Healthy Aging
Textbook Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Healthy Aging explores the biological, psychological, and social factors that influence the aging process and promotes strategies for maintaining health and wellness across the lifespan. The course examines the physiological changes associated with aging, common health challenges faced by older adults, and the impact of lifestyle choices such as nutrition, physical activity, and social engagement. Additionally, students will engage with current research and evidence-based approaches to disease prevention, chronic disease management, and mental well-being in later life. Emphasis is placed on promoting autonomy, quality of life, and positive attitudes toward aging within diverse communities.
Recommended Textbook
Ebersole and Hess Gerontological Nursing and Healthy Aging Edition 1st Canadian Edition by Theris
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26 Chapters
306 Verified Questions
306 Flashcards
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2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Healthy Aging
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Sample Questions
Q1) The nurse plans activities for female older adults born between 1920 and 1930 who reside in an assisted-living facility. Which is the best intervention for the nurse to implement?
A) Have them bake cookies twice a week.
B) Conduct interviews for specific interests.
C) Arrange dog and cat visits from volunteers.
D) Take them to the library for guest speakers.
Answer: B
Q2) A nurse prepares for the arrival of older adults evacuated from a forest fire in northern Manitoba to a shelter for short-term care. Which of the following is the priority nursing intervention?
A) Demonstrate that the staff is prepared to meet their needs.
B) Use individual medical records to develop a medication plan.
C) Help older adults to display family photos and memorabilia.
D) Help older adults to teach one another a new skill in the shelter.
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: Gerontological Nursing History, Education, and
Roles
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Sample Questions
Q1) Leadership in long-term care settings requires balancing the needs of the residents with the well-being of the staff. The turnover rate of Health Care Aides (HCAs) in long-term care facilities is almost 100%. You are working in a long-term care facility and have identified that whenever a particular HCA is unhappy with an assignment, the entire unit has a bad day. Which action should the unit nurse take first to correct this situation?
A) Meet with the HCA to find out why the HCA is so unhappy.
B) Place the HCA on probation for the negative behaviour.
C) Discuss with the HCA the perceived attitude and the way it affects the unit.
D) Suspend the HCA until the behaviour improves.
Answer: C
Q2) The gerontological nurse collaborates with the wound care team about an older adult who has an ulcer. How is this nurse demonstrating leadership in the care of an older person?
A) The nurse is screening and assessing older persons effectively.
B) The nurse is facilitating access to older person care programs.
C) The nurse is coordinating members of the health care team.
D) The nurse is empowering older persons to manage chronic illness.
Answer: C
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Chapter 3: Communicating With Older Adults
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Sample Questions
Q1) An older person receives speech therapy for dysarthria. Which advice should the nurse offer the older person to enhance the speech therapist's work?
A) Speak quietly in a quiet location.
B) Articulate several words in a row.
C) Practise facial exercises regularly.
D) Restrict the mouth from opening too far.
Answer: C
Q2) Which of the following is a true statement concerning communication with an older person who has aphasia?
A) Communication should be simplified, using very basic words.
B) The older person should be exposed to a variety of different staff members to stimulate rehabilitation.
C) A nurse should pay attention to what speech and word recognition patterns the patient uses.
D) Alternative or augmentative tools exist for only a few types of aphasia.
Answer: C
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5
Chapter 4: Culture, Ethnicity, and Aging
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Sample Questions
Q1) The nurse prepares a female older adult, who is Polish, for discharge through an interpreter and notes that the older adult becomes tense during the instructions about elimination. Which of the following interventions should the nurse implement?
A) Move onto the discussion about medication.
B) Ask the older adult how she feels about this topic.
C) Instruct the interpreter to repeat the instructions.
D) Have the older adult repeat the instructions for clarity.
Q2) Which health belief system uses treatments to repair a body part?
A) Holistic
B) Biomedical
C) Personalistic
D) Magicoreligious
Q3) An older adult who is a Chinese man of traditional beliefs has a blood pressure of 80/54 mm Hg and refuses to remain in bed. Which intervention should the nurse use to promote and maintain his health?
A) Have the health care provider speak to him.
B) Use principles of the holistic health system.
C) Ask about his perceptions and treatment ideas.
D) Consult with a practitioner of Chinese medicine.
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Page 6
Chapter 5: Nursing Documentation for Optimal Care
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is a SOAP note?
A) This is a record of supplies used in patient hygiene.
B) This is a record of an event during a patient's stay, formatted according to the Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP), so that it can be easily transmitted between computers.
C) This is a form of bar code.
