History and Systems of Psychology Solved
Exam Questions
Course Introduction
This course offers an in-depth exploration of the historical development of psychology as a scientific discipline, tracing its roots from philosophical inquiries about the mind to the emergence of contemporary psychological schools of thought. Students will examine the evolution of major theories, influential figures, and foundational experiments shaping the field. Key topics include structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, psychoanalysis, humanistic psychology, and cognitive psychology, as well as the impact of social, cultural, and technological factors on the growth of psychological science. Through critical analysis of primary texts and theoretical debates, the course fosters an understanding of how historical context and philosophical assumptions continue to influence modern psychological practice and research.
Recommended Textbook
Theories of Personality Understanding Persons 6th Edition by Susan C. Cloninger
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17 Chapters
2036 Verified Questions
2036 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Personality Theory
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146 Verified Questions
146 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher decides to see how consistent a new personality test is by computing two scores. One score is the total of the odd-numbered items. The other score is the total of the even-numbered items.
What is the researcher assessing?
A) validity
B) test-retest reliability
C) alternate forms reliability
D) split-half reliability
Answer: D
Q2) Psychologists in the scientific culture emphasize experimentation over intuition. A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Theoretical constructs are
A) obsolete in modern personality theory.
B) the concepts of a theory.
C) used only in experimental research.
D) used only in correlational research.
Answer: B
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Freud: Classical Psychoanalysis
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144 Verified Questions
144 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Freud considered psychosis to be the experiencing of the unconscious in the raw.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) By age __________, the personality has been formed, according to Freud.
A) two
B) five C) ten
D) eighteen
Answer: B
Q3) "Glove anesthesia" has been shown to result from neurological damage.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) In his analysis of Hitler, Henry Murray suggested that Hitler had all of the symptoms of paranoid schizophrenia.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Page 4
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Chapter 3: Jung: Analytical Psychology
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133 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Jung, the shadow
A) often contains sexual impulses.
B) often contains aggressive impulses.
C) is the gatekeeper to the unconscious.
D) all of the above.
Answer: D
Q2) Jung refers to the total, integrated personality as
A) the Self.
B) the persona.
C) the Great Mother.
D) the animus.
Answer: A
Q3) According to Jung, the function of mythology and ritual is
A) to ensure peaceful coexistence among people of different backgrounds.
B) to fill in the gaps in human experience until science can explain everything.
C) to allow individuals to tap the energies of the collective unconscious without being destroyed by them.
D) to support the social position of those in power.
Answer: C
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Adler: Individual Psychology
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135 Verified Questions
135 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Adler directed his writing primarily to academic researchers, and largely ignored the public.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In Adler's theory, a superiority complex is
A) a sign that a person has achieved a high level of mental health.
B) a requirement to become a therapist.
C) unhealthy.
D) not mentioned.
Q3) Adler thought that monogamy was an old-fashioned value which was not consistent with modern psychological knowledge.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which statement does not correspond to Adler's beliefs about therapy?
A) The patient determines whether the outcome is successful.
B) Transference should be avoided.
C) Therapy must last at least a year to be successful.
D) Therapy should reduce the excessively high self-image of patients.
Q5) List and briefly explain the stages to Adlerian therapy.
Q6) Discuss the research on Adler's birth order theory.
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Erikson: Psychosocial Development
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124 Verified Questions
124 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The development of identity can be resolved wholly on an individual level and does not involve any influence by society.
A)True
B)False
Q2) According to Erikson's theory, the sense of __________ is particularly likely to interfere with an individual's initiative.
A) mistrust
B) guilt
C) shame
D) despair
Q3) Erikson described "fidelity" as a strength associated with which ego development stage?
A) initiative
B) identity
C) intimacy
D) trust
Q4) The two-year-old child is vulnerable to developing a sense of shame.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: Horney and Relational Theory: Interpersonal
Psychoanalytic
Theory
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140 Verified Questions
140 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The goal of Horney's therapy is to make a person more like the idealized self.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Marilyn Monroe's exaggerated concern for suffering animals is interpreted by the text according to the defense mechanism of __________.
