Healthcare Research Methods
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Course Introduction
Healthcare Research Methods provides students with an in-depth understanding of the principles and practices necessary for conducting high-quality research in healthcare settings. The course covers various research designs, including qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-methods approaches, and introduces students to the process of formulating research questions, selecting appropriate methodologies, data collection and analysis techniques, and interpreting results. In addition, ethical considerations unique to health research and strategies for ensuring validity and reliability are explored. By the end of the course, students will be equipped to critically evaluate existing research literature and design their own research projects to address issues in healthcare practice and policy.
Recommended Textbook
Reading Understanding and Applying Nursing Research 4th Edition by James A. Fain
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Nursing Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) A group of individuals who collaborate on a research project from beginning to dissemination of findings are referred to as a:
A) research consumer.
B) research team.
C) principal investigator.
D) consultant.
Answer: B
Q2) The development of a solid foundation of reliable knowledge typically is built from which type of research?
A) basic research
B) action research
C) evaluation research
D) qualitative research
Answer: A
Q3) Which of the following is not a basic assumption of science?
A) Science cannot provide answers to all questions.
B) It is possible to distinguish between more and less plausible claims.
C) Researchers should follow certain agreed upon norms and practices.
D) Science is best at solving value conflicts.
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: Understanding the Research Process and Ethical Issues in Nursing Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) A study that follows a cohort of subjects and collects over time is referred to as:
A) observational.
B) retrospective.
C) longitudinal.
D) experimental.
Answer: C
Q2) A researcher wants to determine if nurses' levels of empathy for patients change after graduation from nursing school. The following groups are measured: new graduates, nurses who have worked for 2 years, and nurses who have worked for 5 years, on empathy toward patients with a comparison of scores. This study is:
A) prospective.
B) retrospective.
C) cross-sectional.
D) experimental.
Answer: C
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Chapter 3: Understanding Evidence-Based Practice
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Sample Questions
Q1) Hierarchy of evidence from strongest (clinical trials) to weakest (opinion) is also referred to as:
A) evidence-based practice.
B) appraising evidence.
C) research utilization.
D) evidence databases.
Answer: B
Q2) Reasons for a research-practice gap include all of the following except:
A) Nurses lack the skill of reading research reports.
B) Nurses don't develop an opportunity for acceptance of change.
C) Nurses are encouraged by administration to resist change in practice.
D) Nurse researchers and clinicians use different language.
Answer: C
Q3) All of the following are examples of evidence databases except:
A) HealthSTAR.
B) AIDSLINE.
C) MD Consult.
D) NursingPlus.
Answer: D
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Selecting and Defining a Problem
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Sample Questions
Q1) In developing a problem statement, a researcher speaks to each of the following except:
A) variables.
B) population.
C) design.
D) focus of study.
Q2) Sources of researchable problems can include:
A) researcher's own experience.
B) practical issues that require solutions.
C) theory and past research.
D) all of the above
Q3) Which of the following statements best describes the problem statement, "To what extent do health practices influence the health of American citizens?"
A) acceptable as stated
B) not a research problem because it addresses a moral issue
C) not acceptable as stated because it leads an independent variable
D) not acceptable because of the vagueness of concepts stated
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6
Chapter 5: Applying Appropriate Theories and Conceptual Models
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Sample Questions
Q1) The Theory of Chronic Sorrow is an example of what type of theory?
A) grand
B) borrowed
C) middle-range
D) practice
Q2) ____is the idea that knowledge comes from experience.
A) Rationalism
B) Logic
C) Replication
D) Empiricism
Q3) Which scientific method focuses on testing hypotheses developed from theory?
A) inductive
B) deductive
C) scientific inquiry
D) empirical model
Q4) Which of the following is characteristic of good theory or explanation?
A) It is parsimonious.
B) It is testable.
C) It is general enough to apply to more than one person, place, or situation.
D) all of the above
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Chapter 6: Formulating Hypotheses and Research
Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) When p < 0.05 is reported in a journal article, it means the author has rejected the null hypothesis (assuming the author is using a significance level of 0.05).
Formulating Hypotheses and Research Questions
A)True
B)False
Q2) As a general rule, researchers tend to use level of significance.
A) 99%
B) 95%
C) 50%
D) none of the above
Q3) Identify the independent variable in the following hypothesis: "Adults in an overweight group will have lower health responsibility scores compared to those in a normal weight group."
A) health responsibility
B) adults
C) overweight group versus normal weight group
D) none of the above
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Chapter 7: Selecting the Sample and Setting
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Sample Questions
Q1) Determining the sample interval (represented by k), randomly selecting a number between 1 and k, and including each kth element in your sample are steps for which type of sampling method?
A) simple random
B) stratified
C) cluster
D) systematic
Q2) All members of a population have an equal chance of being selected as subjects in a research project. This is called:
A) randomization.
B) random assignment.
C) random sample.
D) random quota.
Q3) You decide to select a sample of 100 subjects of whom 10% will be African American, 10% Hispanic, and 80% white. Identify the appropriate sampling design.
A) simple random sampling
B) cluster sampling
C) systematic sampling
D) quota sampling
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Principles of Measurement
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Sample Questions
Q1) A high level of reliability:
A) ensures high validity.
B) has no effect on validity.
C) is necessary, but not sufficient for validity.
D) has a slight effect on validity.
Q2) Which of the following is not a type of reliability?
A) test-retest
B) split-half
C) content
D) internal consistency
Q3) Cronbach's alpha is used to determine which of the following instrument attributes?
A) stability
B) internal consistency
C) construct validity
D) sensitivity
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Chapter 9: Data Collection Methods
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Sample Questions
Q1) An item that directs participants to different follow-up questions depending on their response is called a _____.
A) response set bias
B) probe
C) semantic differential
D) contingency question
Q2) The tendency for participants to respond to an item on a questionnaire in a way that does not reflect the real situation is called a _____.
A) response set bias
B) probe
C) semantic differential
D) contingency question
Q3) Qualitative observation is usually done for exploratory purposes; it is also referred to as:
A) structures.
B) naturalistic.
C) complete.
D) probed.
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Chapter 10: Analyzing Data
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Sample Questions
Q1) The purpose of ____is to summarize and explain a specific set of data.
A) descriptive statistics
B) inferential statistics
C) parametric procedures
D) nonparametric procedures
Q2) What is the median for the following set of scores: 18, 6, 12, 10, 14?
A) 10
B) 14
C) 18
D) 12
Q3) A statistical test used to compare two or more groups is called:
A) simple regression.
B) post-hoc test.
C) t-test for regression.
D) one-way ANOVA.
Q4) How many dependent variables are used in simple linear regression?
A) one
B) two
C) two or more
D) three
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