D) This is a record of patient data listing the patient's subjective complaint, objective data recorded by the nurse, the nurse's assessment of the situation, and the nurse's plan of action.
Q2) Mrs. Smadu, who is 80 years of age, was recently admitted to a long-term care setting. Over the past month, Mrs. Smadu appears to be deteriorating. She does not wish to eat, sleeps all the time, and is not able to participate in any of her activities of daily living. Which of the following assessment tools will help inform and guide comprehensive care and planning for this older adult?
A) Clinical Assessment Protocols (CAPs)
B) Continuing Care Reporting System (CCRS)
C) Resident Assessment Instrument (RAI)
D) Utilization Guide (UG)
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Biological Theories of Aging and Physical
Changes of Aging
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which theory of aging suggests that the adverse physical effects of aging result from gradual loss of control mechanisms in the pituitary and hypothalamus?
A) Free radical theory
B) Programmed theory
C) Stochastic theory
D) Neuroendocrine theory
Q2) An older adult is reading a large-print magazine and states that reading is difficult for her in the evening. Which following intervention should the nurse implement?
A) Put a high-intensity lamp at the head of her bed.
B) Explain to her that the grey-yellow ring around her cornea, arcus senilis, is interfering with visual acuity.
C) Put more powerful tubes in the fluorescent room lights.
D) Examine her retinas for signs of damage.
Q3) Which change in the skin is abnormal in an older person?
A) Thinner and more fragile skin
B) A red, purulent, swollen three-day-old wound
C) Mottled pigmentation and greater number of freckles
D) Loss of hair on the extremities
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Chapter 7: Social, Psychological, Spiritual, and Cognitive Aspects of Aging
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10 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In which context are members of a cohort described when using the age-stratification theory to explain the effect of similar events, conditions, and circumstances?
A) Historical context
B) Biological context
C) Sociological context
D) Chronological context
Q2) An older male adult with severe knee pain tells the nurse how he lost his job and his home after starting a new business when he was 48 years old. Now he lives alone and relies on welfare. Using Jung's theory, what in this individual's life is the most pivotal in his personality development?
A) Living alone
B) Meagre income
C) Severe knee pain
D) Job loss and home loss
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Chapter 8: Nutritional Needs
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Sample Questions
Q1) The following nursing interventions represent the four steps of a nutritional assessment. Which one would be the final step in the nutritional assessment?
A) Measure the midpoint of the upper arm.
B) Obtain blood for biochemical serum examination.
C) Examine the lips, gums, oral cavity, and skin turgor.
D) Obtain a detailed weight history.
Q2) Which one of the following is a potential mechanical risk factor that may potentiate malnutrition in older adults?
A) Memory loss
B) Removal from usual cultural patterns
C) Decreased or diminished vision or blindness
D) Loneliness, isolation, or living alone
Q3) When providing health teaching to an older adult, which of the following nutrition information should be recommended for the older adult's daily diet?
A) A daily fibre intake of 15 g
B) No more than 1500 mg/day sodium intake
C) Five servings of meat per day
D) Vitamin D intake of 600 to 800 IU/daily
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Chapter 9: Hydration and Continence
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Sample Questions
Q1) An older female adult tells the nurse practitioner that she fears her family will place her in a nursing home because she developed stress incontinence. Which recommendation should the nurse implement?
A) Tell her to eliminate the use of caffeinated beverages.
B) Coordinate a family conference with the older adult.
C) Recommend exercises to strengthen the pelvic floor.
D) Schedule voiding for every two hours around the clock.
Q2) Which one of the following signs and symptoms is characteristic of a urinary tract infection (UTI) in an older adult?
A) Fever
B) Dysuria
C) Anorexia
D) Flank pain
Q3) Which type of incontinence is characterized by a large residual urine volume?
A) Urge incontinence
B) Stress incontinence
C) Overflow incontinence
D) Functional incontinence
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Chapter 10: Rest, Sleep, and Activity
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Sample Questions
Q1) The older adult residents of an assisted-living facility are preparing for a 14-day trip to Europe. Which of the following is the most important exercise for the nurse to recommend for the group?
A) Practise standing on one foot for 30 seconds.
B) Move light weights in a rowing motion eight times.
C) Stretch the hips by pulling the knee to the chest.
D) Swim laps in the pool for ten minutes continuously.
Q2) During the night, an older female adult complains to the nurse that she has not slept more than two hours since her admission to the hospital. Which intervention should the nurse implement to increase the duration of this woman's sleep?
A) Inquire about the sleep habits used at home.
B) Suggest that she avoid napping during the day.