A) compartmentalization
B) externalization
C) elusiveness
D) rationalization
Q3) Children are likely to grow up with secure attachment if their parents are
A) psychologically healthy.
B) warm and protective.
C) present in the home.
D) all of the above
Q4) In what area did Horney most strongly disagree with psychoanalysis?
A) the importance of the unconscious
B) the importance of early experience
C) the role of sexual conflict in personality
D) the importance of the parent-child relationship
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Q5) Discuss research on infant attachment from the perspective of relational theory.
Chapter 7: Allport: Personological Trait Theory
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124 Verified Questions
124 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Allport defined personality as "the __________ within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his unique adjustments to the environment."
A) development
B) dynamic organization
C) nurturance
D) existence
Q2) According to Allport, personality is a real cause of behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The most pervasive kind of personality trait is a __________ trait.
A) cardinal
B) central
C) primary
D) secondary
Q4) Mother Teresa's sense of charity for others is an example of what type of trait?
A) cardinal
B) central
C) secondary
D) elusive
Q5) How did Allport define personality? Explain the significance of this definition.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Two Factor Analytic Trait Theories: Cattells 16
Factors and the Big Five
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134 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements is the best example of subsidiation?
A) Intelligence increases with age, up to a certain point.
B) Males and females have different typical personality profiles.
C) We must work in order to eat.
D) Americans tend to be more relaxed than Europeans.
Q2) What is the purpose of the specification equation? Explain how it is used.
Q3) All of Cattell's research is based on groups of subjects, rather than the study of individuals.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Connie is imaginative and artistic, and more liberal and broadminded than most people. The factor that best describes her is
A) agreeableness
B) extraversion
C) openness
D) neuroticism
Q5) Cattell argued that theory was unnecessary and an obstacle to good personality research.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: Biological Theories: Evolution, Genetics, and Biological
Factor Theories
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165 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Many dimensions of personality have been shown to be influenced by genetics. A)True
B)False
Q2) Explain the role of the brain and emotions in the approach and avoidance response.
Q3) Aggression against other humans has no evolutionary function.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Parents enhance the survival of their genes by
A) having only one child.
B) adopting children.
C) nurturing their children.
D) abusing their children.
Q5) The left cerebral hemisphere is active when people are experiencing something pleasant and also when they are angry.
A)True
B)False
Q6) What do we know about the influence of heredity on personality?
Q7) List and describe some ways that brain functioning contributes to personality.
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Chapter 10: The Challenge of Behaviorism: Dollard and Miller,
Skinner, and Staats
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183 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Ratio schedules can produce very high rates of responding.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Incompatible responses are defined as responses that are disapproved by parents.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The dominant response is always the most socially desirable response in a situation.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Barbara remarks, "The closer we get to the restaurant, the hungrier I get!" This observation corresponds to which concept?
A) gradient of approach
B) gradient of avoidance
C) approach-avoidance conflict
D) spontaneous recovery
Q5) Staats recommends using flash cards to help children develop their language-cognitive repertoire.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: Kelly: Personal Construct Theory
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117 Verified Questions
117 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) People feel threatened when their core constructs are about to change.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In Kelly's theory, people are more likely to experiment with new constructs when A) they are threatened. B) they are in love.
C) they are not threatened. D) they are angry.
Q3) Using Kelly's theory, explain why people from very different backgrounds may have difficulty relating to one another. What can be done to improve their relationship?
Q4) Kelly's theory is based on the assumption of A) hedonic relevance. B) functional analysis.
C) constructive alternativism. D) cognitive dissonance.
Q5) All mentally healthy people use the same constructs. A)True B)False
Q6) Explain Kelly's concept of "constructive alternativism."
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Mischel: Traits in Cognitive Social Learning Theory
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Mischel, the effect of a trait on behavior depends upon the situational context.
A)True
B)False
Q2) According to Mischel, traits __________ behavior. A) cause B) describe C) predict D) contradict
Q3) Competencies tend to be more consistent than traits.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Describe Mischel's research on the delay of gratification. List some of his important findings.
