many visitors to view it.
C) for disturbing visitors with its melancholy
D) for showing visitors the construction elements
Q3) Frank Gehry's Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao,Spain can be defined as postmodern because of its
A) outer elements covered in metal.
B) enormous and expansive size.
C) discontinuity with the town and countryside.
D) playful resemblance to a ship in full sail.
Q4) Explain at least two ways Santiago Calatrava's plans for the Port Authority Trans Hudson station is a fitting memorial to those who lost their lives on its proposed World Trade Center site.
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