C) Tell her that sleep is fragmented in older people.
D) Offer her a book or suggest she watch a movie.
Q3) What is the difference between rest and sleep?
A) Sleep occurs with rest.
B) Rest is an extension of sleep.
C) Rest occurs only in brief periods.
D) Sleep is restorative and recuperative.
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Promoting Healthy Skin and Feet
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15 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A 70-year-old woman complains of dry skin and asks for advice. Which advice should the nurse offer to this older adult for improving her dry skin?
A) Add oil to bath water to keep skin soft.
B) Keep bath water between 32.2°C and 39.0°C.
C) Move to a climate with lower humidity.
D) Dry the skin vigorously with a rough towel after bathing.
Q2) Which of the following statements is true about foot care for older adults with diabetes?
A) A health care aide is qualified to care for the feet of a diabetic patient, including trimming the patient's nails.
B) Onychomycosis is eradicated quickly with antifungal creams or powders.
C) Toenails should be cut to give a smooth, rounded edge.
D) Tinea pedis is treated with topical application of antifungal powders.
Q3) Which of the following is an important consideration regarding the skin of an older adult person?
A) Generous amounts of soap should be used for cleansing.
B) Sweat glands increase in activity.
C) The skin becomes more vulnerable to damage.
D) The skin becomes darker in unexposed areas.
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Maintaining Mobility and Environmental Safety
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Sample Questions
Q1) The nurse can place an older adult into one of four patient rooms. Which one of the following is a suitable room for an older adult?
A) A brightly lit, blue room with cozy throw rugs.
B) A room with orange carpeting and soft lighting.
C) A brightly lit, blue room with waxed vinyl floors.
D) A room for television and crafts.
Q2) The nurse assesses the quality of which patient characteristic when applying the Get Up and Go test from the Hendrich II Fall Risk Model?
A) Stride
B) Speed
C) Balance
D) Flexibility
Q3) The nurse is assessing an older adult in order to plan for fall screening prevention. What information should the nurse gather for the plan of care?
A) Information about the environment in hospital and at home
B) The patient's emotional status
C) The patient's financial status
D) The patient's occupational history
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14
Chapter 13: Assessment Tools in Gerontological Nursing
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which type of assessment tool gives the most reliable results for an older adult?
A) Medical history
B) Self-report
C) Observational
D) Report-by-proxy
Q2) Which one of the following categories is not found in the Fulmer SPICES assessment tool?
A) Pain
B) Confusion
C) Falling
D) Incontinence
Q3) The FANCAPES model represents Fluids, Aeration, Nutrition, Communication, Activity, Pain, Elimination, and Socialization. When would this tool be used to assess an older adult?
A) To determine functional performance
B) To determine mental status
C) To determine physical assistance
D) To determine caregiver burden
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Chapter 14: Safe Medication Use for Older Adults
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which pharmacokinetic parameter is affected most by decreased intestinal motility related to the aging process?
A) Absorption
B) Distribution
C) Metabolism
D) Excretion
Q2) In speaking with an older adult, which question is likely to elicit the most accurate information about the individual's adherence to the medication plan?
A) "You take digoxin (Lanoxin) at the correct time, don't you?"
B) "Why didn't you take all of your digoxin (Lanoxin) last month?"
C) "How many doses of digoxin (Lanoxin) do you think you missed?"
D) "You have never missed a dose of digoxin (Lanoxin), have you?"
Q3) Which of the following processes is not increased in the early morning?
A) Fibrinolytic activity
B) Osteoarthritis pain
C) Asthma symptoms
D) Rheumatoid arthritis pain
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16
Chapter 15: Living With Chronic Illness
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Sample Questions
Q1) An older male adult who is right-handed works as a carpenter, but he has been left with a flaccid right arm after a thrombus occluded a cerebral artery. Which is the most important goal for the plan of care to help this man achieve his optimal state of health and wellness?
A) Maintain skin integrity of the right arm.
B) Collaborate with occupational therapy.
C) Promote plaque-reversing strategies.
D) Support effective coping mechanisms.
Q2) An older female adult is diagnosed with a chronic illness. Which principle should the nurse apply when answering her questions?
A) The most prevalent form of disease in Canada is acute illness.
B) Usually, chronic disease has a negligible impact on the family.
C) Chronic illness is unending, and coping can be influenced by the perception of uncertainty.
D) Older adults cope successfully with chronic disease by learning about the disease.
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Chapter 16: Pain and Comfort
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Sample Questions
Q1) Compared with acute pain, which of the following statements is true of persistent pain?
A) It leads to markedly altered vital signs.