Q5) According to Mischel and his colleagues, the effect of traits on behavior depends upon
A) the person.
B) the time of day. C) the situation.
D) the observer.
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Chapter 13: Bandura: Performance in Cognitive Social Learning Theory
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69 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain Bandura's concept of "reciprocal determinism." Diagram it. Discuss how this concept is different from Skinner's concept of environmental determinism.
Q2) Bandura's studies of modeling in children were designed to investigate the psychoanalytic concept of
A) Oedipal rivalry.
B) sibling rivalry.
C) superego development.
D) identification.
Q3) A baseball player who repeatedly practices batting a ball, trying to improve, is working on the __________ phase of learning.
A) attentional
B) retention
C) motor reproduction
D) motivational
Q4) What recommendation does Bandura offer to make people behave more morally?
A) Teach them moral lessons in childhood.
B) Provide models of moral behavior.
C) Increase social control over behavior.
D) Appeal to their religious sentiments.
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Chapter 14: Rogers: Person-Centered Theory
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Sample Questions
Q1) Rogers said that education should be more student-centered.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Within each person, inner experience signals what is growth-producing. Rogers called this experience __________.
A) conscience
B) self-actualization
C) incongruence
D) the organismic valuing process
Q3) Rogers thought that education could be improved by
A) trusting students to choose their own directions.
B) more carefully applying learning principles.
C) using team teachers.
D) providing more incentives for learning.
Q4) Rogers thought that education could be improved by A) trusting students to choose their own directions.
B) more carefully applying learning principles.
C) using team teachers.
D) providing more incentives for learning.
Q5) List and explain characteristics of a fully functioning person.
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Maslow and His Legacy: Need Hierarchy Theory and Positive Psychology
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107 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) At the lower levels of the hierarchy of needs, people are motivated by A) fear.
B) conscious goals.
C) unmet basic needs.
D) neurotic conflict.
Q2) According to Maslow, all self-actualized people have peak experiences.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The need for self-esteem is
A) a deficiency motivation.
B) a self-actualization motivation.
C) never adequately satisfied.
D) the highest human need.
Q4) Which hypothesis is predicted by Maslow's theory?
A) People would rather starve than eat food forbidden by their religion.
B) Great soldiers would rather die than act cowardly.
C) Starving artists and musicians produce the best works of art.
D) none of the above
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Q5) Contrast deficiency motivation with being motivation. Include a discussion of the differences between D-love and B-love.
Chapter 16: Buddhist Psychology: Lessons From Eastern Culture
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122 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Karma refers to
A) intentional, willful activity.
B) good or bad consequences for our actions.
C) detachment.
D) the selfless ideal of Buddhism.
Q2) Describe the Four Noble Truths of Buddhism. Give examples of each and how someone might progress through them.
Q3) Explain the concept of the 17 Moments of perception. How does that relate to Western ideas of perception and consciousness?
Q4) Explain how Buddhism is relevant to personality psychology.
Q5) Buddhism traces its roots back about _____ years.
A) 1000
B) 1500
C) 2500
D) 5000
Q6) Describe Buddhism's explanation of addiction.
Q7) Define yoga and describe four types of yoga practice.
Q8) Describe qualities of someone that has achieved enlightenment. Page 18
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Chapter 17: Conclusion
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Sample Questions
Q1) Unified theory, according to Staats, should be developed to
A) select the best aspects of various theories, however unsystematic the result may be.
B) discover the one best theory, which should be the focus of research, while the others are left to history.
C) encourage the development of several theories, which can coexist, since we cannot know at this time which theory is best.
D) combine diverse theories into one systematic whole.
Q2) A multilevel theory is best described as
A) a unified theory that explains phenomena at various levels (e.g., biological, behavioral, and so on).
B) a theory presented differently for elementary students and for advanced students.
C) a theory that is tested by both correlational and experimental research.
D) a theory that is ambiguously phrased.
Q3) Telling the story of one's life is an example of the narrative metaphor of personality.
A)True
B)False
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Page 20