History and Systems of Psychology
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Course Introduction
History and Systems of Psychology explores the development of psychology as a scientific discipline, tracing its philosophical roots and examining the major schools of thought that have shaped contemporary psychological theory and practice. The course covers influential figures, seminal experiments, and key concepts from early philosophical inquiries about the mind to present-day approaches, including structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, psychoanalysis, humanism, and cognitive psychology. By analyzing the evolution of methods and perspectives within the field, students gain an understanding of the historical context of psychological ideas and how past debates continue to influence current practices and research within psychology.
Recommended Textbook Pioneers of Psychology A History 4th Edition by Raymond E. Fancher
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15 Chapters
450 Verified Questions
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Chapter 1: Foundational Ideas from Antiquity
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Q1) Descartes believed that the best intellectual products:
A) emerge from group discussion and collaboration.
B) follow from careful study of the classics.
C) had been produced by the ancient Greeks.
D) were the work of individual minds thinking in relative isolation.
Answer: D
Q2) In Descartes' theory of the reflex mechanism,stimuli are transmitted to the brain by means of ______________,and responses are initiated by________________________:
A) columns of "light" particles; the dispersion of heat to the proper muscle
B) hydraulic pressure in a sensory nerve; hydraulic pressure in a motor nerve
C) tugs and pulls on filaments through nerves; the flow of fluids through the nerves and into the muscles
D) hydraulic pressure in the fluid within the nerve; tugs on the filaments within the nerves, connected to the muscles
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Pioneering Philosophers of Mind:
Descartes,Locke,and Leibniz
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Q1) Leibniz defined monads as:
A) units that contain within themselves directed energies or forces.
B) units that have capacities to perceive and register impressions of the rest of the world.
C) the ultimate units making up the universe.
D) all of the above
Answer: D
Q2) For Locke,the largest amount of human knowledge was of which type?
A) intuitive
B) demonstrative
C) sensitive
D) practical
Answer: C
Q3) Leibniz's sentient monads are characteristic of __________________,while rational monads relate to ________________.
A) human beings; nonhuman organisms
B) nonhuman organisms; human beings
C) nonhuman organisms; all plants and animals
D) all plants and animals; nonhuman organisms
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Physiologists of Mind: Brain Scientists from Gall to Penfield
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Q1) A patient who can make vocal sounds and exclamations,can understand spoken speech,but cannot utter ordinary declarative sentences,is said to suffer from:
A) motor aphasia.
B) sensory aphasia.
C) conduction aphasia.
D) paraphasia.
Answer: A
Q2) In his later life Wilder Penfield came to believe that:
A) mental functions would soon be completely explained in terms of brain mechanisms. B) the most important mental functions were largely confined to the temporal lobe of the brain.
C) mental functions were localized evenly and randomly throughout the brain's cortex.
D) "mind" and "brain" were two independent though interacting entities.
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: The Sensing and Perceiving Mind: From Kant
through the Gestalt Psychologists
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Q1) A notion which David Hume's skeptical philosophy challenged,and which Immanuel Kant tried to rescue in his philosophical reformulation,was:
A) specific nerve energies.
B) analytic geometry.
C) the soul.
D) causality.
Q2) According to Helmholtz's distinction,the discontinuous patches of colored light you experience when viewing a landscape are your ____________________,while the "trees," "grass," and "sky," etc.,you are aware of are_________________.
A) unconscious inferences; conscious inferences
B) perceptions; sensations
C) sensations; perceptions
D) primary colors; perceptions
Q3) According to Helmholtz's analysis of the eye,the sharpness of focus within the visual field is:
A) impressively acute only in a very small region near the center.
B) about the same quality as that produced by a good camera lens.
C) impressive evidence of the optical perfection of the eye.
D) uniform throughout the entire field.
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Wundt and the Establishment of Experimental Psychology
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Q1) Experimental psychologist Narziss Ach expanded introspective psychology by:
A) asking subjects to associate to stimulus words freely rather than in a highly specific manner .
B) asking subjects to associate numbers to letters rather than associating letters to numbers.
C) asking subjects to focus on associating to imageless thoughts rather than structured ideas.
D) performing directed-association studies that revealed the importance of determining tendencies or mental sets.
Q2) Which were the four basic dimensions of sensations in Wundt's scheme?
A) size, clarity, interest, direction
B) height, width, depth, time
C) mode, quality, intensity, duration
D) activity, tension, agreeableness, frequency
Q3) Wundt classified feelings according to what the three basic dimensions?