B) It is usually described as a burning pain.
C) It is generally gone within four months.
D) It can bring about changes in lifestyle.
Q2) Which statement is true about analgesic medications for older adults?
A) Opioids are less effective in older patients than in younger patients.
B) Stool softeners and laxatives should be used with opioids.
C) Over-the-counter nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are generally harmless.
D) The dose limit for acetaminophen is difficult to reach for older adults.
Q3) An older male adult who does not understand or speak English very well denies having pain, but he had knee replacement surgery two days before. Which is the best pain assessment tool for the nurse to apply when assessing the older adult's pain?
A) Numeric Rating Scale
B) Verbal Descriptor Scale
C) PAINAD assessment tool
D) Visual Analogue Scale
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Page 18
Chapter 17: Diabetes Mellitus
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Sample Questions
Q1) An older adult with type 2 diabetes mellitus has a sensory impairment and unstable blood sugars. Which alteration in sensory function does the nurse address in the plan of care for stabilizing his blood sugar?
A) The older adult requires reading glasses at 2.0 strength.
B) The older adult has difficulty hearing in crowded rooms.
C) The older adult enjoys spicy food more than bland food.
D) The older adult awakens with periodic left-foot numbness.
Q2) An older female adult who has diabetes mellitus takes glipizide (Glucotrol) and tells the nurse that her blood sugars have been higher than normal since she began using a vaginal cream for hot flashes. Which one of the following interventions is the best one for the nurse to implement?
A) Ask if she had a fever or infection recently.
B) Verify the expiration date of the medication.
C) Review her diet for increased carbohydrates.
D) Ascertain if the vaginal cream contains estrogen.
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Chapter 18: Bone and Joint Health
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is a healthy practice recommended for a person at risk for osteoporosis?
A) Milk and orange juice at breakfast; cheese pizza at lunch; spaghetti served with spinach covered with melted cheese for dinner; and ice cream for dessert
B) Long-term estrogen administration as adjunct therapy
C) Steak with brown rice, celery, and red wine for dinner
D) Coffee, raisin bran and milk, and sausage at breakfast; a can of cola and a hot dog on a high-fibre bun at lunch; and a cocktail before dinner
Q2) Which one of the following is a suitable nursing intervention for an older adult who has gout?
A) Vitamin D 400-1000 international units (IU)
B) Liquid paraffin hand baths and disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs
C) A diet low in purines
D) Aspirin 500 mg daily
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Chapter 19: Visual and Auditory Changes
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Sample Questions
Q1) The etiology of glaucoma is variable and often unknown. Which type of glaucoma in the older adult is the most urgent and requires medical attention?
A) Primary open-angle glaucoma
B) Acute angle-closure glaucoma
C) Low tension glaucoma
D) Normal tension glaucoma
Q2) An older male adult who has tinnitus complains to the nurse that it is very annoying. The nurse should implement which one of the following to alleviate the stress this patient is experiencing from tinnitus?
A) Irrigate bilateral Eustachian tubes.
B) Assess for modifiable risk factors.
C) Propose a hearing aid and a masker.
D) Use white noise to override tinnitus.
Q3) Which disease creates pressure within the eye and potential optic nerve damage in the older adult?
A) Glaucoma
B) Presbyopia
C) Cataract
D) Macular degeneration
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Page 21
Chapter 20: Cardiovascular and Respiratory Disorders
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements about heart disease in older adults is true?
A) Myocardial infarction has many of the same symptoms in older patients as in middle-aged persons.
B) Excessive urination at night and orthopnea can be signs of heart failure.
C) Any exertion on the part of an older adult patient with heart disease can bring on another heart attack.
D) A person with heart failure is likely to have trouble breathing, except when lying down.
Q2) Pneumonia and influenza are the seventh and eighth leading causes of death for men and women over the age of 65, respectively, according to Statistics Canada. To prevent pneumonia and influenza in the older adult, what is the priority nursing intervention?
A) Provide the older adult with supplemental oxygen therapy, if and when it is necessary.
B) Administer IV antibiotics and other medications as prescribed.
C) Administer the influenza and pneumococcal vaccines.
D) Promote maximal functional capacity and encourage older adults to quit smoking.
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22
Chapter 21: Cognitive Impairment
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Sample Questions
Q1) An older female adult has a wound infection five days after having undergone a below-the-knee amputation brought about by diabetes mellitus. What is the nurse's priority intervention to prevent cognitive dysfunction and postoperative complications in this older adult?
A) Remove invasive devices as soon as possible.
B) Minimize administration of opioid analgesics.
C) Allow for self-care and independent activities.
D) Administer short-acting benzodiazepines as needed (PRN).
Q2) An older female adult is recovering in the intensive care unit from a bowel resection, but remains intubated and on a mechanical ventilator. Using the Hospital Elder Life Program (HELP), what should the nurse implement to help prevent delirium in this older adult?
A) Assess cognition with Mini-Mental State Exam.
B) Provide uninterrupted periods of rest and sleep.
C) Maintain adequate sedation and pain management.
D) Cover her eyes with protective ophthalmic ointment.
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Chapter 22: Economic and Legal Issues
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Q1) Under the Canada Health Act, "medically necessary" services are publicly insured, including primary health care, care in hospitals, and surgical-dental services. How is the term "medically necessary" interpreted by the provinces and the territories?
A) There is provincial and territorial variability in terms of how some "medically necessary" services are interpreted.
B) All provinces and territories follow the same interpretation, and provide all "medically necessary" services to Canadians.
C) Home care, medications outside of hospital, physiotherapy, and optometry services are provided to all Canadians.
D) The level of funding provided for all "medically necessary" services is the same throughout Canada.
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Chapter 23: Relationships, Roles, and Transitions
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Q1) What is the most important element for older adults to have to enhance their transition into retirement?
A) Good health
B) A private pension
C) A registered retirement savings plan (RRSP)
D) Preretirement planning
Q2) Which of the following statements about the role of grandparents is true?
A) The usefulness of grandparents declined with the advent of the industrial age.
B) Today, many grandparents are the primary caregivers of their grandchildren.
C) The value of grandparents is to provide gifts to younger family members.
D) Traditionally, parents are subordinate to the grandparents in caregiving.
Q3) The community health nurse delivers a program about retirement planning to middle-aged adults, and wants to them to choose the year of their retirement. On which of the following areas should participants focus to ease their transition into retirement?
A) The kind of legacy they want to leave behind
B) The type of setting they prefer for their personal residence
C) The location of convenient health care services
D) The ability to maintain a stable standard of living
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25
Chapter 24: Mental Health and Wellness in Later Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements made by an older adult should a nurse consider as a signal for a gambling addiction?
A) "I have an overwhelming sense of being out of control of my life and destiny."
B) "Someone is stealing my things."
C) "I cannot account for blocks of time in my day."
D) "My wife died six months ago and I have nothing left to live for."
Q2) You are evaluating the plan of care for an older adult who is alcohol-dependent. Which patient documentation indicates a need for follow-up nursing interventions by the nurse?
A) The patient states that he intends to decrease his alcohol consumption.
B) The patient arrives at his group session on time and well groomed.
C) The patient states, "I am an alcoholic because I drink ten beers a day."
D) The patient states that he understands that he needs continued treatment.
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Chapter 25: Loss, Grief, Dying, and Death in Later Life
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Q1) When an older female adult who is close to death asks the family to leave after short visits and acts withdrawn in their presence, the family becomes distraught. What does the nurse include in family teaching to explain the patient's behaviour?
A) The patient is preoccupied with her own death.
B) The patient must have unresolved family issues.
C) The patient can be experiencing anticipatory grief.
D) The patient's body prepares for death in this manner.
Q2) Nurses have had strong opinions both for and against assisted passive euthanasia. Considerable confusion exists regarding terminology and interpretation of what effects the nurse's role may have in end-of-life care or palliative care. Which one of the following might constitute an example of active euthanasia?
A) Relieving patient suffering and improving the person's quality of living until death
B) Discontinuing tube feeds, but continuing with intravenous fluids
C) The physician providing the patient with sleeping pills and instructions about a lethal dose
D) A patient voluntarily requesting to be helped to die and receiving a lethal injection of pain-relieving medication
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Chapter 26: Care Across the Continuum
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Q1) The nurse assesses an older adult who was transferred yesterday from an acute care hospital. What should the nurse assess to determine if this individual is under stress from the transfer?
A) The nurse should find out the length of the resident's stay in the acute care facility.
B) The nurse should determine the resident's options and input into relocation.
C) The nurse should question the older adult about the presence of familiar people throughout the transfer.
D) The nurse should determine whether a tour of the new facility was completed shortly after the transfer.
Q2) A family that includes three small children prepares to move an older female parent into their home, knowing that she stays up all night, and the nurse helps the family prepare for this change. Which part of planning should the nurse indicate is the family's highest priority?
A) Sharing household responsibilities
B) Preparing the house for her arrival
C) Helping her use her skills and talents
D) Setting limits on nighttime activities
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