A) pleasantness?unpleasantness, tension?relaxation, and activity?passivity.
B) tension?relaxation, pleasantness?unpleasantness, and reaction-non-reaction
C) pleasantness?unpleasantness, tension?relaxation, and activity?passivity
D) action-non-action, tension-relaxation, and pleasant-unpleasantness
Page 7
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Chapter 6: The Evolving Mind: Darwin and His Psychological Legacy
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Q1) Which of the following provided a crucial insight that helped Darwin develop his theory of evolution by natural selection following his reading of it "for amusement"?
A) Thomas Malthus on population
B) Shakespeare's Hamlet
C) James Ussher on the age of the earth
D) James Audubon on the birds of America
Q2) Darwin posited a theory of "sexual selection" to help account for:
A) the evolution of qualities such as beauty, which lacked obvious "adaptive" value.
B) the evolution of intelligence.
C) the inheritance of acquired characteristics.
D) all of the above
Q3) In Darwin's "Biographical Sketch of an Infant" he reported on:
A) comparisons between his own child's behavior and that of the animal species he had observed while in the Galapagos.
B) comparisons between his own child's behavior and that of one of his nephews.
C) the development of his own child's reflexes, emotions, and earliest moral development.
D) the development of his own child's "abnormalities."
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Chapter 7: Measuring the Mind: Galton and Individual Differences
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Q1) Francis Galton's first entrée into the British scientific world came primarily through his: A) contacts with Charles Darwin.
B) African exploration and affiliation with the royal Geographical Society.
C) fingerprinting work and collaboration with Scotland Yard.
D) prize-winning work in mathematics as a Cambridge undergraduate.
Q2) In his studies of mental imagery,Galton was surprised by the number of reports from scientists indicating:
A) an extremely vivid visualizing capacity.
B) a very weak visualizing capacity.
C) a visualizing capacity much like children's.
D) a particular capacity for visualizing numbers vividly.
Q3) Why was Swiss botanist Alphonse de Candolle's 1872 book History of the Sciences and Scientists over Two Centuries important?
A) It showed the importance of environmental factors such as climate, government, and religious institutions in producing eminent scientists.
B) It stimulated Galton to do the research for English Men of Science.
C) It supported the strongly hereditarian position of Hereditary Genius.
D) both a and b above
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Chapter 8: American Pioneers: James, Hall, Calkins, and Thorndike
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Q1) Mary Whiton Calkins's research on "paired associates" revealed:
A) that numerals associated with vivid colors were remembered somewhat better than those with neutral colors.
B) that women had better recall of number-color pairs than men did.
C) that strong emotions could be triggered easily with vivid colors.
D) that responses that were followed by pleasure were strengthened while those followed by pain tended to be "stamped out."
Q2) Three women were featured as "star" psychologists in the 1903 edition of American Men of Science.Which of the following was not one of them?
A) Mary Calkins
B) Margaret Washburn
C) Christine Ladd-Franklin
D) Eleanor Gibson
Q3) James believed that the best metaphor for conscious thought is as a:
A) chemical compound.
B) network of associations.
C) stream.
D) soaring kite.
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Chapter 9: Psychology as the Science of Behavior:
Pavlov,Watson,and Skinner
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Q1) B.F.Skinner's primary ambition as a young man was to become a:
A) professional writer.
B) lawyer.
C) neurologist.
D) psychoanalyst.
Q2) In Pavlov's theory,"irradiation" refers to:
A) an ultraviolet light sometimes used as a conditioned stimulus.
B) a technique to ensure his surgical operations were performed antiseptically.
C) the neural mechanism causing muscular tremors in some experimental neuroses.
D) a wave spreading excitation or inhibition over the surface of the brain.
Q3) Skinner's 1957 book Verbal Behavior was severely criticized by Noam Chomsky on the grounds that:
A) it was insufficiently objective and behavioristic.
B) it could not account for non?European language development.
C) it did not take into account grammatical structures that are innate and uniquely human.
D) it focused excessively on positive as opposed to negative reinforcement.
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Chapter 10: Social Influence and Social Psychology: From
Mesmer to Milgram and Beyond
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Q1) Who was the original founder of the Nancy School of hypnotism?
A) Auguste Liébeault
B) Hippolyte Bernheim
C) Joseph Delboeuf
D) Jean Charcot
Q2) Floyd Allport made all of the following contributions to the establishment of social psychology except:
A) he completed the first PhD dissertation on an experimental social psychology topic.
B) he co-edited The Journal of Abnormal Psychology and added Social Psychology to its title and subject matter.
C) he wrote the first textbook devoted to experimental social psychology.
D) he created the first social psychology laboratory at Harvard University.
Q3) An incorrect implication of Mesmer's theory of animal magnetism was that:
A) the secret of hypnosis lies in the power of the hypnotist or magnetist.
B) illness is caused by disaligned magnetic fields in the body.
C) some people are natural healers because of their magnetic personalities.
D) all of the above
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Chapter 11: Mind in Conflict: Freudian Psychoanalysis and Its Successors
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Q1) A draft manuscript,unpublished during Freud's lifetime,which he wrote in 1895 and which gives his model of the mind in neurological terms,is called:
A) Project for a Scientific Psychology.
B) The Unconscious.
C) The Interpretation of Dreams.
D) The Ego and the Id.
Q2) Which of the following are attributes of the secondary process,in Freud's theory?
A) It is unconscious, and proceeds from abstract to concrete.
B) It is accessible to consciousness, and uses overdetermination-condensation.
C) It is unconscious, and uses displacement.
D) It is accessible to consciousness, and proceeds from concrete to abstract.
Q3) Freud theorized that boys and girls experience different psychosexual reactions during the Oedipal phase of development,suggesting that boys experience crucial feelings of ______________whereas for girls it is strong ________________.
A) envy; fear
B) anxiety; envy
C) anxiety; sadness
D) envy; anxiety
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Chapter 12: Psychology Gets "Personality":
Allport,Maslow,and the Broadening Field
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Q1) Gordon Allport effectively promoted all of the following concepts except:
A) the contact hypothesis.
B) the hierarchy of needs.
C) mature vs. immature religion.
D) functional autonomy.
Q2) Besides personality theory,Gordon Allport made significant contributions to the study of:
A) religion and prejudice.
B) giftedness and retardation.
C) social facilitation and crowd behavior.
D) moral development.
Q3) Gordon Allport's important collaborative projects included all of the following except:
A) "A Study of Values" with Phillip Vernon.
B) the "PEN" model of personality with Hans Eysenck.
C) a survey of trait names with Henry Odbert.
D) investigations of prejudice with Thomas Pettigrew.
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Chapter 13: The Developing Mind: Binet,Piaget,and the Study of Intelligence
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Q1) As he was beginning his self-instruction in psychology,Binet became particularly enthusiastic about which approach?
A) associationism
B) behaviorism
C) structuralism
D) functionalism
Q2) What philosophical approach profoundly affected young Piaget?
A) Mill's associationism
B) Spinoza's pantheism
C) Bergson's creative evolution
D) Kant's idealism
Q3) A crucial,innovative idea of Jean Piaget's was that:
A) intelligence varies quantitatively with age.
B) intelligence varies qualitatively with age.
C) learning can be greatly accelerated through the use of creating teaching technologies.
D) all of the above
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Chapter 14: Minds,Machines,and Cognitive Psychology
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Q1) Claude Shannon's famous Master's Thesis made the case that:
A) genuine computer "creativity" is impossible.
B) patterns of relay circuits in "off" or "on" positions could be used to represent information in binary code.
C) computers could potentially be made much smaller by using transistors.
D) both b and c
Q2) Ulric Neisser's interest in cognitive psychology was stimulated by:
A) a childhood event that forced him to question the accuracy of his own memory.
B) his fascination with the Turing Test.
C) his conviction that computer processes would eventually be able to completely reproduce most human cognitive processes.
D) all of the above
Q3) Which of the following terms refers to the capacity of a computer program to avoid crashing by continuing indefinitely with responses that get progressively closer to a desired end state,that may never be conclusively achieved?
A) graceful degradation
B) computational functionalism
C) algorithmic calculation
D) means-ends analysis
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Chapter 15: Applying Psychology: From the Witness Stand to the
Workplace
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Q1) The pneumograph and the sphygmograph were used by:
A) the Gilbreths in their motion studies.
B) a colleague of Münsterberg in his work on lie detection.
C) the Hollingworths in their work on the effects of caffeine.
D) Lightner Witmer in his assessment of children.
Q2) Some academic psychologists looked down upon early applied psychologists because:
A) they believed their theories and techniques were underdeveloped.
B) they feared applied psychologists would undermine the profession.
C) they were concerned that applied psychologists would take academic jobs.
D) both a and b above
Q3) Hugo Münsterberg did all of the following except:
A) create an early form of the polygraph test.
B) create a system called scientific management.
C) apply psychology to industry.
D) participate in designing and promoting psychology at the 1893 World's Fair.
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